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Mosiagin I, Fernandes AJ, Budinská A, Hayriyan L, Ylijoki KEO, Katayev D. Catalytic ipso-Nitration of Organosilanes Enabled by Electrophilic N-Nitrosaccharin Reagent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310851. [PMID: 37632357 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds represent one of the essential classes of molecules that are widely used as feedstock for the synthesis of intermediates, the preparation of nitro-derived pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials on both laboratory and industrial scales. We herein disclose the efficient, mild, and catalytic ipso-nitration of organotrimethylsilanes, enabled by an electrophilic N-nitrosaccharin reagent and allows chemoselective nitration under mild reaction conditions, while exhibiting remarkable substrate generality and functional group compatibility. Additionally, the reaction conditions proved to be orthogonal to other common functionalities, allowing programming of molecular complexity via successive transformations or late-stage nitration. Detailed mechanistic investigation by experimental and computational approaches strongly supported a classical electrophilic aromatic substitution (SE Ar) mechanism, which was found to proceed through a highly ordered transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mosiagin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anthony J Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alena Budinská
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Liana Hayriyan
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kai E O Ylijoki
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3 C3, Canada
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Dahiya A, Gevondian AG, Selmani A, Schoenebeck F. Site-Selective Nitration of Aryl Germanes at Room Temperature. Org Lett 2023; 25:7209-7213. [PMID: 37751597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
We report a site-selective ipso-nitration of aryl germanes in the presence of boronic esters, silanes, halogens, and additional functionalities. The protocol is characterized by operational simplicity, proceeds at room temperature, and is enabled by [Ru(bpy)3](PF6)2/blue light photocatalysis. Owing to the exquisite robustness of the [Ge] functionality, nitrations of alternative functional handles in the presence of the germane are also feasible, as showcased herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Dahiya
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Avetik G Gevondian
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Aymane Selmani
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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3
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Zhang H, Su RC, Qin YL, Wang XJ, Chen D, Liu XR, Jiang YX, Zhao P. Regioselective synthesis of 3-nitroindoles under non-acidic and non-metallic conditions. RSC Adv 2023; 13:26581-26586. [PMID: 37674482 PMCID: PMC10478488 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03193d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An electrophilic substitution reaction, without acid and metal, of indole with ammonium tetramethylnitrate for accessing 3-nitroindole has been developed. In this protocol, trifluoroacetyl nitrate (CF3COONO2) was produced by metathesis of ammonium tetramethyl nitrate and trifluoroacetic anhydride at sub-room temperature. Trifluoroacetyl nitrate (CF3COONO2) is an electrophilic nitrating agent for a variety of indoles, aromatic and heterocyclic aromaticity. Meanwhile, this strategy could be applied to construct the skeleton structure of many kinds of bioactive molecules. Interestingly, 3-nitroindole can be further derivatived as a pyrrolo[2,3-b]indole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong 637100 China
- Institute of Materia Medica of North Sichuan Medical College China
| | - Rong-Chuan Su
- Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong 637100 China
- Institute of Materia Medica of North Sichuan Medical College China
| | - Yu-Li Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong 637100 China
- Institute of Materia Medica of North Sichuan Medical College China
| | - Xiao-Juan Wang
- Department of Innovation & Entrepreneurship of NSMC China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong 637100 China
- Institute of Materia Medica of North Sichuan Medical College China
| | - Xiao-Rong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong 637100 China
- Institute of Materia Medica of North Sichuan Medical College China
| | - Yu-Xin Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong 637100 China
- Institute of Materia Medica of North Sichuan Medical College China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong 637100 China
- Institute of Materia Medica of North Sichuan Medical College China
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4
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Wu Y, Lu W, Ma YN, Chen F, Ren W, Chen X. Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid Promoted Controllable Electrophilic Aromatic Nitration. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37463455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we developed a facile and controllable electrophilic aromatic nitration method with commercially available 68% HNO3 as the nitrating reagent and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (HOTf) as the catalyst in hexafluoroisopropanol or under solvent-free conditions. The electrophilic nitration products of different arenes can be obtained in almost quantitative yields by tuning the loading of HOTf. The strong acidity and water absorbing property of HOTf allowed this transformation to reach completion in a short time at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxuan Wu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Wen Lu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yan-Na Ma
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Feijing Chen
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Henan Scientific Research Platform Service Center, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Xuenian Chen
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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5
