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Vikal S, Meena S, Gautam YK, Kumar A, Sethi M, Meena S, Gautam D, Singh BP, Agarwal PC, Meena ML, Parewa V. Visible-light induced effective and sustainable remediation of nitro organics pollutants using Pd-doped ZnO nanocatalyst. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22430. [PMID: 39341891 PMCID: PMC11438909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds represent a class of highly toxic pollutants discharged into aquatic environments by various industrial activities, posing significant threats to ecological integrity and human health due to their persistent and hazardous nature. In this study, Pd-doped ZnO nanoparticles were investigated as a potential solution for the degradation of nitro organics, offering heightened photocatalytic efficacy and prolonged stability. The synthesis of Pd-doped ZnO NPs was achieved via the hydrothermal method, with subsequent analysis through XRD spectra and XPS confirming successful Pd doping within the ZnO matrix. Characterization through FESEM and HRTEM unveiled the heterogeneous morphologies of both undoped and Pd-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Additionally, UV-vis and PL spectroscopy provided insights into the optical properties, chemical bonding, and defect structures of the synthesized Pd-doped ZnO NPs. Pd doping induces a redshift in ZnO's absorption spectra, reducing the bandgap from 3.12 to 2.94 eV as Pd concentration rises from 0 to 0.2 wt.%. The photocatalytic degradation, following pseudo-first-order kinetics, achieved 90% nitrobenzene abatement (200 µg/L, pH 7) under visible light within 320 min with a catalyst loading of 16 µg/mL. The photocatalytic efficacy of 0.08 wt% Pd-doped ZnO (k = 0.058 min⁻1) exhibited a 25-fold enhancement compared to bare ZnO (k = 3.1 × 10-4 min-1). Subsequent quenching and ESR experiments identified hydroxyl radicals (OH•) as the predominant active species in the degradation mechanism. Mass spectrometry analysis unveiled potential breakdown intermediates, illuminating a plausible degradation pathway. The investigated Pd-doped ZnO nanoparticles demonstrated reusability for up to five successive treatment cycles, offering a sustainable solution to nitro organics contamination challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Vikal
- Smart Materials and Sensor Laboratory, Department of Physics, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Uttar Pradesh, Meerut, 250004, India
| | - Savita Meena
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Yogendra K Gautam
- Smart Materials and Sensor Laboratory, Department of Physics, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Uttar Pradesh, Meerut, 250004, India.
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Physics, Regional Institute of Education (RIE), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751022, India.
| | - Mukul Sethi
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Swati Meena
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Durvesh Gautam
- Smart Materials and Sensor Laboratory, Department of Physics, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Uttar Pradesh, Meerut, 250004, India
| | - Beer Pal Singh
- Smart Materials and Sensor Laboratory, Department of Physics, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Uttar Pradesh, Meerut, 250004, India
| | - Prakash Chandra Agarwal
- Department of Physics, Regional Institute of Education (RIE), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751022, India
| | - Mohan Lal Meena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka - Surathkal, Srinivasnagar P.O, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575025, India
| | - Vijay Parewa
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
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Feng S, Nguyen PTT, Ma X, Yan N. Photorefinery of Biomass and Plastics to Renewable Chemicals using Heterogeneous Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408504. [PMID: 38884612 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The photocatalytic conversion of biomass and plastic waste provides opportunities for sustainable fuel and chemical production. Heterogeneous photocatalysts, typically composed of semiconductors with distinctive redox properties in their conduction band (CB) and valence band (VB), facilitate both the oxidative and reductive valorization of organic feedstocks. This article provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the photorefinery of biomass and plastics from the perspective of the redox properties of photocatalysts. We explore the roles of the VB and CB in enhancing the value-added conversion of biomass and plastics via various pathways. Our aim is to bridge the gap between photocatalytic mechanisms and renewable carbon feedstock valorization, inspiring further development in photocatalytic refinery of biomass and plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiang Feng
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
| | - Phuc T T Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
| | - Xinbin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
- Centre for Hydrogen Innovations, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117580, Singapore
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Buckley S, Leresche F, Norris K, Rosario-Ortiz FL. Role of Direct and Sensitized Photolysis in the Photomineralization of Dissolved Organic Matter and Model Chromophores to Carbon Dioxide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:13808-13819. [PMID: 39047179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
