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Templ J, Schnürch M. A Guide for Mono-Selective N-Methylation, N-Ethylation, and N-n-Propylation of Primary Amines, Amides, and Sulfonamides and Their Applicability in Late-Stage Modification. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304205. [PMID: 38353032 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of mono-alkylation methodologies targeting crucial nitrogen moieties - amines, amides, and sulfonamides - found in organic building blocks and pharmaceuticals. Emphasizing the intersection of chemical precision with drug discovery, the central challenge addressed is achieving one-pot mono-selective short-chain N-alkylations (methylations, ethylations, and n-propylations), preventing undesired overalkylation. Additionally, sustainable, safe, and benign alternatives to traditional alkylating agents, including alcohols, carbon dioxide, carboxylic acids, nitriles, alkyl phosphates, quaternary ammonium salts, and alkyl carbonates, are explored. This review, categorized by the nature of the alkylating agent, aids researchers in selecting suitable methods for mono-selective N-alkylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Templ
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Iridium-catalyzed reductive amination of carboxylic acids. J Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2023.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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3
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Pan Y, Luo ZL, Yang J, Han J, Yang J, yao Z, Xu L, Wang P, Shi Q. Cobalt‐Catalyzed Selective Transformation of Levulinic Acid and Amines into Pyrrolidines and Pyrrolidinones under H2. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - zhen yao
- Renmin University of China CHINA
| | - Lijin Xu
- Renmin University of China CHINA
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4
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Li J, Huang C, Li C. Deoxygenative Functionalizations of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Li
- Department of Chemistry FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Chia‐Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Chao‐Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
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5
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Popov KK, Campbell JLP, Kysilka O, Hošek J, Davies CD, Pour M, Kočovský P. Reductive Amination Revisited: Reduction of Aldimines with Trichlorosilane Catalyzed by Dimethylformamide─Functional Group Tolerance, Scope, and Limitations. J Org Chem 2021; 87:920-943. [PMID: 34841878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aldimines, generated in situ from aliphatic, aromatic, and heteroaromatic aldehydes and aliphatic, aromatic, and heteroaromatic primary or secondary amines, can be reduced with trichlorosilane in the presence of dimethylformamide (DMF) as an organocatalyst (≤10 mol %) in toluene or CH2Cl2 at room temperature. The reduction tolerates ketone carbonyls, esters, amides, nitriles, sulfones, sulfonamides, NO2, SF5, and CF3 groups, boronic esters, azides, phosphine oxides, C═C and C≡C bonds, and ferrocenyl nucleus, but sulfoxides and N-oxides are reduced. α,β-Unsaturated aldimines undergo 1,2-reduction only, leaving the C═C bond intact. N-Monoalkylation of primary amines is attained with a 1:1 aldehyde to amine ratio, whereas excess of the aldehyde (≥2:1) allows second alkylation, giving rise to tertiary amines. Reductive N-alkylation of α-amino acids proceeds without racemization; the resulting products, containing a C≡C bond or N3 group, are suitable for click chemistry. This reaction thus offers advantages over the traditional methods (borohydride reduction or catalytic hydrogenation) in terms of efficiency and chemoselectivity. Solubility of some of the reacting partners appears to be the only limitation. The byproducts generated by the workup with aqueous NaHCO3 (i.e., NaCl and silica) are environmentally benign. As a greener alternative, DMA can be employed as a catalyst instead of DMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill K Popov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Joanna L P Campbell
- Syngenta, Grangemouth Manufacturing Centre, Earl's Road, Grangemouth FK3 8XG, U.K
| | - Ondřej Kysilka
- Trelleborg Bohemia, Akademika Bedrny 531/8a, Věkoše, 500 03 Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hošek
- Farmak, Na vlčinci 16/3, Klášterní Hradisko, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Milan Pour
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kočovský
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.,Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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6
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Li J, Li CJ, Huang CY. Deoxygenative Functionalizations of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202112770. [PMID: 34780098 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Conversion of carbonyl compounds, including aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids, into functionalized alkanes via deoxygenation would be highly desirable from a sustainability perspective and very enabling in chemical synthesis. This review covers the recent methodology development in carbonyl and carboxyl deoxygenative functionalizations, highlighting some typical and significant contributions in this field. These advances will be categorized based on types of bond formation, and in each part, selected examples will be discussed from their generalized mechanistic perspectives. Four summarized reactivity modes of aldehydes and ketones during the deoxygenation, namely, bis-electrophile, carbenoid, bis-nucleophile and alkyl radical, are presented, while the carboxylic acids are deoxygenated mainly via activated carbonyl or acetal intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- McGill University, Chemistry, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, H3A0B8, Montreal, CANADA
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7
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Abstract
