1
|
Nana CMM, Tchakounté BDK, Bitye BMZ, Fogang B, Zangue BKT, Seumko’o RMN, Nana BC, Leke RGF, Djontu JC, Argüello RJ, Ayong L, Megnekou R. Phenotypic changes of γδ T cells in Plasmodium falciparum placental malaria and pregnancy outcomes in women at delivery in Cameroon. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1385380. [PMID: 38827744 PMCID: PMC11140112 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1385380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Depending on the microenvironment, γδ T cells may assume characteristics similar to those of Th1, Th2, Th17, regulatory T cells or antigen presenting cells. Despite the wide documentation of the effect of Th1/Th2 balance on pregnancy associated malaria and outcomes, there are no reports on the relationship between γδ T cell phenotype change and Placental Malaria (PM) with pregnancy outcomes. This study sought to investigate the involvement of γδ T cells and its subsets in placental Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Methods In a case-control study conducted in Yaoundé, Cameroon from March 2022 to May 2023, peripheral, placental and cord blood samples were collected from 50 women at delivery (29 PM negative: PM- and 21 PM positive: PM+; as diagnosed by light microscopy). Hemoglobin levels were measured using hemoglobinometer. PBMCs, IVBMCs and CBMCs were isolated using histopaque-1077 and used to characterize total γδ T cell populations and subsets (Vδ1+, Vδ2+, Vδ1-Vδ2-) by flow cytometry. Results Placental Plasmodium falciparum infection was associated with significant increase in the frequency of total γδ T cells in IVBMC and of the Vδ1+ subset in PBMC and IVBMC, but decreased frequency of the Vδ2+ subset in PBMC and IVBMC. The expression of the activation marker: HLA-DR, and the exhaustion markers (PD1 and TIM3) within total γδ T cells and subsets were significantly up-regulated in PM+ compared to PM- group. The frequency of total γδ T cells in IVBMC, TIM-3 expression within total γδ T cells and subsets in IVBMC, as well as HLA-DR expression within total γδ T cells and Vδ2+ subset in IVBMC were negatively associated with maternal hemoglobin levels. Furthermore, the frequency of total γδ T cells in PBMC and PD1 expression within the Vδ2+ subset in CBMC were negatively associated with birth weight contrary to the frequency of Vδ1-Vδ2- subset in PBMC and HLA-DR expression within the Vδ2+ subset in IVBMC which positively associated with maternal hemoglobin level and birth weight, respectively. Conclusion The data indicate up-regulation of activated and exhausted γδ T cells in Plasmodium falciparum placental malaria, with effects on pregnancy outcomes including maternal hemoglobin level and birth weight.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Humans
- Female
- Pregnancy
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Malaria, Falciparum/blood
- Cameroon
- Adult
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/immunology
- Case-Control Studies
- Pregnancy Outcome
- Young Adult
- Placenta/immunology
- Placenta/parasitology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Phenotype
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Marco Mbianda Nana
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Immunology Laboratory of the Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Bodin Darcisse Kwanou Tchakounté
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Immunology Laboratory of the Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Bernard Marie Zambo Bitye
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Immunology Laboratory of the Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Balotin Fogang
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Berenice Kenfack Tekougang Zangue
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Immunology Laboratory of the Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Reine Medouen Ndeumou Seumko’o
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Immunology Laboratory of the Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Benderli Christine Nana
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Immunology Laboratory of the Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Rose Gana Fomban Leke
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean Claude Djontu
- Immunology Laboratory of the Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Rafael José Argüello
- CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Lawrence Ayong
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Rosette Megnekou
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Immunology Laboratory of the Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jongo S, Church LP, Milando F, Qassim M, Schindler T, Rashid M, Tumbo A, Nyaulingo G, Bakari BM, Athuman Mbaga T, Mohamed L, Kassimu K, Simon BS, Mpina M, Zaidi I, Duffy PE, Swanson PA, Seder R, Herman JD, Mendu M, Zur Y, Alter G, KC N, Riyahi P, Abebe Y, Murshedkar T, James ER, Billingsley PF, Sim BKL, Richie TL, Daubenberger C, Abdulla S, Hoffman SL. Safety and protective efficacy of PfSPZ Vaccine administered to HIV-negative and -positive Tanzanian adults. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e169060. [PMID: 38194272 PMCID: PMC10940097 DOI: 10.1172/jci169060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDSanaria PfSPZ Vaccine, composed of attenuated Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoites (SPZ), protects against malaria. We conducted this clinical trial to assess the safety and efficacy of PfSPZ Vaccine in HIV-positive (HIV+) individuals, since the HIV-infection status of participants in mass vaccination programs may be unknown.METHODSThis randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial enrolled 18- to 45-year-old HIV-negative (HIV-) and well-controlled HIV+ Tanzanians (HIV viral load <40 copies/mL, CD4 counts >500 cells/μL). Participants received 5 doses of PfSPZ Vaccine or normal saline (NS) over 28 days, followed by controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) 3 weeks later.RESULTSThere were no solicited adverse events in the 9 HIV- and 12 HIV+ participants. After CHMI, 6 of 6 NS controls, 1 of 5 HIV- vaccinees, and 4 of 4 HIV+ vaccinees were Pf positive by quantitative PCR (qPCR). After immunization, anti-Pf circumsporozoite protein (anti-PfCSP) (isotype and IgG subclass) and anti-PfSPZ antibodies, anti-PfSPZ CD4+ T cell responses, and Vδ2+ γδ CD3+ T cells were nonsignificantly higher in HIV- than in HIV+ vaccinees. Sera from HIV- vaccinees had significantly higher inhibition of PfSPZ invasion of hepatocytes in vitro and antibody-dependent complement deposition (ADCD) and Fcγ3B binding by anti-PfCSP and ADCD by anti-cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and SPZ (anti-PfCelTOS) antibodies.CONCLUSIONSPfSPZ Vaccine was safe and well tolerated in HIV+ vaccinees, but not protective. Vaccine efficacy was 80% in HIV- vaccinees (P = 0.012), whose sera had significantly higher inhibition of PfSPZ invasion of hepatocytes and enrichment of multifunctional PfCSP antibodies. A more potent PfSPZ vaccine or regimen is needed to protect those living with HIV against Pf infection in Africa.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT03420053.FUNDINGEquatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative (EGMVI), made up of the Government of Equatorial Guinea Ministries of Mines and Hydrocarbons, and Health and Social Welfare, Marathon Equatorial Guinea Production Limited, Noble Energy, Atlantic Methanol Production Company, and EG LNG; Swiss government, through ESKAS scholarship grant no. 2016.0056; Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH; NIH grant 1U01AI155354-01.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Said Jongo