This study addresses the fundamental processes that drive the photomineralization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) to carbon dioxide (CO2), deconvoluting the role of direct and sensitized photolysis. Here, a suite of DOM isolates and model compounds were exposed to simulated sunlight in the presence of various physical and chemical quenchers to assess the magnitude, rate, and extent of direct and sensitized photomineralization to CO2. Results suggest that CO2 formation occurs in a biphasic kinetic system, with fast production occurring within the first 3 h, followed by slower production thereafter. Notably, phenol model chromophores were the highest CO2 formers and, when conjugated with carboxylic functional groups, exhibited a high efficiency for CO2 formation relative to absorbed light. Simple polycarboxylated aromatic compounds included in this study were shown to be resistant to photomineralization. Quencher results suggest that direct photolysis and excited triplet state sensitization may be largely responsible for CO2 photoproduction in DOM, while singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical sensitization may play a limited role. After 3 h of irradiation, the CO2 formation rate significantly decreased, and the role of sensitized reactions in CO2 formation increased. Together, the results from this study advance the understanding of the fundamental reactions driving DOM photomineralization to CO2, which is an important part of the global carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Buckley
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Frank Leresche
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kari Norris
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Fernando L Rosario-Ortiz
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Liu M, Li H, Zhang J, Liu H, Wang F. Photocatalytic Production of Ethanolamines and Ethylenediamines from Bio-Polyols over a Cu/TiO 2 Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202315795. [PMID: 38065838 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Valorization of biomass-derived polyols into high-value-added ethanolamines and ethylenediamines is highly attractive. Herein, we report a one-step photocatalytic protocol to convert bio-polyols into a 60 % yield of ethanolamines and ethylenediamines over a multifunctional Cu/TiO2 catalyst. This catalyst enables a tandem process of photocatalytic polyol C-C bond cleavage and reductive amination in one pot at room temperature, and also allows the selective conversion of various bio-polyols and amines. Mechanistic studies revealed that photogenerated holes in TiO2 promote the retro-aldol C-C bond cleavage or oxidative dehydrogenation of polyols, and photogenerated electrons accumulate on small-sized Cu clusters, which facilitate the reductive amination via hydrogen transfer and prevent the H2 generation. This strategy provides new opportunities for the development of non-noble metal photocatalysts and methods of biomass conversion under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis (SKLC), Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hongji Li
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis (SKLC), Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Huifang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis (SKLC), Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis (SKLC), Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
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Abstract
ConspectusAs a renewable solar energy and carbon carrier, biomass exploration has received global attention. Photocatalytic valorization of biomass into fuels and chemicals is a promising and sustainable method for future chemical production. Photocatalysis has the potential to accomplish reactions under ambient conditions due to the unique reaction mechanisms involving photoinduced charge carriers and has recently been recognized as an efficient and feasible technology for biomass conversion. Biomass is widely used as sacrificial agent to scavenge holes in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, and the carbon is eventually degraded to CO2 with a minor amount of CO. The generation of CO instead of CO2 is more economical and promising but also a challenge under photoreforming conditions.This is a new research direction, while until now there has still been the lack of a comprehensive review article to summarize and provide prospects for this topic. This Account will highlight our contributions in the research direction of the photocatalytic reforming of biomass into syngas (CO + H2). In 2020, we first reported the photocatalytic conversion of biopolyols and sugars into syngas by employing a defect-rich Cu-TiO2 nanorod photocatalyst and found that formic acid is a key intermediate to CO. Further study revealed that a facet-dependent electron-trapping state on anatase TiO2 will affect the photocatalytic dehydration activity for formic acid intermediates by regulating the electron transfer process during the reaction, and the selective generation of FA or CO from photocatalytic biomass reforming was achieved via exposing the (100) or (101) facets, respectively. Visible light-driven syngas generation was further achieved over a CdS-based photocatalyst. Sulfate modification of CdS ([SO4]/CdS) was constructed as the proton acceptor, thus efficiently facilitating the proton-coupled electron transfer process. Besides, we put forward an oxygen-controlled strategy to increase the CO generation rate without a significant decrease in CO selectivity via controlling the O2/substrate ratio. Based on this system, a Z-scheme CdS@g-C3N4 core-shell structure and CdO-CdS semicoherent interface were created to facilitate charge transfer and enhance the O2 activation, thus increasing the CO generation rate. Moreover, we also developed a photoelectrochemical approach to separately produce CO and H2 from biomass. Nitrogen doping of a hexagonal WO3 nanowire array was used to produce the photoanode. The built-in electric field generated via nitrogen doping promoted charge transfer, hence improving the efficiency of PEC reforming of biopolyols and sugars. This Account will systematically analyze the challenges in this research direction, the reaction route in the photocatalytic biomass reforming, and the factors affecting CO selectivity and give insight into the design of efficient photocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongru Zhou
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
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