1
|
Zheng S, Zhang Z, He S, Yang H, Atia H, Abdel-Mageed AM, Wohlrab S, Baráth E, Tin S, Heeres HJ, Deuss PJ, de Vries JG. Benzenoid Aromatics from Renewable Resources. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39288258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
In this Review, all known chemical methods for the conversion of renewable resources into benzenoid aromatics are summarized. The raw materials that were taken into consideration are CO2; lignocellulose and its constituents cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin; carbohydrates, mostly glucose, fructose, and xylose; chitin; fats and oils; terpenes; and materials that are easily obtained via fermentation, such as biogas, bioethanol, acetone, and many more. There are roughly two directions. One much used method is catalytic fast pyrolysis carried out at high temperatures (between 300 and 700 °C depending on the raw material), which leads to the formation of biochar; gases, such as CO, CO2, H2, and CH4; and an oil which is a mixture of hydrocarbons, mostly aromatics. The carbon selectivities of this method can be reasonably high when defined small molecules such as methanol or hexane are used but are rather low when highly oxygenated compounds such as lignocellulose are used. The other direction is largely based on the multistep conversion of platform chemicals obtained from lignocellulose, cellulose, or sugars and a limited number of fats and terpenes. Much research has focused on furan compounds such as furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and 5-chloromethylfurfural. The conversion of lignocellulose to xylene via 5-chloromethylfurfural and dimethylfuran has led to the construction of two large-scale plants, one of which has been operational since 2023.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zheng
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), 102249 Beijing, China
| | - Songbo He
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Circular Carbon, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Huaizhou Yang
- Green Chemical Reaction Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanan Atia
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ali M Abdel-Mageed
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wohlrab
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Eszter Baráth
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sergey Tin
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hero J Heeres
- Green Chemical Reaction Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Deuss
- Green Chemical Reaction Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G de Vries
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
De Smet G, Bai X, Maes BUW. Selective C(aryl)-O bond cleavage in biorenewable phenolics. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5489-5551. [PMID: 38634517 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00570d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Biorefining of lignocellulosic biomass via a lignin first approach delivers a range of products with high oxygen content. Besides pulp, a lignin oil rich in guaiacols and syringols is obtained bearing multiple C(aryl)-OH and C(aryl)-OMe groups, typically named phenolics. Similarly, technical lignin can be used but is generally more difficult to process providing lower yields of monomers. Removal of the hydroxy and methoxy groups in these oxygenated arenes is challenging due to the inherently strong C-O bonds, in addition to the steric and electronic deactivation by adjacent -OH or -OMe groups. Moreover, chemoselective removal of a specific group in the presence of other similar functionalities is non-trivial. Other side-reactions such as ring saturation and transalkylation further complicate the desired reduction process. In this overview, three different selective reduction reactions are considered. Complete hydrodeoxygenation removes both hydroxy and methoxy groups resulting in benzene and alkylated derivatives (BTX type products) which is often complicated by overreduction of the arene ring. Hydrodemethoxylation selectively removes methoxy groups in the presence of hydroxy groups leading to phenol products, while hydrodehydroxylation only removes hydroxy groups without cleavage of methoxy groups giving anisole products. Instead of defunctionalization via reduction transformation of C(aryl)-OH, albeit via an initial derivatization into C(aryl)-OX, into other functionalities is possible and also discussed. In addition to methods applying guaiacols and syringols present in lignin oil as model substrates, special attention is given to methods using mixtures of these compounds obtained from wood/technical lignin. Finally, other important aspects of C-O bond activation with respect to green chemistry are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles De Smet
- Organic Synthesis Division (ORSY), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Xingfeng Bai
- Organic Synthesis Division (ORSY), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bert U W Maes