The reductive amination, the reaction of an aldehyde or a ketone with ammonia or an amine in the presence of a reducing agent and often a catalyst, is an important amine synthesis and has been intensively investigated in academia and industry for a century. Besides aldehydes, ketones, or amines, starting materials have been used that can be converted into an aldehyde or ketone (for instance, carboxylic acids or organic carbonate or nitriles) or into an amine (for instance, a nitro compound) in the presence of the same reducing agent and catalyst. Mechanistically, the reaction starts with a condensation step during which the carbonyl compound reacts with ammonia or an amine, forming the corresponding imine followed by the reduction of the imine to the alkyl amine product. Many of these reduction steps require the presence of a catalyst to activate the reducing agent. The reductive amination is impressive with regard to the product scope since primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl amines are accessible and hydrogen is the most attractive reducing agent, especially if large-scale product formation is an issue, since hydrogen is inexpensive and abundantly available. Alkyl amines are intensively produced and use fine and bulk chemicals. They are key functional groups in many pharmaceuticals, agro chemicals, or materials. In this review, we summarize the work published on reductive amination employing hydrogen as the reducing agent. No comprehensive review focusing on this subject has been published since 1948, albeit many interesting summaries dealing with one or the other aspect of reductive amination have appeared. Impressive progress in using catalysts based on earth-abundant metals, especially nanostructured heterogeneous catalysts, has been made during the early development of the field and in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Irrgang
- Inorganic Chemistry II - Catalyst Design, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Rhett Kempe
- Inorganic Chemistry II - Catalyst Design, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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8
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Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic reduction of amides and related compounds using molecular hydrogen. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3893. [PMID: 32753681 PMCID: PMC7403344 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17588-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalytic hydrogenation of amides is of great interest for chemists working in organic synthesis, as the resulting amines are widely featured in natural products, drugs, agrochemicals, dyes, etc. Compared to traditional reduction of amides using (over)stoichiometric reductants, the direct hydrogenation of amides using molecular hydrogen represents a greener approach. Furthermore, amide hydrogenation is a highly versatile transformation, since not only higher amines (obtained by C–O cleavage), but also lower amines and alcohols, or amino alcohols (obtained by C–N cleavage) can be selectively accessed by fine tuning of reaction conditions. This review describes the most recent advances in the area of amide hydrogenation using H2 exclusively and molecularly defined homogeneous as well as nano-structured heterogeneous catalysts, with a special focus on catalyst development and synthetic applications. Catalytic hydrogenation of amides is a pivotal chemical transformation for both research labs and chemical production in industry. Here, the authors comprehensively review this topic by including state-of-art homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts that can hydrogenate amides and related compounds.
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Liu W, Leischner T, Li W, Junge K, Beller M. A General Regioselective Synthesis of Alcohols by Cobalt-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Epoxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11321-11324. [PMID: 32196878 PMCID: PMC7383699 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward methodology for the synthesis of anti-Markovnikov-type alcohols is presented. By using a specific cobalt triphos complex in the presence of Zn(OTf)2 as an additive, the hydrogenation of epoxides proceeds with high yields and selectivities. The described protocol shows a broad substrate scope, including multi-substituted internal and terminal epoxides, as well as a good functional-group tolerance. Various natural-product derivatives, including steroids, terpenoids, and sesquiterpenoids, gave access to the corresponding alcohols in moderate-to-excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University201620ShanghaiP. R. China
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Thomas Leischner
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Wu Li
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Kathrin Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
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10
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Liu W, Leischner T, Li W, Junge K, Beller M. A General Regioselective Synthesis of Alcohols by Cobalt‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Epoxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Donghua University 201620 Shanghai P. R. China
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Thomas Leischner
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Wu Li
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Kathrin Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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11
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Balamurugan G, Ramesh R, Malecki JG. Nickel(II)–NΛNΛO Pincer Type Complex-Catalyzed N-alkylation of Amines with Alcohols via the Hydrogen Autotransfer Reaction. J Org Chem 2020; 85:7125-7135. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gunasekaran Balamurugan
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rengan Ramesh
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jan Grzegorz Malecki
- Department of Crystallography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
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12
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Murugesan K, Wei Z, Chandrashekhar VG, Jiao H, Beller M, Jagadeesh RV. General and selective synthesis of primary amines using Ni-based homogeneous catalysts. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4332-4339. [PMID: 34122891 PMCID: PMC8152594 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01084g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of base metal catalysts for industrially relevant amination and hydrogenation reactions by applying abundant and atom economical reagents continues to be important for the cost-effective and sustainable synthesis of amines which represent highly essential chemicals. In particular, the synthesis of primary amines is of central importance because these compounds serve as key precursors and central intermediates to produce value-added fine and bulk chemicals as well as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and materials. Here we report a Ni-triphos complex as the first Ni-based homogeneous catalyst for both reductive amination of carbonyl compounds with ammonia and hydrogenation of nitroarenes to prepare all kinds of primary amines. Remarkably, this Ni-complex enabled the synthesis of functionalized and structurally diverse benzylic, heterocyclic and aliphatic linear and branched primary amines as well as aromatic primary amines starting from inexpensive and easily accessible carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) and nitroarenes using ammonia and molecular hydrogen. This Ni-catalyzed reductive amination methodology has been applied for the amination of more complex pharmaceuticals and steroid derivatives. Detailed DFT computations have been performed for the Ni-triphos based reductive amination reaction, and they revealed that the overall reaction has an inner-sphere mechanism with H2 metathesis as the rate-determining step. A Ni-triphos based homogeneous catalyst enabled the synthesis of all kinds of primary amines by reductive amination of carbonyl compounds with ammonia and hydrogenation of nitroarenes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathiravan Murugesan
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. Albert Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Zhihong Wei
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. Albert Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | | | - Haijun Jiao
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. Albert Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. Albert Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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13
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Cho JH, Byun S, Cho A, Kim BM. One-pot, chemoselective synthesis of secondary amines from aryl nitriles using a PdPt–Fe 3O 4 nanoparticle catalyst. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00630k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new catalytic method for the one-pot, cascade synthesis of unsymmetrical secondary amines via the reductive amination of aryl nitriles with nitroalkanes using a PdPt–Fe3O4 nanoparticle (NP) catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Cho
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Natural Sciences
- Seoul National University
- Gwanak-gu
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmoon Byun
- The Research Institute of Basic Sciences
- Seoul National University
- Gwanak-gu
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ahra Cho
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Natural Sciences
- Seoul National University
- Gwanak-gu
- Republic of Korea
| | - B. Moon Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Natural Sciences
- Seoul National University
- Gwanak-gu
- Republic of Korea
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14
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Murugesan K, Senthamarai T, Chandrashekhar VG, Natte K, Kamer PCJ, Beller M, Jagadeesh RV. Catalytic reductive aminations using molecular hydrogen for synthesis of different kinds of amines. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:6273-6328. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00286c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic reductive aminations using molecular hydrogen represent an essential and widely used methodology for the synthesis of different kinds of amines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kishore Natte
- Chemical and Material and Sciences Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum
- Dehradun-248005
- India
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15
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Papa V, Cabrero-Antonino JR, Spannenberg A, Junge K, Beller M. Homogeneous cobalt-catalyzed deoxygenative hydrogenation of amides to amines. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01078b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the first general and efficient homogeneous cobalt-catalyzed deoxygenative hydrogenation of amides to amines is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Papa
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
| | - Jose R. Cabrero-Antonino
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
- Instituto de Tecnología Química
- Universitat Politécnica de València-Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC)
| | | | - Kathrin Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
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Pandey B, Xu S, Ding K. Selective Ketone Formations via Cobalt-Catalyzed β-Alkylation of Secondary Alcohols with Primary Alcohols. Org Lett 2019; 21:7420-7423. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bedraj Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| | - Shi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| | - Keying Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
- Molecular Biosciences Program, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
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17
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Emayavaramban B, Chakraborty P, Manoury E, Poli R, Sundararaju B. Cp*Co(iii)-catalyzed N-alkylation of amines with secondary alcohols. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo01389f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We report here the first high-valent cobalt(iii)-catalyzed direct alkylation of aromatic amines with secondary alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Manoury
- Fine CNRS
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination)
- Université de Toulouse
- UPS
- INPT
| | - Rinaldo Poli
- Fine CNRS
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination)
- Université de Toulouse
- UPS
- INPT
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18
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Kalsi D, Barsu N, Chakrabarti S, Dahiya P, Rueping M, Sundararaju B. C–H and N–H bond annulation of aryl amides with unactivated olefins by merging cobalt(iii) and photoredox catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11626-11629. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05744g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A mild, environment-friendly protocol has been developed to carry out the [4+2] annulation of aryl amides with unactivated olefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Kalsi
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- India
| | - Nagaraju Barsu
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- India
| | | | - Pardeep Dahiya
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- India
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- Aachen D-52074
- Germany
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