- Ifakara Health Institute (IHI), Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | - Tobias Schindler
- Swiss Tropical Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Anneth Tumbo
- Ifakara Health Institute (IHI), Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maxmillian Mpina
- Ifakara Health Institute (IHI), Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Irfan Zaidi
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology and
| | | | | | - Robert Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Herman
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maanasa Mendu
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yonatan Zur
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Natasha KC
- Sanaria Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Protein Potential LLC, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - B. Kim Lee Sim
- Sanaria Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Protein Potential LLC, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Claudia Daubenberger
- Swiss Tropical Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sanz M, Weideman AMK, Ward AR, Clohosey ML, Garcia-Recio S, Selitsky SR, Mann BT, Iannone MA, Whitworth CP, Chitrakar A, Garrido C, Kirchherr J, Coffey AR, Tsai YH, Samir S, Xu Y, Copertino D, Bosque A, Jones BR, Parker JS, Hudgens MG, Goonetilleke N, Soriano-Sarabia N. Aminobisphosphonates reactivate the latent reservoir in people living with HIV-1. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1219250. [PMID: 37744358 PMCID: PMC10516574 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1219250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not curative due to the existence of cellular reservoirs of latent HIV-1 that persist during therapy. Current research efforts to cure HIV-1 infection include "shock and kill" strategies to disrupt latency using small molecules or latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to induce expression of HIV-1 enabling cytotoxic immune cells to eliminate infected cells. The modest success of current LRAs urges the field to identify novel drugs with increased clinical efficacy. Aminobisphosphonates (N-BPs) that include pamidronate, zoledronate, or alendronate, are the first-line treatment of bone-related diseases including osteoporosis and bone malignancies. Here, we show the use of N-BPs as a novel class of LRA: we found in ex vivo assays using primary cells from ART-suppressed people living with HIV-1 that N-BPs induce HIV-1 from latency to levels that are comparable to the T cell activator phytohemagglutinin (PHA). RNA sequencing and mechanistic data suggested that reactivation may occur through activation of the activator protein 1 signaling pathway. Stored samples from a prior clinical trial aimed at analyzing the effect of alendronate on bone mineral density, provided further evidence of alendronate-mediated latency reversal and activation of immune effector cells. Decay of the reservoir measured by IPDA was however not detected. Our results demonstrate the novel use of N-BPs to reverse HIV-1 latency while inducing immune effector functions. This preliminary evidence merits further investigation in a controlled clinical setting possibly in combination with therapeutic vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sanz
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Ann Marie K. Weideman
- Biostatistics Core, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Adam R. Ward
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Matthew L. Clohosey
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Susana Garcia-Recio
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sara R. Selitsky
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Brendan T. Mann
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Marie Anne Iannone
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Chloe P. Whitworth
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Alisha Chitrakar
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Carolina Garrido
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer Kirchherr
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Alisha R. Coffey
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Yi- Hsuan Tsai
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Shahryar Samir
- Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Yinyan Xu
- Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Dennis Copertino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Brad R. Jones
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joel S. Parker
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Michael G. Hudgens
- Biostatistics Core, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Natalia Soriano-Sarabia
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nosik M, Belikova MG, Ryzhov K, Avdoshina D, Sobkin A, Zverev V, Svitich O. Unique Profile of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Plasma of Drug-Naïve Individuals with Advanced HIV/TB Co-Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1330. [PMID: 37376629 DOI: 10.3390/v15061330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is characterized by aberrant immune activation, and infection with M. tuberculosis by an unbalanced production of proinflammatory cytokines. The expression of these cytokines in HIV-1/TB coinfection is still understudied. Here, we aimed to compare the production of proinflammatory cytokines in drug-naive patients coinfected with HIV-1 and M. tuberculosis (HIV/TB) compared to patients with respective monoinfections. Plasma samples of patients with HIV/TB coinfection (n = 36), HIV-1 monoinfection (n = 36), and TB monoinfection (n = 35) and healthy donors (n = 36) were examined for the levels of eight proinflammatory cytokines. Their levels were significantly increased in all patient groups compared to healthy donors. At the same time, a drastic decrease in the plasma levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, Il-1β, IL-15, and IL-17 was detected in patients with HIV/TB coinfection compared to patients with HIV-1 or TB monoinfections. The plasma levels of IL-17 characterized the TB severity: in HIV/TB-coinfected patients with disseminated TB, plasma levels of IL-17 were eight times lower than in patients with less severe TB forms (infiltrative TB or TB of intrathoracic lymph nodes; p < 0.0001). At the same time, HIV/TB-coinfected patients had increased plasma levels of IL-8, IL-12, and IL-18, with the levels of IL-8 correlating with mortality (p < 0.0001). Thus, on the contrary to the patients with HIV-1 or TB monoinfections, HIV/TB-coinfected patients had suppressed production of most of the proinflammatory cytokines associated with antimicrobial immune response, specifically of T-cells involved in the containment of both infections. At the same time, they demonstrated an expansion of proinflammatory cytokines known to originate from both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells, and manifest tissue inflammation. In HIV-1/TB coinfection, this leads to the disruption of granuloma formation, contributing to bacterial dissemination and enhancing morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Nosik
