1
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Rudolf K, Voigt L, Muench S, Frankenstein L, Landsmann J, Schubert US, Winter M, Placke T, Kasnatscheew J. Radical Polymer-based Positive Electrodes for Dual-Ion Batteries: Enhancing Performance with γ-Butyrolactone-based Electrolytes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202400626. [PMID: 38747027 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Dual-ion batteries (DIBs) represent a promising alternative for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) for various niche applications. DIBs with polymer-based active materials, here poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-N-oxyl methacrylate) (PTMA), are of particular interest for high power applications, though they require appropriate electrolyte formulations. As the anion mobility plays a crucial role in transport kinetics, Li salts are varied using the well-dissociating solvent γ-butyrolactone (GBL). Lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate (LiDFOB) and lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB) improve cycle life in PTMA||Li metal cells compared to other Li salts and a LiPF6- and carbonate-based reference electrolyte, even at specific currents of 1.0 A g-1 (≈10C), whereas LiDFOB reveals a superior rate performance, i. e., ≈90 % capacity even at 5.0 A g-1 (≈50C). This is attributed to faster charge-transfer/mass transport, enhanced pseudo-capacitive contributions during the de-/insertion of the anions into the PTMA electrode and to lower overpotentials at the Li metal electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Rudolf
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Linus Voigt
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Simon Muench
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Lars Frankenstein
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Justin Landsmann
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Winter
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Placke
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Kasnatscheew
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
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2
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Gupta J, Tomovska R, Aguirre M. Overcoming Challenges of Incorporation of Biobased Dibutyl Itaconate in (Meth)acrylic Waterborne Polymers. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:5310-5320. [PMID: 39083753 PMCID: PMC11323018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Polymeric derivatives of itaconic acid are gaining interest as biobased alternatives to petroleum-based monomers due to their versatility, renewable nature, commercial availability, and cost-effectiveness. Itaconate ester monomer's challenges incorporating in (meth)acrylic waterborne polymers are the low propagation rate, unfavorable reactivity ratios, and the depropagation process. To overcome these challenges, the seeded semibatch emulsion polymerization of 100% biobased dibutyl itaconate, methyl methacrylate, and butyl acrylate was investigated at different temperatures. Consequently, 30 wt % DBI was successfully incorporated within waterborne (meth)acrylates in short reaction times (4 h), obtaining high DBI incorporation (>90%). The results demonstrate that DBI incorporation influences the instantaneous monomer conversion, polymer's microstructure, and mechanical properties. By incorporating a biobased itaconate cross-linker, kinetics and mechanical characteristics of the polymers were improved. This combined approach can be implemented without altering industrial processes, resolving the commercialization dilemma for itaconate monomers to synthesize high-performance biobased polymers for adhesive and coating industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Gupta
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Aplikatua Saila, Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Radmila Tomovska
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Aplikatua Saila, Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Miren Aguirre
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Aplikatua Saila, Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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3
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Vereshchagin AA, Volkov AI, Novoselova JV, Panjwani NA, Yankin AN, Sizov VV, Lukyanov DA, Behrends J, Levin OV. Harmonizing Energies: The Interplay Between a Nonplanar SalEn-Type Molecule and a TEMPO Moiety in a New Hybrid Energy-Storing Redox-Conducting Polymer. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400074. [PMID: 38593474 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Redox-conducting polymers based on SalEn-type complexes have attracted considerable attention due to their potential applications in electrochemical devices. However, their charge transfer mechanisms, physical and electrochemical properties remain unclear, hindering their rational design and optimization. This study aims to establish the influence of monomer geometry on the polymer's properties by investigating the properties of novel nonplanar SalEn-type complexes, poly[N,N'-bis(salicylidene)propylene-2-(hydroxy)diaminonickel(II)], and its analog with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-N-oxyl (TEMPO)-substituted bridge (MTS). To elucidate the charge transfer mechanism, operando UV-Vis spectroelectrochemical analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance are employed. Introducing TEMPO into the bridge moiety enhanced the specific capacity of the poly(MTS) material to 95 mA h g-1, attributed to TEMPO's and conductive backbone's charge storage capabilities. Replacement of the ethylenediimino-bridge with a 1,3-propylenediimino- bridge induced significant changes in the complex geometry and material's morphology, electrochemical, and spectral properties. At nearly the same potential, polaron and bipolaron particles emerged, suggesting intriguing features at the overlap point of the electroactivity potentials ranges of polaron-bipolaron and TEMPO, such as a disruption in the connection between TEMPO and the conjugation chain or intramolecular charge transfer. These results offer valuable insights for optimizing strategies to create organic materials with tailored properties for use in catalysis and battery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoliy A Vereshchagin