- Organic Synthesis Division (ORSY), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tang D, Lin X, Zhang Q, Wang Z, Liu Y, Jin Y, Wu X, Hu C, Yuan P. Hydrolysis-dominated catalytic system: Hydrogen-free hydrogenolysis of lignin from Pd-MoO x/TiO 2. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131538. [PMID: 38621572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Lignin is continuously investigated by various techniques for valorization due to its high content of oxygen-containing functional groups. Catalytic systems employing hydrolysis‑hydrogenolysis, leveraging the synergistic effect of redox metal sites and acid sites, exhibit efficient degradation of lignin. The predominance of either hydrolysis or hydrogenolysis reactions hinges upon the relative activity of acid and metal sites, as well as the intensity of the reductive atmosphere. In this study, the Pd-MoOx/TiO2 catalyst was found to primarily catalyze hydrolysis in the lignin depolymerization process, attributed to the abundance of moderate acidic sites on Pd and the redox-assisted catalysis of MoOx under inert conditions. After subjecting the reaction to 240 °C for 30 h, a yield of 48.22 wt% of total phenolic monomers, with 5.90 wt% consisting of diphenols, was achieved. Investigation into the conversion of 4-propylguaiacol (4-PG), a major depolymerized monomer of corncob lignin, revealed the production of ketone intermediates, a phenomenon closely linked to the unique properties of MoOx. Dehydrogenation of the propyl is a key step in initiating the reaction, and 4-PG could be almost completely transformed, accompanied by an over 97 % of 4-propylcatechol selectivity. This distinctive system lays a new theoretical groundwork for the eco-friendly valorization of lignin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daobin Tang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xuebin Lin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhenni Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yanqiao Jin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Xinru Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Cejun Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Pei Yuan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Feng J, Xing Y, Yin C, Tang P, Jiang F. Wholly sustainable graft copolymers derived from cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose for high-performance elastomers, adhesives, and UV-blocking materials. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 326:121606. [PMID: 38142094 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable elastomers derived from renewable biobased resources with excellent mechanical properties and varied functions are highly pursued to substitute traditional petroleum-based polymers yet challenging due to their limited macroscopic performance. In this work, we designed a series of wholly biobased cellulose-graft-poly(vanillin acrylate-co-tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate) (Cell-g-P(VA-co-THFA) copolymer elastomers with cellulose as the rigid backbone, sustainable VA derived from lignin and soft THFA derived from hemicellulose as the hard and soft segments in the rubbery side chains. Moreover, the grafted side chains can be cross-linked to introduce an additional dynamic network structure via Schiff-base chemistry between the aldehyde and amino groups. The mechanical properties of Cell-g-P(VA-co-THFA) copolymer elastomers, including tensile strength, extensibility, elasticity, and toughness can be facilely manipulated by the VA/THFA feed ratio, cellulose content, and cross-linking density. These Cell-g-P(VA-co-THFA) copolymer elastomers are thermally stable and possess outstanding adhesion behavior and prominent UV-shielding performance. Besides dramatically enhanced mechanical properties, the cross-linked Cell-g-P(VA-co-THFA) counterparts exhibit remarkable shape memory behavior. This work provides a robust and convenient strategy for developing strong and versatile sustainable elastomers with different application demands by integrating different biomass feedstocks via elaborate molecular design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Feng
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center, Anhui Provincial Engineering Center for High Performance Biobased Nylons, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yuxian Xing
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center, Anhui Provincial Engineering Center for High Performance Biobased Nylons, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Chuantao Yin
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center, Anhui Provincial Engineering Center for High Performance Biobased Nylons, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Pengfei Tang
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center, Anhui Provincial Engineering Center for High Performance Biobased Nylons, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center, Anhui Provincial Engineering Center for High Performance Biobased Nylons, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Peng W, Bao H, Wang Y, Cote E, Sagues WJ, Hagelin-Weaver H, Gao J, Xiao D, Tong Z. Selective Depolymerization of Lignin Towards Isolated Phenolic Acids Under Mild Conditions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300750. [PMID: 37419862 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The selective transformation of lignin to value-added biochemicals (e. g., phenolic acids) in high yields is incredibly challenging due to its structural complexity and many possible reaction pathways. Phenolic acids (PA) are key building blocks for various aromatic polymers, but the isolation of PAs from lignin is below 5 wt.% and requires harsh reaction conditions. Herein, we demonstrate an effective route to selectively convert lignin extracted from sweet sorghum and poplar into isolated PA in a high yield (up to 20 wt.% of lignin) using a low-cost graphene oxide-urea hydrogen peroxide (GO-UHP) catalyst under mild conditions (<120 °C). The lignin conversion yield is up to 95 %, and the remaining low molecular weight organic oils are ready for aviation fuel production to complete lignin utilization. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that pre-acetylation allows the selective depolymerization of lignin to aromatic aldehydes with a decent yield by GO through the Cα activation of β-O-4 cleavage. A urea-hydrogen peroxide (UHP) oxidative process is followed to transform aldehydes in the depolymerized product to PAs by avoiding the undesired Dakin side reaction due to the electron-withdrawing effect of the acetyl group. This study opens a new way to selectively cleave lignin side chains to isolated biochemicals under mild conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Peng