- I.I. Mechnikov Institute of Vaccine and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria G Belikova
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
- Translational Medicine Cluster, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Darya Avdoshina
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandr Sobkin
- Department for Treatment of TB Patients with HIV Infection, G.A. Zaharyan Moscow Tuberculosis Clinic, 125466 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitaly Zverev
- I.I. Mechnikov Institute of Vaccine and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oxana Svitich
- I.I. Mechnikov Institute of Vaccine and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Larson EC, Ellis AL, Rodgers MA, Gubernat AK, Gleim JL, Moriarty RV, Balgeman AJ, Menezes YK, Ameel CL, Fillmore DJ, Pergalske SM, Juno JA, Maiello P, White AG, Borish HJ, Godfrey DI, Kent SJ, Ndhlovu LC, O’Connor SL, Scanga CA. Host Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Is Similar in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-Infected, Antiretroviral Therapy-Treated and SIV-Naïve Juvenile Macaques. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0055822. [PMID: 37039653 PMCID: PMC10187125 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00558-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing HIV infection increases tuberculosis (TB) risk in children. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces, but does not abolish, this risk in children with HIV. The immunologic mechanisms involved in TB progression in both HIV-naive and HIV-infected children have not been explored. Much of our current understanding is based on human studies in adults and adult animal models. In this study, we sought to model childhood HIV/Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) coinfection in the setting of ART and characterize T cells during TB progression. Macaques equivalent to 4 to 8 year-old children were intravenously infected with SIVmac239M, treated with ART 3 months later, and coinfected with Mtb 3 months after initiating ART. SIV-naive macaques were similarly infected with Mtb alone. TB pathology and total Mtb burden did not differ between SIV-infected, ART-treated and SIV-naive macaques, although lung Mtb burden was lower in SIV-infected, ART-treated macaques. No major differences in frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and unconventional T cell subsets (Vγ9+ γδ T cells, MAIT cells, and NKT cells) in airways were observed between SIV-infected, ART-treated and SIV-naive macaques over the course of Mtb infection, with the exception of CCR5+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells which were slightly lower. CD4+ and CD8+ T cell frequencies did not differ in the lung granulomas. Immune checkpoint marker levels were similar, although ki-67 levels in CD8+ T cells were elevated. Thus, ART treatment of juvenile macaques, 3 months after SIV infection, resulted in similar progression of Mtb and T cell responses compared to Mtb in SIV-naive macaques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica C. Larson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amy L. Ellis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mark A. Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abigail K. Gubernat
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Janelle L. Gleim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan V. Moriarty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alexis J. Balgeman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yonne K. Menezes
- Department of Immunobiology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Cassaundra L. Ameel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel J. Fillmore
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Skyler M. Pergalske
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander G. White
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - H. Jacob Borish
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Centre Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shelby L. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Charles A. Scanga
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sanz M, Weideman AMK, Ward AR, Clohosey ML, Garcia-Recio S, Selitsky SR, Mann BT, Iannone MA, Whitworth CP, Chitrakar A, Garrido C, Kirchherr J, Coffey AR, Tsai YH, Samir S, Xu Y, Copertino D, Bosque A, Jones BR, Parker JS, Hudgens MG, Goonetilleke N, Soriano-Sarabia N. Aminobisphosphonates reactivate the latent reservoir in people living with HIV-1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.07.527421. [PMID: 36798291 PMCID: PMC9934553 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.07.527421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not curative due to the existence of cellular reservoirs of latent HIV-1 that persist during therapy. Current research efforts to cure HIV-1 infection include "shock and kill" strategies to disrupt latency using small molecules or latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to induce expression of HIV-1 enabling cytotoxic immune cells to eliminate infected cells. The modest success of current LRAs urges the field to identify novel drugs with increased clinical efficacy. Aminobisphosphonates (N-BPs) that include pamidronate, zoledronate, or alendronate, are the first-line treatment of bone-related diseases including osteoporosis and bone malignancies. Here, we show the use of N-BPs as a novel class of LRA: we found in ex vivo assays using primary cells from ART-suppressed people living with HIV-1 that N-BPs induce HIV-1 from latency to levels that are comparable to the T cell activator phytohemagglutinin (PHA). RNA sequencing and mechanistic data suggested that reactivation may occur through activation of the activator protein 1 signaling pathway. Stored samples from a prior clinical trial aimed at analyzing the effect of alendronate on bone mineral density, provided further evidence of alendronate-mediated latency reversal and activation of immune effector cells. Decay of the reservoir measured by IPDA was however not detected. Our results demonstrate the novel use of N-BPs to reverse HIV-1 latency while inducing immune effector functions. This preliminary evidence merits further investigation in a controlled clinical setting possibly in combination with therapeutic vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sanz
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Ann Marie K. Weideman
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adam R. Ward
