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Shoukat B, Hussain H, Naz MY, Ibrahim AA, Shukrullah S, Khan Y, Zhang Y. Microwave-Assisted Catalytic Deconstruction of Plastics Waste into Nanostructured Carbon and Hydrogen Fuel Using Composite Magnetic Ferrite Catalysts. SCIENTIFICA 2024; 2024:3318047. [PMID: 38855033 PMCID: PMC11161267 DOI: 10.1155/2024/3318047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Finding new catalysts and pyrolysis technologies for efficiently recycling wasted plastics into fuels and structured solid materials of high selectivity is the need of time. Catalytic pyrolysis is a thermochemical process that cracks the feedstock in an inert gas environment into gaseous and liquid fuels and a residue. This study is conducted on microwave-assisted catalytic recycling of wasted plastics into nanostructured carbon and hydrogen fuel using composite magnetic ferrite catalysts. The composite ferrite catalysts, namely, NiZnFe2O4, NiMgFe2O4, and MgZnFe2O4 were produced through the coprecipitation method and characterized for onward use in the microwave-assisted valorization of wasted plastics. The ferrite nanoparticles worked as a catalyst and heat susceptor for uniformly distributed energy transfer from microwaves to the feedstock at a moderate temperature of 450°C. The type of catalyst and the working parameters significantly impacted the process efficiency, gas yield, and structural properties of the carbonaceous residue. The tested process took 2-8 minutes to pulverize feedstock into gas and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), depending on the catalyst type. The NiZnFe2O4-catalyzed process produced CNTs with good structural properties and fewer impurities compared to other catalysts. The NiMgFe2O4 catalyst performed better in terms of hydrogen evolution by showing 87.5% hydrogen (H2) composition in the evolved gases. Almost 90% of extractable hydrogen from the feedstock evolved during the first 2 minutes of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Shoukat
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Hussain
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasin Naz
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Ahmed Ibrahim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shazia Shukrullah
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Yasin Khan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaning Zhang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150001, China
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2
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Bassey U, Tom AO, Okono U, John M, Sinn M, Bassey A, Luke U, Narra S. Characteristics and management of municipal solid waste in Uyo, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10971. [PMID: 38744927 PMCID: PMC11094142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61108-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Increased urbanization and population lead to increased consumption of manufactured goods. This ultimately results in increased production of waste. Identifying its composition is crucial for planning an effective solid waste management strategy. This study assesses the characteristics and composition of the waste generated within the Uyo Capital City Development Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. This is to aid in developing a scientifically supported waste management pilot system for the state. Direct waste sorting and characterization were conducted on the municipal solid waste arriving at the landfill during the study period. Over 50% of the generated wastes are recyclables and composed of plastics, metals, and paper, while the fraction of organic waste is over 30%. Similarly, the waste generation per capita is 1.34 kg/person/day, while the generation forecast over the next ten years is estimated to increase by approximately 40%. Furthermore, over 9,000 surveys were completed by residents to establish a problem statement about the existing waste collection and disposal system, and possible solutions. Importantly, a majority of survey respondents were willing to source-separate their wastes and supported paying a fee for adequate waste collection. This strongly indicates that an integrated waste management system could be established to generate value from the collected waste. Supplementary revenue can be generated through composting, recycling, and land reclamation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uduak Bassey
- Department of Waste and Resource Management, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18051, Rostock, Germany.