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Renewable Bioproduct Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA
| | - Hanxi Bao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Yigui Wang
- Center for Integrative Materials Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Elizabeth Cote
- Center for Integrative Materials Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - William J Sagues
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Halena Hagelin-Weaver
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ji Gao
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Renewable Bioproduct Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA
| | - Dequan Xiao
- Center for Integrative Materials Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Zhaohui Tong
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Renewable Bioproduct Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu X, De Bruyn M, Barta K. Deriving high value products from depolymerized lignin oil, aided by (bio)catalytic funneling strategies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:9929-9951. [PMID: 37526604 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01555f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Lignin holds tremendous and versatile possibilities to produce value-added chemicals and high performing polymeric materials. Over the years, different cutting-edge lignin depolymerization methodologies have been developed, mainly focusing on achieving excellent yields of mono-phenolic products, some even approaching the theoretical maximum. However, due to lignin's inherent heterogeneity and recalcitrance, its depolymerization leads to relatively complex product streams, also containing dimers, and higher molecular weight fragments in substantial quantities. The subsequent chemo-catalytic valorization of these higher molecular weight streams, containing difficult-to-break, mainly C-C covalent bonds, is tremendously challenging, and has consequently received much less attention. In this minireview, we present an overview of recent advances on the development of sustainable biorefinery strategies aimed at the production of well-defined chemicals and polymeric materials, the prime focus being on depolymerized lignin oils, containing high molecular weight fractions. The key central unit operation to achieve this is (bio)catalytic funneling, which holds great potential to overcome separation and purification challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianyuan Wu
- University of Groningen, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mario De Bruyn
- University of Graz, Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrichstrasse 28/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Katalin Barta
- University of Groningen, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Graz, Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrichstrasse 28/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Golubeva MA, Mukhtarova M, Sadovnikov AA, Maximov AL. Bulk Molybdenum and Tungsten Phosphides for Selective Phenol Production from Guaiacol. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40586-40595. [PMID: 36385816 PMCID: PMC9647851 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bulk MoP and WP were investigated and compared in guaiacol hydrodeoxygenation to phenol. The catalysts obtained were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and temperature-programmed desorption of NH3 (NH3-TPD) analyses. MoP was shown to be more active than WP. However, WP was more selective in phenol production. Guaiacol conversion using MoP was 90-98%. The highest selectivity for phenol was 66% (340 °C). By increasing the temperature to 380 °C, phenol selectivity decreased to 31%, while selectivity for cyclohexane increased to 29%. Thus, MoP was active not only in hydrodeoxygenation but also in hydrogenation. Guaiacol conversion over WP was 53-90%. The highest selectivity for phenol was 84% (380 °C). Hydrogenation products were also detected but with low selectivity. Thus, WP was active in the partial hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol and was more suitable for the selective production of phenol than MoP. It was shown that after a 30 h recycling test, the activity of MoP did not decrease (1st and 5th cycle conversion value was 91%), while the activity of WP reduced (1st and 5th cycle conversion values were 81 and 64%, respectively). However, the activity of both catalysts at average conversion values decreased. Selectivity for phenol remained unaltered over both catalysts. It was supposed that catalyst activity decreased due to partial destruction of the crystalline phosphide phase and the surface phosphide oxidation to phosphate.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang H, Yin W, Zhu X, Deuss PJ, Heeres HJ. Selective Demethoxylation of Guaiacols to Phenols using Supported MoO