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Matthew L. Clohosey
- UNC HIV-1 Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susana Garcia-Recio
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sara R. Selitsky
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brendan T. Mann
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Marie Anne Iannone
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chloe P. Whitworth
- UNC HIV-1 Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alisha Chitrakar
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Carolina Garrido
- UNC HIV-1 Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer Kirchherr
- UNC HIV-1 Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alisha R. Coffey
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yi-Hsuan Tsai
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shahryar Samir
- Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yinyan Xu
- Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dennis Copertino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Brad R. Jones
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Joel S. Parker
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael G. Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Natalia Soriano-Sarabia
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fears AC, Walker EM, Chirichella N, Slisarenko N, Merino KM, Golden N, Picou B, Spencer S, Russell-Lodrigue KE, Doyle-Meyers LA, Blair RV, Beddingfield BJ, Maness NJ, Roy CJ, Rout N. The dynamics of γδ T cell responses in nonhuman primates during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1380. [PMID: 36526890 PMCID: PMC9756695 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most SARS-CoV-2 infections are mild, some patients develop systemic inflammation and progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, the cellular mechanisms underlying this spectrum of disease remain unclear. γδT cells are T lymphocyte subsets that have key roles in systemic and mucosal immune responses during infection and inflammation. Here we show that peripheral γδT cells are rapidly activated following aerosol or intra-tracheal/intra-nasal (IT/IN) SARS-CoV-2 infection in nonhuman primates. Our results demonstrate a rapid expansion of Vδ1 γδT cells at day1 that correlate significantly with lung viral loads during the first week of infection. Furthermore, increase in levels of CCR6 and Granzyme B expression in Vδ1 T cells during viral clearance imply a role in innate-like epithelial barrier-protective and cytotoxic functions. Importantly, the early activation and mobilization of circulating HLA-DR+CXCR3+ γδT cells along with significant correlations of Vδ1 T cells with IL-1Ra and SCF levels in bronchoalveolar lavage suggest a novel role for Vδ1 T cells in regulating lung inflammation during aerosol SARS-CoV-2 infection. A deeper understanding of the immunoregulatory functions of MHC-unrestricted Vδ1 T cells in lungs during early SARS-CoV-2 infection is particularly important in the wake of emerging new variants with increased transmissibility and immune evasion potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C Fears
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Edith M Walker
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Nicole Chirichella
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Nadia Slisarenko
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Kristen M Merino
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Nadia Golden
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Breanna Picou
- High Containment Research Performance Core, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Skye Spencer
- High Containment Research Performance Core, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Kasi E Russell-Lodrigue
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Lara A Doyle-Meyers
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Robert V Blair
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | | | - Nicholas J Maness
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Chad J Roy
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Namita Rout
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hackstein CP, Klenerman P. Emerging features of MAIT cells and other unconventional T cell populations in human viral disease and vaccination. Semin Immunol 2022; 61-64:101661. [PMID: 36374780 PMCID: PMC10933818 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MAIT cells are one representative of a group of related unconventional or pre-set T cells, and are particularly abundant in humans. While these unconventional T cell types, which also include populations of Vδ2 cells and iNKT cells, recognise quite distinct ligands, they share functional features including the ability to sense "danger" by integration of cytokine signals. Since such signals are common to many human pathologies, activation of MAIT cells in particular has been widely observed. In this review we will discuss recent trends in these data, for example the findings from patients with Covid-19 and responses to novel vaccines. Covid-19 is an example where MAIT cell activation has been correlated with disease severity by several groups, and the pathways leading to activation are being clarified, but the overall role of the cells in vivo requires further exploration. Given the potential wide functional responsiveness of these cells, which ranges from tissue repair to cytotoxicity, and likely impacts on the activity of many other cell populations, defining the role of these cells - not only as sensitive biomarkers but also as mediators - across human disease remains an important task.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Philipp Hackstein
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Dept of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Dept of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sanz M, Mann BT, Chitrakar A, Soriano-Sarabia N. Defying convention in the time of COVID-19: Insights into the role of γδ T cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:819574. [PMID: 36032159 PMCID: PMC9403327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.819574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is a complex disease which immune response can be more or less potent. In severe cases, patients might experience a cytokine storm that compromises their vital functions and impedes clearance of the infection. Gamma delta (γδ) T lymphocytes have a critical role initiating innate immunity and shaping adaptive immune responses, and they are recognized for their contribution to tumor surveillance, fighting infectious diseases, and autoimmunity. γδ T cells exist as both circulating T lymphocytes and as resident cells in different mucosal tissues, including the lungs and their critical role in other respiratory viral infections has been demonstrated. In the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, γδ T cell responses are understudied. This review summarizes the findings on the antiviral role of γδ T cells in COVID-19, providing insight into how they may contribute to the control of infection in the mild/moderate clinical outcome.