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Jia F, Li A, Hu X. Dinitro-5,5-Dimethylhydantoin: An Arene Nitration Reagent. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37318208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of a new N-nitro type compound, dinitro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DNDMH), has been reported as an arene nitration reagent. The exploration demonstrated that arene nitration with DNDMH exhibited good tolerance with diverse functional groups. It is notable that, among the two N-nitro units of DNDMH, only the N-nitro unit on N1 was delivered to the nitroarene products. The N-nitro type compound with a single N-nitro unit on N2 cannot promote the arene nitration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Jia
- Department of Chemistry & Material Science, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education of China, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Ao Li
- Department of Chemistry & Material Science, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education of China, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Xiangdong Hu
- Department of Chemistry & Material Science, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education of China, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
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6
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Feng Q, Wang Y, Zheng B, Huang S. Electrochemical Oxidative Cleavage of Alkynes to Carboxylic Acids. Org Lett 2023; 25:293-297. [PMID: 36587377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A sustainable method for converting terminal alkynes into their corresponding carboxylic acids is reported using synthetic electrolysis in an undivided cell at room temperature. This protocol, avoiding transition metal catalysis and stoichiometric chemical oxidants, tolerates a variety of aryl, heteroaryl, and alkyl akynes. Preliminary mechanistic studies demonstrate that sodium nitrite serves a triple role as the electrolyte, nitryl radical precursor, and a nitrosating reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Feng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yamin Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Binnan Zheng
- Ningxia Best Pharmaceutical Chemical Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 750411, China
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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7
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Yang T, Li X, Deng S, Qi X, Cong H, Cheng HG, Shi L, Zhou Q, Zhuang L. From N-H Nitration to Controllable Aromatic Mononitration and Dinitration-The Discovery of a Versatile and Powerful N-Nitropyrazole Nitrating Reagent. JACS AU 2022; 2:2152-2161. [PMID: 36186553 PMCID: PMC9516713 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatics are tremendously valuable organic compounds with a long history of being used as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and explosives as well as vital intermediates to a wide variety of chemicals. Consequently, the exploration of aromatic nitration has become an important endeavor in both academia and industry. Herein, we report the identification of a powerful nitrating reagent, 5-methyl-1,3-dinitro-1H-pyrazole, from the N-nitro-type reagent library constructed using a practical N-H nitration method. This nitrating reagent behaves as a controllable source of the nitronium ion, enabling mild and scalable nitration of a broad range of (hetero)arenes with good functional group tolerance. Of note, our nitration method could be controlled by manipulating the reaction conditions to furnish mononitrated or dinitrated product selectively. The value of this method in medicinal chemistry has been well established by its efficient late-stage C-H nitration of complex biorelevant molecules. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and preliminary mechanistic studies reveal that the powerfulness and versatility of this nitrating reagent are due to the synergistic "nitro effect" and "methyl effect".
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shuang Deng
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hengjiang Cong
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hong-Gang Cheng
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Liangwei Shi
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qianghui Zhou
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
- TaiKang
Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan
University, 430072 Wuhan, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 345 Lingling
Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lin Zhuang
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
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8
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Patra S, Mosiagin I, Katayev D, Giri R. Organic Nitrating Reagents. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNitro compounds are vital raw chemicals that are widely used in academic laboratories and industries for the preparation of various drugs, agrochemicals, and materials. Thus, nitrating reactions are of great importance for chemists and are even taught in schools as one of the fundamental transformations in organic synthesis. Since the discovery of the first nitrating reactions in the 19th century, progress in this field has been constant. Yet, for many years the classical electrophilic nitration approach using a mixture of strong mineral acids dominated the field. However, in recent decades, the attention of researchers has focused on new reactivity and new reagents that can provide access to nitro compounds in a practical and straightforward way under mild reaction conditions. Organic nitrating reagents have played a special role in this field since they have enhanced reactivity. They also allow nitration to be carried out in an ecofriendly and sustainable manner. This review examines the development and application of organic nitrating reagents.1 Introduction2 Organic Nitrating Reagents2.1 Alkyl Nitrites2.2 Nitroalkanes2.3 Alkyl Nitrates2.4 N-Nitroamides2.5 N-Nitropyrazole2.6 N-Nitropyridinium Salts3 Organic Nitrating Reagents Generated In Situ3.1 Acyl Nitrates3.2 Trimethylsilyl Nitrate3.3 Nitro Onium Salts4 Organic Nitronium Salts5 Organic Nitrates and Nitrites5.1 Ammonium Nitrates5.2 Heteroarylium Nitrates5.3 Other Organic Nitrates5.4 Organic Nitrites6 Conclusion and Outlook
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