3
Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhou Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering ENTEG University of Groningen 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Wang Yin
- Department of Chemical Engineering ENTEG University of Groningen 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Fujian Universities Engineering Research Center of Reactive Distillation Technology College of Chemical Engineering Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116, Fujian P. R. China
| | - Xiaotian Zhu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Deuss
- Department of Chemical Engineering ENTEG University of Groningen 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Hero J. Heeres
- Department of Chemical Engineering ENTEG University of Groningen 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li P, Ren J, Jiang Z, Huang L, Wu C, Wu W. Review on the preparation of fuels and chemicals based on lignin. RSC Adv 2022; 12:10289-10305. [PMID: 35424980 PMCID: PMC8972114 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01341j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is by far the most abundant natural renewable aromatic polymer in nature, and its reserves are second only to cellulose. In addition to the rich carbon content, the structure of lignin contains functional groups such as benzene rings, methoxyl groups, and phenolic hydroxyl groups. Lignin degradation has become one of the high value, high quality and high efficiency methods to convert lignin, which is of great significance to alleviating the current energy shortage and environmental crisis. This article introduces the hydrolysis methods of lignin in acidic, alkaline, ionic liquids and supercritical fluids, reviews the heating rate, the source of lignin species and the effects of heating rate on the pyrolysis of lignin, and briefly describes the metal catalysis, oxidation methods such as electrochemical degradation and photocatalytic oxidation, and degradation reduction methods using hydrogen and hydrogen supply reagents. The lignin degradation methods for the preparation of fuels and chemicals are systematically summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods, the selectivity under different conditions and the degradation efficiency of different catalytic combination systems are compared. In this paper, a new approach to improve the degradation efficiency is envisioned in order to contribute to the efficient utilization and high value conversion of lignin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China.,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Jianpeng Ren
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China.,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Zhengwei Jiang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Lijing Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China.,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Caiwen Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China.,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China.,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Review: chemical approaches toward catalytic lignin degradation. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLignin is a potentially high natural source of biological aromatic substances. However, decomposition of the polymer has proven to be quite challenging, as the complex bonds are fairly difficult to break down chemically. This article is intended to provide an overview of various recent methods for the catalytic chemical depolymerization of the biopolymer lignin into chemical products. For this purpose, nickel-, zeolite- and palladium-supported catalysts were examined in detail. In order to achieve this, various experiments of the last years were collected, and the efficiency of the individual catalysts was examined. This included evaluating the reaction conditions under which the catalysts work most efficiently. The influence of co-catalysts and Lewis acidity was also investigated. The results show that it is possible to control the obtained product selectivity very well by the choice of the respective catalysts combined with the proper reaction conditions.
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang Z, Deuss PJ. Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Lignin: The Influence of Minor Units and Saccharides. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:5186-5198. [PMID: 34398518 PMCID: PMC9293178 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The precise elucidation of native lignin structures plays a vital role for the development of "lignin first" strategies such as reductive catalytic fractionation. The structure of lignin and composition of the starting material has a major impact on the product yield and distribution. Here, the differences in structure of lignin from birch, pine, reed, and walnut shell were investigated by combining detailed analysis of the whole cell wall material, residual enzyme lignin, and milled wood lignin. The results of the 2D heteronuclear single quantum coherence NMR analysis could be correlated to the product from Ru/C-catalyzed hydrogenolysis if monomeric products from ferulate and p-coumaryl and its analogous units were also appropriately considered. Notably, residual polysaccharide constituents seemed to influence the selectivity towards hydroxy-containing monomers. The results reinforced the importance of adequate structural characterization and compositional analysis of the starting materials as well as distinct (dis)advantages of specific types of structural characterization and isolation methods for guiding valorization potential of different biomass feedstocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG)University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Deuss