Collapse
|
10
|
Biradar S, Agarwal Y, Lotze MT, Bility MT, Mailliard RB. The BLT Humanized Mouse Model as a Tool for Studying Human Gamma Delta T Cell-HIV Interactions In Vivo. Front Immunol 2022; 13:881607. [PMID: 35669780 PMCID: PMC9164110 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.881607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells recognize antigens in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) independent and have cytotoxic capability. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection reduces the proportion of the Vδ2 cell subset compared to the Vδ1 cell subset of γδ T cells in the blood in most infected individuals, except for elite controllers. The capacity of Vδ2 T cells to kill HIV-infected targets has been demonstrated in vitro, albeit in vivo confirmatory studies are lacking. Here, we provide the first characterization of γδ T cell-HIV interactions in bone marrow-liver-thymus (BLT) humanized mice and examined the immunotherapeutic potential of Vδ2 T cells in controlling HIV replication in vivo. We demonstrate a reduced proportion of Vδ2 T cells and an increased proportion of Vδ1 T cells in HIV-infected BLT humanized mice, like in HIV-positive individuals. HIV infection in BLT humanized mice also impaired the ex vivo expansion of Vδ2 T cells, like in HIV-positive individuals. Adoptive transfer of activated Vδ2 T cells did not control HIV replication during cell-associated HIV transmission in BLT humanized mice but instead exacerbated viremia, suggesting that Vδ2 T cells may serve as early targets for HIV replication. Our findings demonstrate that BLT humanized mice can model γδ T cell-HIV interactions in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivkumar Biradar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yash Agarwal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Michael T. Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Moses T. Bility
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Moses T. Bility, ; Robbie B. Mailliard,
| | - Robbie B. Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Moses T. Bility, ; Robbie B. Mailliard,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The Role of γδ T Cells as a Line of Defense in Viral Infections after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation: Opportunities and Challenges. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010117. [PMID: 35062321 PMCID: PMC8779492 DOI: 10.3390/v14010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the complex interplay between inflammation and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), viral reactivations are often observed and cause substantial morbidity and mortality. As toxicity after allo-HSCT within the context of viral reactivations is mainly driven by αβ T cells, we describe that by delaying αβ T cell reconstitution through defined transplantation techniques, we can harvest the full potential of early reconstituting γδ T cells to control viral reactivations. We summarize evidence of how the γδ T cell repertoire is shaped by CMV and EBV reactivations after allo-HSCT, and their potential role in controlling the most important, but not all, viral reactivations. As most γδ T cells recognize their targets in an MHC-independent manner, γδ T cells not only have the potential to control viral reactivations but also to impact the underlying hematological malignancies. We also highlight the recently re-discovered ability to recognize classical HLA-molecules through a γδ T cell receptor, which also surprisingly do not associate with GVHD. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of γδ T cells and their receptors within and outside the context of allo-HSCT, as well as the opportunities and challenges for developers and for payers.
Collapse
|
12
|
Alsulami K, Bolastig N, Dupuy FP, Mabanga T, Gilbert L, Kiani Z, Routy JP, Bruneau J, Thomas R, Tremblay C, Tsoukas CM, Szabo J, Côté P, Trottier B, LeBlanc R, Rouleau D, Bernard NF. Influence of NKG2C Genotypes on HIV Susceptibility and Viral Load Set Point. J Virol 2021; 95:e0041721. [PMID: 34076484 PMCID: PMC8312870 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00417-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NKG2C is an activating NK cell receptor encoded by a gene having an unexpressed deletion variant. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection expands a population of NKG2C+ NK cells with adaptive-like properties. Previous reports found that carriage of the deleted NKG2C- variant was more frequent in people living with HIV (PLWH) than in HIV- controls unexposed to HIV. The frequency of NKG2C+ NK cells positively correlated with HIV viral load (VL) in some studies and negatively correlated with VL in others. Here, we investigated the link between NKG2C genotype and HIV susceptibility and VL set point in PLWH. NKG2C genotyping was performed on 434 PLWH and 157 HIV-exposed seronegative (HESN) subjects. Comparison of the distributions of the three possible NKG2C genotypes in these populations revealed that the frequencies of NKG2C+/+ and NKG2C+/- carriers did not differ significantly between PLWH and HESN subjects, while that of NKG2C-/- carriers was higher in PLWH than in HESN subjects, in which none were found (P = 0.03, χ2 test). We were unable to replicate that carriage of at least 1 NKG2C- allele was more frequent in PLWH. Information on the pretreatment VL set point was available for 160 NKG2C+/+, 83 NKG2C+/-, and 6 NKG2C-/- PLWH. HIV VL set points were similar between NKG2C genotypes. The frequency of NKG2C+ CD3- CD14- CD19- CD56dim NK cells and the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of NKG2C expression on NK cells were higher on cells from CMV+ PLWH who carried 2, versus 1, NKG2C+ alleles. We observed no correlations between VL set point and either the frequency or the MFI of NKG2C expression. IMPORTANCE We compared NKG2C allele and genotype distributions in subjects who remained HIV uninfected despite multiple HIV exposures (HESN subjects) with those in the group PLWH. This allowed us to determine whether NKG2C genotype influenced susceptibility to HIV infection. The absence of the NKG2C-/- genotype among HESN subjects but not PLWH suggested that carriage of this genotype was associated with HIV susceptibility. We calculated the VL set point in a subset of 252 NKG2C-genotyped PLWH. We observed no between-group differences in the VL set point in carriers of the three possible NKG2C genotypes. No significant correlations were seen between the frequency or MFI of NKG2C expression on NK cells and VL set point in cytomegalovirus-coinfected PLWH. These findings suggested that adaptive NK cells played no role in establishing the in VL set point, a parameter that is a predictor of the rate of treatment-naive HIV disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khlood Alsulami