- Saint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexey I Volkov
- Saint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Julia V Novoselova
- Saint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Naitik A Panjwani
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrei N Yankin
- ITMO University Kronverksky Pr. 49, bldg. A, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Sizov
- Saint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Daniil A Lukyanov
- Saint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Jan Behrends
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oleg V Levin
- Saint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
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4
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Mecerreyes D, Casado N, Villaluenga I, Forsyth M. Current Trends and Perspectives of Polymers in Batteries. Macromolecules 2024; 57:3013-3025. [PMID: 38616814 PMCID: PMC11008248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
This Perspective aims to present the current status and future opportunities for polymer science in battery technologies. Polymers play a crucial role in improving the performance of the ubiquitous lithium ion battery. But they will be even more important for the development of sustainable and versatile post-lithium battery technologies, in particular solid-state batteries. In this article, we identify the trends in the design and development of polymers for battery applications including binders for electrodes, porous separators, solid electrolytes, or redox-active electrode materials. These trends will be illustrated using a selection of recent polymer developments including new ionic polymers, biobased polymers, self-healing polymers, mixed-ionic electronic conducting polymers, inorganic-polymer composites, or redox polymers to give some examples. Finally, the future needs, opportunities, and directions of the field will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48011, Spain
| | - Nerea Casado
- POLYMAT,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48011, Spain
| | - Irune Villaluenga
- POLYMAT,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48011, Spain
| | - Maria Forsyth
- POLYMAT,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48011, Spain
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
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5
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Uhl M, Sadeeda, Penert P, Schuster PA, Schick BW, Muench S, Farkas A, Schubert US, Esser B, Kuehne AJC, Jacob T. All-Organic Battery Based on Deep Eutectic Solvent and Redox-Active Polymers. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301057. [PMID: 37505454 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable battery concepts are of great importance for the energy storage demands of the future. Organic batteries based on redox-active polymers are one class of promising storage systems to meet these demands, in particular when combined with environmentally friendly and safe electrolytes. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) represent a class of electrolytes that can be produced from sustainable sources and exhibit in most cases no or only a small environmental impact. Because of their non-flammability, DESs are safe, while providing an electrochemical stability window almost comparable to established battery electrolytes and much broader than typical aqueous electrolytes. Here, we report the first all-organic battery cell based on a DES electrolyte, which in this case is composed of sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NaTFSI) and N-methylacetamide (NMA) alongside the electrode active materials poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl-oxyl methacrylate) (PTMA) and crosslinked poly(vinylbenzylviologen) (X-PVBV2+ ). The resulting cell shows two voltage plateaus at 1.07 V and 1.58 V and achieves Coulombic efficiencies of 98 %. Surprisingly, the X-PVBV/X-PVBV+ redox couple turned out to be much more stable in NaTFSI : NMA 1 : 6 than the X-PVBV+ /X-PVBV2+ couple, leading to asymmetric capacity fading during cycling tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Uhl
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sadeeda
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Philipp Penert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Philipp A Schuster
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin W Schick
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simon Muench
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Attila Farkas
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Birgit Esser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander J C Kuehne
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
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6
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Daniel DT, Oevermann S, Mitra S, Rudolf K, Heuer A, Eichel RA, Winter M, Diddens D, Brunklaus G, Granwehr J. Multimodal investigation of electronic transport in PTMA and its impact on organic radical battery performance. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10934. [PMID: 37414786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37308-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic radical batteries (ORBs) represent a viable pathway to a more sustainable energy storage technology compared to conventional Li-ion batteries. For further materials and cell development towards competitive energy and power densities, a deeper understanding of electron transport and conductivity in organic radical polymer cathodes is required. Such electron transport is characterised by electron hopping processes, which depend on the presence of closely spaced hopping sites. Using a combination of electrochemical, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic, and theoretical molecular dynamics as well as density functional theory modelling techniques, we explored how compositional characteristics of cross-linked poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy-4-yl methacrylate) (PTMA) polymers govern electron hopping and rationalise their impact on ORB performance. Electrochemistry and EPR spectroscopy not only show a correlation between capacity and the total number of radicals in an ORB using a PTMA cathode, but also indicates that the state-of-health degrades about twice as fast if the amount of radical is reduced by 15%. The presence of up to 3% free monomer radicals did not improve fast charging capabilities. Pulsed EPR indicated that these radicals readily dissolve into the electrolyte but a direct effect on battery degradation could not be shown. However, a qualitative impact cannot be excluded either. The work further illustrates that nitroxide units have a high affinity to the carbon black conductive additive, indicating the possibility of its participation in electron hopping. At the same time, the polymers attempt to adopt a compact conformation to increase radical-radical contact. Hence, a kinetic competition exists, which might gradually be altered towards a thermodynamically more stable configuration by repeated cycling, yet further investigations are required for its characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis Thomas Daniel