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG)University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tang D, Huang X, Tang W, Jin Y. Lignin-to-chemicals: Application of catalytic hydrogenolysis of lignin to produce phenols and terephthalic acid via metal-based catalysts. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:72-85. [PMID: 34480907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the only renewable aromatic material in nature and contains a large number of oxygen-containing functional groups. High-value and green utilization of "lignin-to-chemicals" can be realized via using lignin to produce fine chemicals such as phenols and carboxylic acids, which can not only reduce the waste of lignin in the process of lignocellulosic biomass treatment, but gradually make the substitution of traditional fossil fuels come true. The hydrogenolysis process under catalysis of metal catalyst has high product selectivity and less impurity, which is suitable for the production of same type or single fine chemicals. Hydrogenolysis of lignin via metal catalysts to produce lignin oil, and further modification of functional groups (e.g. methoxyl, alkyl and hydroxyl group) of depolymerized monomers in the bio-oil to yeild phenols and terephthalic acid are reviewed, and catalytic mechanisms are briefly summarized in this paper. Finally, the problems of lignin catalytic conversion existing currently are investigated, and the future development of this field is also prospected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daobin Tang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiaozhen Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Weizhong Tang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yanqiao Jin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hongkailers S, Jing Y, Wang Y, Hinchiranan N, Yan N. Recovery of Arenes from Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) over a Co/TiO 2 Catalyst. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4330-4339. [PMID: 34390526 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Upcycling of spent plastics has become a more emergent topic than ever before due to the rapid generation of plastic waste associated with the change of lifestyles of the human society. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a major aromatic plastic and herein, the conversion of PET back into arenes was demonstrated in a one-pot reaction combining depolymerization and hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) over a Co/TiO2 catalyst. The effectiveness of the Co/TiO2 catalyst in HDO and the underlining reaction pathway were established using the PET monomer terephthalic acid (TPA) as the substrate. Quantitative TPA conversion together with 75.2 mol% xylene and toluene selectivity under 30 bar initial H2 pressure at 340 °C was achieved after 4 h reaction. More encouragingly, the catalyst induced both depolymerization and HDO reaction via C-O bond cleavage when PET was used as a substrate. 78.9 mol% arenes (toluene and xylene) was obtained under optimized conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surachet Hongkailers
- Department of Chemical Technology, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phyathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Yaxuan Jing
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Yanqin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Napida Hinchiranan
- Department of Chemical Technology, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phyathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phyathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Catalysis for Bioenergy and Renewable Chemicals (CBRC), Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phyathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Groß J, Grundke C, Rocker J, Arduengo AJ, Opatz T. Xylochemicals and where to find them. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9979-9994. [PMID: 34522925 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03512f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This article surveys a range of important platform and high value chemicals that may be considered primary and secondary 'xylochemicals'. A summary of identified xylochemical substances and their natural sources is provided in tabular form. In detail, this review is meant to provide useful assistance for the consideration of potential synthetic strategies using xylochemicals, new methodologies and the development of potentially sustainable, xylochemistry-based processes. It should support the transition from petroleum-based approaches and help to move towards more sustainability within the synthetic community. This feasible paradigm shift is demonstrated with the total synthesis of natural products and active pharmaceutical ingredients as well as the preparation of organic molecules suitable for potential industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Groß
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Caroline Grundke
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Johannes Rocker
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Anthony J Arduengo
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332-0400, USA.