- Berlin School of Technology, SRH Berlin University of Applied Science, 10587, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Abasi-Ofon Tom
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, G128QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Maja Sinn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Systemic Cell Biology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Uduak Luke
- University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
| | - Satyanarayana Narra
- Department of Waste and Resource Management, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18051, Rostock, Germany
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Azman DQ, Wan Daud WMA, Abdul Patah MF, Amir Z, Saw PA. Plastic waste management through liquefaction in hydrogen donating solvents: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 359:120961. [PMID: 38696851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Plastic pollution poses a significant environmental threat, particularly to marine ecosystems, as conventional plastics persist without degradation, accumulating plastic waste in landfills and natural environments. A promising alternative to address this issue involves the use of hydrogen donor solvents in plastic liquefaction, offering a dual benefit of waste reduction and the generation of valuable liquid products with diverse industrial applications. This review delves into plastic recycling methods with a specific focus on liquefaction using hydrogen donating solvents as an innovative approach to waste management. Liquefaction, conducted at moderate to high temperatures (280-450 °C) and pressures (7-30 MPa), yields high oil conversion using various solvents. This study examined the performance of hydrogen-donating solvents, including water, alcohols, decalin, and cyclohexane, in enhancing the oil yield while minimising the oxygen content. Supercritical water, recognised for its effective plastic degradation and chemical production capabilities, and alcohols, with their alkylating and hydrogen-donating properties, have emerged as key solvents in plastic liquefaction. The use of hydrogen donor solvents stabilizes the free radicals, enhancing the conversion of plastic waste into valuable products. In addition, this review addresses the economic efficiency of the liquefaction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Qarrina Azman
- Sustainable Process Engineering Centre (SPEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud
- Sustainable Process Engineering Centre (SPEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Muhamad Fazly Abdul Patah
- Sustainable Process Engineering Centre (SPEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Zulhelmi Amir
- Sustainable Process Engineering Centre (SPEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Poh Ai Saw
- Sustainable Process Engineering Centre (SPEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Xu S, Tang J, Fu L. Catalytic Strategies for the Upcycling of Polyolefin Plastic Waste. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:3984-4000. [PMID: 38364857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Chemical upgrading of waste plastics is currently one of the most important methods for addressing plastic pollution. In comparison to the current methods of incineration or landfill, chemical upgrading enables the utilization of carbon and hydrogen elements in waste plastics as resources. This process strongly relies on efficient catalysts and reaction systems. Through catalyst design, waste plastics can be converted into fuels or chemicals under the optimized reaction conditions, extending their life cycles. In this review, we systematically discuss various chemical conversion methods for polyolefin waste plastics, which account for a large proportion of waste plastics. We further explore the remaining challenges and future development trends in this field, including improving product value through product engineering and shifting research perspectives to exploring the tolerance of catalysts toward impurities in practical waste plastic waste rather than using pure plastic feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodan Xu
- College of Materials & Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhong Tang
- College of Materials & Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Fu
- College of Materials & Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
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Yuan Y, Xie Z, Turaczy KK, Hwang S, Zhou J, Chen JG. Controlling Product Distribution of Polyethylene Hydrogenolysis Using Bimetallic RuM 3 (M = Fe, Co, Ni) Catalysts. CHEM & BIO ENGINEERING 2024; 1:67-75. [PMID: 38434798 PMCID: PMC10906090 DOI: 10.1021/cbe.3c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Plastic hydrogenolysis is an attractive approach for producing value-added chemicals due to its mild reaction conditions, but controlling product distribution is challenging due to the formation of undesired CH4. This work reports several bimetallic RuM3/CeO2 (M = Fe, Co, Ni) catalysts that shift the product of low-density polyethylene hydrogenolysis toward longer-chain hydrocarbons. These catalysts were characterized by using X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, electron microscopy imaging, and H2 temperature-programmed reduction. The combined catalytic evaluation and characterization results revealed that the product distribution was regulated by the formation of bimetallic alloys. A model compound, n-hexadecane, was selected to further understand the differences in hydrogenolysis over the Ru-based catalysts. Although a longer reaction time shifted the product toward smaller molecules, the bimetallic (RuCo3/CeO2) catalyst limited the further conversion of C2-C5 into CH4. This work highlights the role of bimetallic alloys in tailoring the interaction with hydrocarbons, thereby controlling the product distribution of polymer hydrogenolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yuan
- Chemistry
Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Zhenhua Xie
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Kevin K. Turaczy
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Jiahua Zhou
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jingguang G. Chen
- Chemistry
Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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da Silva EP, Fragal VH, Fragal EH, Sequinel T, Gorup LF, Silva R, Muniz EC. Sustainable energy and waste management: How to transform plastic waste into carbon nanostructures for electrochemical supercapacitors. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 171:71-85. [PMID: 37651944 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste consumption increases exponentially every year, mainly in the last three years due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The rapid growth of plastic products has exceeded the world's capacity to deal with this type of trash. Thus, it has become a substantial environmental concern in modern society. Another dire concern is the improper disposal of used supercapacitors, leading to serious environmental impacts. Consequently, critical action to tackle this issue is to transform trash into high-valued materials, such as carbon nanomaterial supercapacitors. Considering several methodologies of recycling, pyrolysis stands out due to its simplicity and easy handling of mixed plastic waste to produce carbonaceous materials with different dimensions (0, 1, 2, and 3D). Thus, from this technology, it is possible to create new opportunities for using plastic waste and other types of waste to produce cheaper carbon-based materials for supercapacitors. This review aims to provide readers with a sustainability-driven view regarding the reutilization of plastic trash, discusses the environmental consequences of not doing so, and shows plastic waste solutions. Despite the broad scope of the topic, this review focuses on identifying the currently studied strategies to convert plastic waste into carbon-based electrodes, using less expensive and more efficient competitive protocols, besides emphasizing the diverse types (0, 1, 2, and 3D) of nanostructures. This review also proposes promising options for a sustainable cycle of plastic waste and supercapacitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisangela Pacheco da Silva
- Department of Chemistry, UEM - State University of Maringa Avenida Colombo 5790, CEP, 87020-900, Paraná, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Hafemann Fragal
- Department of Chemistry, UEM - State University of Maringa Avenida Colombo 5790, CEP, 87020-900, Paraná, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Elizângela Hafemann Fragal
- Department of Chemistry, UEM - State University of Maringa Avenida Colombo 5790, CEP, 87020-900, Paraná, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Thiago Sequinel
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology (FACET), Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Gorup
- LIEC - Laboratory Interdisciplinar de Eletroquímica e Cerâmica, Departament of Chemistry, UFSCar-Federal, University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis km 235, CP 676, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, CEP 37130-001, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael Silva
- Department of Chemistry, UEM - State University of Maringa Avenida Colombo 5790, CEP, 87020-900, Paraná, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Edvani C Muniz
- Department of Chemistry, UEM - State University of Maringa Avenida Colombo 5790, CEP, 87020-900, Paraná, Maringá, Brazil; Department of Material Science, Federal University of Technology - Parana, Estr. dos Pioneiros, 3131, CEP 86036-370, Jardim Morumbi, Londrina, Parana, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Petrônio Portella, Ininga, Teresina, CEP 64049-550, Piauí, Brazil.
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7
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He P, Hu Z, Dai Z, Bai H, Fan Z, Niu R, Gong J, Zhao Q, Tang T. Mechanochemistry Milling of Waste Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) into Metal-Organic Frameworks. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201935. [PMID: 36441157 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Converting poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) into metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has emerged as a promising innovation for upcycling of waste plastics. However, previous solvothermal methods suffer from toxic solvent consumption, long reaction time, high pressure, and high temperature. Herein, a mechanochemical milling strategy was reported to transform waste PET into a series of MOFs with high yields. This strategy had the merits of solvent-free conditions, ambient reaction temperature, short running time, and easy scale-up for large-scale production of MOFs. The as-prepared MOFs exhibited definite crystal structure and porous morphology composed of agglomerated nanoparticles. It was proven that, under mechanochemical milling, PET was firstly decomposed into 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate, which acted as linkers to coordinate with metal ions for forming fragments, followed by the gradual arrangement of fragments into MOFs. This work not only promotes high value-added conversion of waste polyesters but also offers a new opportunity to produce MOFs in a green and scalable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan He
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Semiconductor Chemistry Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Semiconductor Chemistry Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zhikun Dai
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Semiconductor Chemistry Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, 430073, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Huiying Bai
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Semiconductor Chemistry Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zifen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Semiconductor Chemistry Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Ran Niu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Semiconductor Chemistry Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Semiconductor Chemistry Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Semiconductor Chemistry Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, P. R. China
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Recent Advances in Catalytic Pyrolysis of Municipal Plastic Waste for the Production of Hydrocarbon Fuels. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10081497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the resources of fossil fuels, such as crude oil, natural gas, and coal, are depleting day by day due to increasing energy demands. Nowadays, plastic items have witnessed a substantial surge in manufacturing due to their wide range of applications and low cost. Therefore, the amount of plastic waste is increasing rapidly. Hence, the proper management of plastic wastes for sustainable technologies is the need of the hour. Chemical recycling technologies based on pyrolysis are emerging as the best waste management approaches due to their robustness and better economics. However, research on converting plastic waste into fuels and other value-added goods has yet to be undertaken, and more R&D is required to make waste-plastic-based fuels economically viable. In this review article, the current status of the plastic waste pyrolysis process is discussed in detail. Process-controlling parameters such as temperature, pressure, residence time, reactor type, and catalyst dose are also investigated in this review paper. In addition, the application of reaction products is also described in brief. For example, plasto-oil obtained by catalytic pyrolysis may be utilized in various sectors, e.g., transportation, industrial boilers, and power generation. On the other hand, byproducts, such as solid residue (plasto-char), could be used as a road construction material or to make activated carbon or graphenes, while the non-condensable gases have a good potential to be utilized as heating/energy source.
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