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen Oevermann
- Helmholtz Institute Münster (IEK-12), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Souvik Mitra
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Rudolf
- MEET Battery Research Center, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Heuer
- Helmholtz Institute Münster (IEK-12), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Rüdiger-A Eichel
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Winter
- Helmholtz Institute Münster (IEK-12), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 48149, Münster, Germany
- MEET Battery Research Center, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Diddo Diddens
- Helmholtz Institute Münster (IEK-12), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gunther Brunklaus
- Helmholtz Institute Münster (IEK-12), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Josef Granwehr
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
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7
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Aguirre M, Ballard N, Gonzalez E, Hamzehlou S, Sardon H, Calderon M, Paulis M, Tomovska R, Dupin D, Bean RH, Long TE, Leiza JR, Asua JM. Polymer Colloids: Current Challenges, Emerging Applications, and New Developments. Macromolecules 2023; 56:2579-2607. [PMID: 37066026 PMCID: PMC10101531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymer colloids are complex materials that have the potential to be used in a vast array of applications. One of the main reasons for their continued growth in commercial use is the water-based emulsion polymerization process through which they are generally synthesized. This technique is not only highly efficient from an industrial point of view but also extremely versatile and permits the large-scale production of colloidal particles with controllable properties. In this perspective, we seek to highlight the central challenges in the synthesis and use of polymer colloids, with respect to both existing and emerging applications. We first address the challenges in the current production and application of polymer colloids, with a particular focus on the transition toward sustainable feedstocks and reduced environmental impact in their primary commercial applications. Later, we highlight the features that allow novel polymer colloids to be designed and applied in emerging application areas. Finally, we present recent approaches that have used the unique colloidal nature in unconventional processing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Aguirre
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Nicholas Ballard
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Edurne Gonzalez
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Shaghayegh Hamzehlou
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marcelo Calderon
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Maria Paulis
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Radmila Tomovska
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Damien Dupin
- CIDETEC,
Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, P° Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ren H. Bean
- Biodesign
Institute, Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing
(SM3), School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona
State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Timothy E. Long
- Biodesign
Institute, Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing
(SM3), School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona
State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Jose R. Leiza
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - José M. Asua
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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8
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Uhl M, Geng T, Schuster PA, Schick BW, Kruck M, Fuoss A, Kuehne AJC, Jacob T. Combining Deep Eutectic Solvents with TEMPO-based Polymer Electrodes: Influence of Molar Ratio on Electrode Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214927. [PMID: 36336655 PMCID: PMC10107120 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For sustainable energy storage, all-organic batteries based on redox-active polymers promise to become an alternative to lithium ion batteries. Yet, polymers contribute to the goal of an all-organic cell as electrodes or as solid electrolytes. Here, we replace the electrolyte with a deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NaTFSI) and N-methylacetamide (NMA), while using poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl-oxyl methacrylate) (PTMA) as cathode. The successful combination of a DES with a polymer electrode is reported here for the first time. The electrochemical stability of PTMA electrodes in the DES at the eutectic molar ratio of 1 : 6 is comparable to conventional battery electrolytes. More viscous electrolytes with higher salt concentration can hinder cycling at high rates. Lower salt concentration leads to decreasing capacities and faster decomposition. The eutectic mixture of 1 : 6 is best suited uniting high stability and moderate viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Uhl
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tanja Geng
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Philipp A Schuster
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin W Schick
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthias Kruck
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Fuoss
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander J C Kuehne
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