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cai C, Xu Z, Zhou H, Chen S, Jin M. Valorization of lignin components into gallate by integrated biological hydroxylation, O-demethylation, and aryl side-chain oxidation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg4585. [PMID: 34516898 PMCID: PMC8442903 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg4585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Converting lignin components into a single product is a promising way to upgrade lignin. Here, an efficient biocatalyst was developed to selectively produce gallate from lignin components by integrating three main reactions: hydroxylation, O-demethylation, and aryl side-chain oxidation. A rationally designed hydroxylase system was first introduced into a gallate biodegradation pathway–blocked Rhodococcus opacus mutant so that gallate accumulated from protocatechuate and compounds in its upper pathways. Native and heterologous O-demethylation systems were then used, leading to multiple lignin-derived methoxy aromatics being converted to gallate. Furthermore, an aryl side-chain oxidase was engaged to broaden the substrate spectrum. Consequently, the developed biocatalyst showed that gallate yields as high as 0.407 and 0.630 g of gallate per gram of lignin when alkaline-pretreated lignin and base-depolymerized ammonia fiber explosion lignin were applied as substrates, respectively. These results suggested that this rationally developed biocatalyst enabled the lignin valorization process to be simple and efficient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenggu Cai
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zhaoxian Xu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Huarong Zhou
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Sitong Chen
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Mingjie Jin
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dou Z, Zhang Z, Zhou H, Wang M. Photocatalytic Upgrading of Lignin Oil to Diesel Precursors and Hydrogen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolin Dou
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 Liaoning China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 Liaoning China
| | - Hongru Zhou
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 Liaoning China
| | - Min Wang
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 Liaoning China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dou Z, Zhang Z, Zhou H, Wang M. Photocatalytic Upgrading of Lignin Oil to Diesel Precursors and Hydrogen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16399-16403. [PMID: 33961338 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Producing renewable biofuels from biomass is a promising way to meet future energy demand. Here, we demonstrated a lignin to diesel route via dimerization of the lignin oil followed by hydrodeoxygenation. The lignin oil undergoes C-C bond dehydrogenative coupling over Au/CdS photocatalyst under visible light irradiation, co-generating diesel precursors and hydrogen. The Au nanoparticles loaded on CdS can effectively restrain the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes, thus improving the efficiency of the dimerization reaction. About 2.4 mmol gcatal -1 h-1 dimers and 1.6 mmol gcatal -1 h-1 H2 were generated over Au/CdS, which is about 12 and 6.5 times over CdS, respectively. The diesel precursors are finally converted into C16-C18 cycloalkanes or aromatics via hydrodeoxygenation reaction using Pd/C or porous CoMoS catalyst, respectively. The conversion of pine sawdust to diesel was performed to demonstrate the feasibility of the lignin-to-diesel route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolin Dou
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongru Zhou
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Min Wang
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mahfuz S, Shang Q, Piao X. Phenolic compounds as natural feed additives in poultry and swine diets: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:48. [PMID: 33823919 PMCID: PMC8025492 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00565-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to ban on using antibiotics in feed industry, awareness of using natural feed additives have led to a great demand. The interest of plants phenolic compounds as a potential natural antioxidant source has been considered in research community due to their predictable potential role as feed additives in poultry and swine production. However, the mode of action for their functional role and dosage recommendation in animal diets are still remain indistinct. Taking into account, the present review study highlights an outline about the mode of action of phenolic compound and their experimental uses in poultry and swine focusing on the growth performance, antioxidant function, immune function, antimicrobial role and overall health status, justified with the past findings till to date. Finally, the present review study concluded that supplementation of phenolic compounds as natural feed additives may have a role on the antioxidant, immunity, antimicrobial and overall production performance in poultry and swine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shad Mahfuz