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Naomi Bolastig
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Franck P. Dupuy
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tsoarello Mabanga
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louise Gilbert
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zahra Kiani
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie Bruneau
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Réjean Thomas
- Clinique Médicale l'Actuel, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christos M. Tsoukas
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Clinical Immunology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jason Szabo
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Clinique Médicale l'Actuel, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Côté
- Clinique de Médecine Urbaine du Quartier Latin, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoit Trottier
- Clinique de Médecine Urbaine du Quartier Latin, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Danielle Rouleau
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicole F. Bernard
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Clinical Immunology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ye W, Kong X, Zhang W, Weng Z, Wu X. The Roles of γδ T Cells in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720966980. [PMID: 33073597 PMCID: PMC7784584 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720966980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The αβ T-cell-depleted hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) leads to lower relapse and better outcome, and may correlate strongly with expansion of donor-derived γδ T cells. γδ T cells play an important role in immune reconstitution and can exert a graft-versus-leukemia effect after HSCT. This review showed the recent literature on immune functions of γδ T cells after HSCT. The discrepancies between studies of γδ T cells in graft-versus-host disease may cause by its heterogeneous and various distinct subsets. And reconstitution of γδ T cells may play a potential immunoregulatory role in the infections after HSCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Ye
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, 47885Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueting Kong
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, 47885Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, 47885Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Weng
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, 47885Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuli Wu
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, 47885Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, 47885Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wragg KM, Tan HX, Kristensen AB, Nguyen-Robertson CV, Kelleher AD, Parsons MS, Wheatley AK, Berzins SP, Pellicci DG, Kent SJ, Juno JA. High CD26 and Low CD94 Expression Identifies an IL-23 Responsive Vδ2 + T Cell Subset with a MAIT Cell-like Transcriptional Profile. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107773. [PMID: 32553157 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vδ2+ T cells play a critical role in immunity to micro-organisms and cancer but exhibit substantial heterogeneity in humans. Here, we demonstrate that CD26 and CD94 define transcriptionally, phenotypically, and functionally distinct Vδ2+ T cell subsets. Despite distinct antigen specificities, CD26hiCD94lo Vδ2+ cells exhibit substantial similarities to CD26hi mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, although CD26- Vδ2+ cells exhibit cytotoxic, effector-like profiles. At birth, the Vδ2+Vγ9+ population is dominated by CD26hiCD94lo cells; during adolescence and adulthood, Vδ2+ cells acquire CD94/NKG2A expression and the relative frequency of the CD26hiCD94lo subset declines. Critically, exposure of the CD26hiCD94lo subset to phosphoantigen in the context of interleukin-23 (IL-23) and CD26 engagement drives the acquisition of a cytotoxic program and concurrent loss of the MAIT cell-like phenotype. The ability to modulate the cytotoxic potential of CD26hiCD94lo Vδ2+ cells, combined with their adenosine-binding capacity, may make them ideal targets for immunotherapeutic expansion and adoptive transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Wragg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Hyon-Xhi Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Anne B Kristensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Catriona V Nguyen-Robertson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2011, Australia
| | - Matthew S Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Stuart P Berzins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Federation University and Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia
| | - Daniel G Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kazer SW, Walker BD, Shalek AK. Evolution and Diversity of Immune Responses during Acute HIV Infection. Immunity 2021; 53:908-924. [PMID: 33207216 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the earliest immune responses following HIV infection is critical to inform future vaccines and therapeutics. Here, we review recent prospective human studies in at-risk populations that have provided insight into immune responses during acute infection, including additional relevant data from non-human primate (NHP) studies. We discuss the timing, nature, and function of the diverse immune responses induced, the onset of immune dysfunction, and the effects of early anti-retroviral therapy administration. Treatment at onset of viremia mitigates peripheral T and B cell dysfunction, limits seroconversion, and enhances cellular antiviral immunity despite persistence of infection in lymphoid tissues. We highlight pertinent areas for future investigation, and how application of high-throughput technologies, alongside targeted NHP studies, may elucidate immune response features to target in novel preventions and cures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Kazer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Walker EM, Slisarenko N, Gerrets GL, Grasperge BF, Mattison JA, Kissinger PJ, Welsh DA, Veazey RS, Jazwinski SM, Rout N. Dysregulation of IL-17/IL-22 Effector Functions in Blood and Gut Mucosal Gamma Delta T Cells Correlates With Increase in Circulating Leaky Gut and Inflammatory Markers During cART-Treated Chronic SIV Infection in Macaques. Front Immunol 2021; 12:647398. [PMID: 33717202 PMCID: PMC7946846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.647398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated inflammation has been implicated in the premature aging and increased risk of age-associated comorbidities in cART-treated individuals. However, the immune mechanisms underlying the chronic inflammatory state of cART-suppressed HIV infection remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of γδT cells, a group of innate IL-17 producing T lymphocytes, in the development of systemic inflammation and leaky gut phenotype during cART-suppressed SIV infection of macaques. Plasma levels of inflammatory mediators, intestinal epithelial barrier disruption (IEBD) and microbial translocation (MT) biomarkers, and Th1/Th17-type cytokine functions were longitudinally assessed in blood and gut mucosa of SIV-infected, cART-suppressed macaques. Among the various gut mucosal IL-17/IL-22-producing T lymphocyte subsets including Th17, γδT, CD161+ CD8+ T, and MAIT cells, a specific decline in the Vδ2 subset of γδT cells and impaired IL-17/IL-22 production in γδT cells significantly correlated with the subsequent increase in plasma IEBD/MT markers (IFABP, LPS-binding protein, and sCD14) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, IP10, etc.) despite continued viral suppression during long-term cART. Further, the plasma inflammatory cytokine signature during long-term cART was distinct from acute SIV infection and resembled the inflammatory cytokine profile of uninfected aging (inflammaging) macaques. Overall, our data suggest that during cART-suppressed chronic SIV infection, dysregulation of IL-17/IL-22 cytokine effector functions and decline of Vδ2 γδT cell subsets may contribute to gut epithelial barrier disruption and development of a distinct plasma inflammatory signature characteristic of inflammaging. Our results advance the current understanding of the impact of chronic HIV/SIV infection on γδT cell functions and demonstrate that in the setting of long-term cART, the loss of epithelial barrier-protective functions of Vδ2 T cells and ensuing IEBD/MT occurs before the hallmark expansion of Vδ1 subsets and skewed Vδ2/Vδ1 ratio. Thus, our work suggests that novel therapeutic approaches toward restoring IL-17/IL-22 cytokine functions of intestinal Vδ2 T cells may be beneficial in preserving gut epithelial barrier function and reducing chronic inflammation in HIV-infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edith M. Walker
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Nadia Slisarenko
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Giovanni L. Gerrets
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Brooke F. Grasperge
- Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Julie A. Mattison
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Poolesville, MD, United States
| | - Patricia J. Kissinger
- School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - David A. Welsh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Ronald S. Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - S. Michal Jazwinski
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Namita Rout
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Clohosey ML, Mann BT, Ryan PL, Apanasovich TV, Maggirwar SB, Pennington DJ, Soriano-Sarabia N. Comparable Vδ2 Cell Functional Characteristics in Virally Suppressed People Living with HIV and Uninfected Individuals. Cells 2020; 9:E2568. [PMID: 33271808 PMCID: PMC7760715 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between innate and adaptive pathways is a critical component to developing an effective, lasting immune response. Among natural effector cells, innate-like γδ T cells promote immunity by facilitating communication between the two compartments and exerting cytotoxic effector functions. Dysregulation of γδ T cell populations is a byproduct of primary Humanimmunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This is most pronounced in the depletion and loss of function within cells expressing a Vγ9Vδ2 TCR (Vδ2 cells). Whether or not prolonged viral suppression mediated by antiretroviral therapy (ART) can reverse these effects has yet to be determined. In this study, we present evidence of similar Vδ2 cell functional responses within a cohort of people living with HIV (PLWH) that has been stably suppressed for >1 year and uninfected donors. Through the use of aminobisphosphonate drugs, we were able to generate a comprehensive comparison between ex vivo and expanded Vδ2 cells within each group. Both groups had largely similar compositions of memory and effector phenotypes, post-expansion TCR repertoire diversity, and cytotoxic capabilities. Our findings support the notion that ART promotes the recovery of Vδ2 polyfunctionality and provides insight for strategies aiming to reconstitute the full immune response after infection with HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Clohosey
- UNC-HIV Cure Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27009, USA;
| | - Brendan T. Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 98092, USA; (B.T.M.); (S.B.M.)
| | - Paul L. Ryan
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK;
| | | | - Sanjay B. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 98092, USA; (B.T.M.); (S.B.M.)