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9
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Elbinger L, Schröter E, Friebe C, Hager MD, Schubert US. Hydrophilic Crosslinked TEMPO-Methacrylate Copolymers - a Straight Forward Approach towards Aqueous Semi-Organic Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200830. [PMID: 35723221 PMCID: PMC9796053 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Crosslinked hydrophilic poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-N-oxyl-co-[2-(methacryloyloxy)-ethyl]trimethyl ammonium chloride) [poly(TEMPO-co-METAC)] polymers with different monomer ratios are synthesized and characterized regarding a utilization as electrode material in organic batteries. These polymers can be synthesized rapidly utilizing commercial starting materials and reveal an increased hydrophilicity compared to the state-of-the-art poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-N-oxyl-4-methacrylate) (PTMA). By increasing the hydrophilicity of the polymer, a preparation of cathode composites is enabled, which can be used for aqueous semi-organic batteries. Detailed battery testing confirms that the additional METAC groups do not impair the battery behavior while enabling straight-forward zinc-TEMPO batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lada Elbinger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller UniversityHumboldtstraße 1007743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC)Friedrich Schiller UniversityPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Erik Schröter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller UniversityHumboldtstraße 1007743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC)Friedrich Schiller UniversityPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Christian Friebe
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller UniversityHumboldtstraße 1007743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC)Friedrich Schiller UniversityPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Martin D. Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller UniversityHumboldtstraße 1007743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC)Friedrich Schiller UniversityPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller UniversityHumboldtstraße 1007743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC)Friedrich Schiller UniversityPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
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Key Features of TEMPO-Containing Polymers for Energy Storage and Catalytic Systems. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15072699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The need for environmentally benign portable energy storage drives research on organic batteries and catalytic systems. These systems are a promising replacement for commonly used energy storage devices that rely on limited resources such as lithium and rare earth metals. The redox-active TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-4-yl) fragment is a popular component of organic systems, as its benefits include remarkable electrochemical performance and decent physical properties. TEMPO is also known to be an efficient catalyst for alcohol oxidation, oxygen reduction, and various complex organic reactions. It can be attached to various aliphatic and conductive polymers to form high-loading catalysis systems. The performance and efficiency of TEMPO-containing materials strongly depend on the molecular structure, and thus rational design of such compounds is vital for successful implementation. We discuss synthetic approaches for producing electroactive polymers based on conductive and non-conductive backbones with organic radical substituents, fundamental aspects of electrochemistry of such materials, and their application in energy storage devices, such as batteries, redox-flow cells, and electrocatalytic systems. We compare the performance of the materials with different architectures, providing an overview of diverse charge interactions for hybrid materials, and presenting promising research opportunities for the future of this area.
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Schröter E, Stolze C, Saal A, Schreyer K, Hager MD, Schubert US. All-Organic Redox Targeting with a Single Redox Moiety: Combining Organic Radical Batteries and Organic Redox Flow Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:6638-6648. [PMID: 35084188 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The volumetric capacities and the lifetime of organic redox flow batteries (RFBs) are strongly dependent on the concentrations of the redox-active molecules in the electrolyte. Single-molecule redox targeting represents an efficient approach toward realizing viable organic RFBs with low to moderate electrolyte concentrations. For the first time, an all-organic Nernstian potential-driven redox targeting system is investigated that directly combines a single-electrode material from organic radical batteries (ORBs) with a single redox couple of an aqueous, organic RFB, which are based on the same redox moiety. Namely, poly(TEMPO-methacrylate) (PTMA) is utilized as the redox target ("solid booster") and N,N,N-2,2,6,6-heptamethylpiperidinyloxy-4-ammonium chloride (TMATEMPO) is applied as the sole redox mediator to demonstrate the redox targeting mechanisms between the storage materials of both battery types. The formal potentials of both molecules are investigated, and the targeting mechanism is verified by cyclic voltammetry and state-of-charge measurements. Finally, battery cycling experiments demonstrate that 78-90% of the theoretical capacity of the ORB electrode material can be addressed when this material is present as the redox target in the electrolyte tank of an operating, aqueous organic RFB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Schröter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Stolze
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Adrian Saal
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kristin Schreyer
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin D Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Capricho JC, Saubern S, Best SP, Maksimovic J, Gupta A, Juodkazis S, Fox BL, Hameed N. Macroradical enables electrical conduction in epoxy thermoset. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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