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qinghui Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu X, Bouxin FP, Fan J, Budarin VL, Hu C, Clark JH. Microwave-assisted catalytic depolymerization of lignin from birch sawdust to produce phenolic monomers utilizing a hydrogen-free strategy. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123490. [PMID: 32712365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic hydrogenolysis of lignin to obtain value-added phenolic chemicals is a sustainable and cost-effective strategy for the efficient valorization of biomass derived wastes. Herein, an innovative approach by using a single-step microwave assisted depolymerization of lignin from birch sawdust without external hydrogen in the mixture of water-alcohol (methanol, ethanol, isopropanol) co-solvents over commercial catalysts (Pd/C, Pt/C, Ru/C) was investigated. A 65 wt% yield of phenolic monomers was obtained based on 43.8 wt% of delignification (190 °C, 3 h). The solid residues retained 92.0 wt% of cellulose and 57.3 wt% of hemicellulose, which could be further used for fermentation or in the pulp industry. Analysis of the lignin oil revealed that in-situ hydrogen generated from methanol decomposition promoted the hydrogenolysis of βO4 ether linkage and selective hydrogenation of unsaturated side-chains of phenolic monomers. This work introduces new perspectives for the efficient and cost-effective production of value-added phenolic compounds from lignin in agro-industrial wastes without external hydrogen assisted by microwave heating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Florent P Bouxin
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jiajun Fan
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Vitaliy L Budarin
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - James H Clark
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sun Z, Cheng J, Wang D, Yuan TQ, Song G, Barta K. Downstream Processing Strategies for Lignin-First Biorefinery. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5199-5212. [PMID: 32748524 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The lignin-first strategy has emerged as one of the most powerful approaches for generating novel platform chemicals from lignin by efficient depolymerization of native lignin. Because of the emergence of this novel depolymerization method and the definition of viable platform chemicals, future focus will soon shift towards innovative downstream processing strategies. Very recently, many interesting approaches have emerged that describe the production of valuable products across the whole value chain, including bulk and fine chemical building blocks, and several concrete examples have been developed for the production of polymers, pharmaceutically relevant compounds, or fuels. This Minireview provides an overview of these recent advances. After a short summary of catalytic systems for obtaining aromatic monomers, a comprehensive discussion on their separation and applications is given. This Minireview will fill the gap in biorefinery between deriving high yields of lignin monomers and tapping into their potential for making valuable consumer products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohua Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Jinling Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and the Key Laboratory of Atomic & Molecular Nanosciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Key Laboratory of Atomic & Molecular Nanosciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Tong-Qi Yuan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Guoyong Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Katalin Barta
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 TC, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Van Aelst K, Van Sinay E, Vangeel T, Cooreman E, Van den Bossche G, Renders T, Van Aelst J, Van den Bosch S, Sels BF. Reductive catalytic fractionation of pine wood: elucidating and quantifying the molecular structures in the lignin oil. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11498-11508. [PMID: 34094394 PMCID: PMC8162782 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04182c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In-depth structural analysis of biorefined lignin is imperative to understand its physicochemical properties, essential for its efficient valorization to renewable materials and chemicals. Up to now, research on Reductive Catalytic Fractionation (RCF) of lignocellulose biomass, an emerging biorefinery technology, has strongly focused on the formation, separation and quantitative analysis of the abundant lignin-derived phenolic monomers. However, detailed structural information on the linkages in RCF lignin oligomers, constituting up to 50 wt% of RCF lignin, and their quantification, is currently lacking. This study discloses new detailed insights into the pine wood RCF lignin oil's molecular structure through the combination of fractionation and systematic analysis, resulting in the first assignment of the major RCF-derived structural units in the 1H-13C HSQC NMR spectrum of the RCF oligomers. Specifically, β-5 γ-OH, β-5 ethyl, β-1 γ-OH, β-1 ethyl, β-β 2x γ-OH, β-β THF, and 5-5 inter-unit linkages were assigned unambiguously, resulting in the quantification of over 80% of the lignin inter-unit linkages and end-units. Detailed inspection of the native lignin inter-unit linkages and their conversion reveals the occurring hydrogenolysis chemistry and the unambiguous proof of absence of lignin fragment condensation during proper RCF processing. Overall, the study offers an advanced analytical toolbox for future RCF lignin conversion and lignin structural analysis research, and valuable insights for lignin oil valorization purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Van Aelst
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - E Van Sinay
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - T Vangeel
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - E Cooreman
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - G Van den Bossche
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - T Renders
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - J Van Aelst
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - S Van den Bosch
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - B F Sels
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu X, Bouxin FP, Fan J, Budarin VL, Hu C, Clark JH. Recent Advances in the Catalytic Depolymerization of Lignin towards Phenolic Chemicals: A Review. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4296-4317. [PMID: 32662564 PMCID: PMC7540457 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficient valorization of lignin could dictate the success of the 2nd generation biorefinery. Lignin, accounting for on average a third of the lignocellulosic biomass, is the most promising candidate for sustainable production of value-added phenolics. However, the structural alteration induced during lignin isolation is often depleting its potential for value-added chemicals. Recently, catalytic reductive depolymerization of lignin has appeared to be a promising and effective method for its valorization to obtain phenolic monomers. The present study systematically summarizes the far-reaching and state-of-the-art lignin valorization strategies during different stages, including conventional catalytic depolymerization of technical lignin, emerging reductive catalytic fractionation of protolignin, stabilization strategies to inhibit the undesired condensation reactions, and further catalytic upgrading of lignin-derived monomers. Finally, the potential challenges for the future researches on the efficient valorization of lignin and possible solutions are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and TechnologyMinistry of EducationDepartment of ChemistrySichuan UniversityWangjiang RoadChengdu610064P.R. China
- Green Chemistry Center of ExcellenceDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Florent P. Bouxin
- Green Chemistry Center of ExcellenceDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Jiajun Fan
- Green Chemistry Center of ExcellenceDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Vitaliy L. Budarin
- Green Chemistry Center of ExcellenceDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and TechnologyMinistry of EducationDepartment of ChemistrySichuan UniversityWangjiang RoadChengdu610064P.R. China
| | - James H. Clark
- Green Chemistry Center of ExcellenceDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shen X, Xin Y, Liu H, Han B. Product-oriented Direct Cleavage of Chemical Linkages in Lignin. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4367-4381. [PMID: 32449257 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is one of the most important biomacromolecules in the plant biomass and the largest renewable source of aromatic building blocks in nature. Selectively producing value-added chemicals from the catalytic transformation of renewable lignin is of strategic significance and meet sustainability targets owing to the excessive consumption of non-renewable petroleum resource, but remains a long-term challenge owing to the complexity of lignin structure. This Minireview provides a summary and perspective of the extensive research that provides insight into selectively catalytic transformations of lignin and its derived monomers via directed scissor of chemical linkages (C-O and C-C bonds) with product-oriented targets. Furthermore, some challenges and opportunities of lignin catalytic transformation are provided based on existing problems in this field for readers to discuss future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Physical Science Laboratory, Huairou National Comprehensive Science Center, Beijing, 101407, P. R. China
| | - Yu Xin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Physical Science Laboratory, Huairou National Comprehensive Science Center, Beijing, 101407, P. R. China
| | - Huizhen Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Physical Science Laboratory, Huairou National Comprehensive Science Center, Beijing, 101407, P. R. China
| | - Buxing Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Physical Science Laboratory, Huairou National Comprehensive Science Center, Beijing, 101407, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Korányi TI, Fridrich B, Pineda A, Barta K. Development of 'Lignin-First' Approaches for the Valorization of Lignocellulosic Biomass. Molecules 2020; 25:E2815. [PMID: 32570887 PMCID: PMC7356833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, valorization of lignocellulosic biomass almost exclusively focuses on the production of pulp, paper, and bioethanol from its holocellulose constituent, while the remaining lignin part that comprises the highest carbon content, is burned and treated as waste. Lignin has a complex structure built up from propylphenolic subunits; therefore, its valorization to value-added products (aromatics, phenolics, biogasoline, etc.) is highly desirable. However, during the pulping processes, the original structure of native lignin changes to technical lignin. Due to this extensive structural modification, involving the cleavage of the β-O-4 moieties and the formation of recalcitrant C-C bonds, its catalytic depolymerization requires harsh reaction conditions. In order to apply mild conditions and to gain fewer and uniform products, a new strategy has emerged in the past few years, named 'lignin-first' or 'reductive catalytic fractionation' (RCF). This signifies lignin disassembly prior to carbohydrate valorization. The aim of the present work is to follow historically, year-by-year, the development of 'lignin-first' approach. A compact summary of reached achievements, future perspectives and remaining challenges is also given at the end of the review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamás I. Korányi
- Surface Chemistry and Catalysis Department, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly Thege M. u. 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Fridrich
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (B.F.); (K.B.)
| | - Antonio Pineda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Cordoba, Ed. Marie Curie (C 3), Campus of Rabanales, Ctra Nnal IV-A, Km 396, E14014 Cordoba, Spain;
| | - Katalin Barta
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (B.F.); (K.B.)
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|