| | - Daniel J. Pennington
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK;
| | - Natalia Soriano-Sarabia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 98092, USA; (B.T.M.); (S.B.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Clark BL, Thomas PG. A Cell for the Ages: Human γδ T Cells across the Lifespan. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8903. [PMID: 33255339 PMCID: PMC7727649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the human immune system is exacerbated by age-related changes to immune cell functionality. Many of these age-related effects remain undescribed or driven by mechanisms that are poorly understood. γδ T cells, while considered an adaptive subset based on immunological ontogeny, retain both innate-like and adaptive-like characteristics. This T cell population is small but mighty, and has been implicated in both homeostatic and disease-induced immunity within tissues and throughout the periphery. In this review, we outline what is known about the effect of age on human peripheral γδ T cells, and call attention to areas of the field where further research is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandi L. Clark
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Uldrich AP, Rigau M, Godfrey DI. Immune recognition of phosphoantigen-butyrophilin molecular complexes by γδ T cells. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:74-83. [PMID: 33017054 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells are an important component of the immune system. They are often enriched in non-lymphoid tissues and exhibit diverse functional attributes including rapid activation, cytokine production, proliferation, and acquisition of cytotoxicity following both TCR-dependent and TCR-independent stimulation, but poor capacity for immunological memory. They can detect a broad range of antigens, although typically not peptide-MHC complexes in contrast to alpha-beta (αβ) T cells. In humans, a prominent population of γδ T cells, defined as Vγ9Vδ2+ cells, reacts to small phosphorylated non-peptide "phosphoantigens" (pAgs). The molecular mechanism underpinning this recognition is poorly defined, but is known to involve butyrophilin family members and appears to involve indirect pAg recognition via alterations to butyrophilin molecular complexes. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of pAg recognition by γδ T cells including the role of butyrophilins and in particular, a newly described role for butyrophilin 2A1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Marc Rigau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Institute of Experimental Immunology at the University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Magnoumba M, Singh A, Ogongo P, Roider J, Asowata O, Fehlings M, Karim F, Ndung'u T, Anderson F, Leslie A, Kløverpris H. Unbiased Profiling Reveals Compartmentalization of Unconventional T-Cells Within the Intestinal Mucosa Irrespective of HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579743. [PMID: 33117384 PMCID: PMC7561384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is enriched for unconventional T-cells, including mucosal associated invariant T-cells (MAIT), invariant natural killer T-cells (iNKT) and γδ T-cells. These cells are activated by bacterial metabolites, lipid antigens and cytokines, and are important for intestinal barrier integrity. The loss of gut homeostasis observed in HIV infection is central to disease pathogenesis, and studies have highlighted impairment of particular unconventional T-cell subsets within a specific gut compartment. However, although the small and large intestine are distinct niches, the overall impact of HIV on unconventional T-cells across the gut mucosal has not been well-studied. We hypothesized that compartment specific differences in the unconventional T-cell repertoire would exist between the small and large intestine, due to increasing bacterial loads and microbial diversity; and that the impact of HIV infection might differ depending on the compartment examined. We used mass cytometry, flow cytometry and unbiased T-cell receptor profiling to quantify unconventional T-cells in blood and tissue from the small (duodenum) and large (colon) intestine in HIV infected and uninfected participants undergoing examination for a range of intestinal conditions. Overall, we find distinct compartmentalisation of T-cells between blood, duodenum and colon, with iNKT cells significantly enriched in the duodenum and δ-1 expressing γδ T-cells in the colon. In addition, we observe greater clonal expansion of conventional TCRs in the duodenum, suggestive of stronger adaptive immunity in this compartment. Conversely, we find evidence of an expanded unconventional TCR repertoire in the colon, which contained far more overlapping “donor unrestricted” sequences than the duodenum. Twelve of these TCRs were highly “MAIT-like” and 3 were unique to the colon, suggesting an enrichment of donor unrestricted T-cells (DURTs) in this compartment. Unexpectedly, however, no significant impact of HIV infection on any of the unconventional T-cell subsets measured was observed in either mucosal site in terms of frequency or TCR repertoire. Further studies are required to investigate the importance of these unconventional T-cell subsets to intestinal homeostasis within the different gut compartments and determine if they are functionally impaired during HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magalli Magnoumba
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
| | - Alveera Singh
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
| | - Paul Ogongo
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa.,Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Julia Roider
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medizinische Klinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Osaretin Asowata
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa.,HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Anderson
- Department of Surgery, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Kløverpris
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Normile TG, Bryan AM, Del Poeta M. Animal Models of Cryptococcus neoformans in Identifying Immune Parameters Associated With Primary Infection and Reactivation of Latent Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581750. [PMID: 33042164 PMCID: PMC7522366 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus species are environmental fungal pathogens and the causative agents of cryptococcosis. Infection occurs upon inhalation of infectious particles, which proliferate in the lung causing a primary infection. From this primary lung infection, fungal cells can eventually disseminate to other organs, particularly the brain, causing lethal meningoencephalitis. However, in most cases, the primary infection resolves with the formation of a lung granuloma. Upon severe immunodeficiency, dormant cryptococcal cells will start proliferating in the lung granuloma and eventually will disseminate to the brain. Many investigators have sought to study the protective host immune response to this pathogen in search of host parameters that keep the proliferation of cryptococcal cells under control. The majority of the work assimilates research carried out using the primary infection animal model, mainly because a reactivation model has been available only very recently. This review will focus on anti-cryptococcal immunity in both the primary and reactivation models. An understanding of the differences in host immunity between the primary and reactivation models will help to define the key host parameters that control the infections and are important for the research and development of new therapeutic and vaccine strategies against cryptococcosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Normile
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Arielle M Bryan
- Ingenious Targeting Laboratory Incorporated, Ronkonkoma, NY, United States
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Juno JA, Kent SJ. What Can Gamma Delta T Cells Contribute to an HIV Cure? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:233. [PMID: 32509601 PMCID: PMC7248205 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Elimination of the latent HIV reservoir remains a major barrier to achieving an HIV cure. In this review, we discuss the cytolytic nature of human gamma delta T cells and highlight the emerging evidence that they can target and eliminate HIV-infected T cells. Based on observations from human clinical trials assessing gamma delta immunotherapy in oncology, we suggest key questions and research priorities for the study of these unique T cells in HIV cure research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mann BT, Sambrano E, Maggirwar SB, Soriano-Sarabia N. Boosting the Immune System for HIV Cure: A γδ T Cell Perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:221. [PMID: 32509594 PMCID: PMC7248175 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major barrier to HIV cure is a population of long-lived cells that harbor latent but replication-competent virus, are not eliminated by antiretroviral therapy (ART), and remain indistinguishable from uninfected cells. However, ART does not cure HIV infection, side effects to treatment still occur, and the steady global rate of new infections makes finding a sustained ART-free HIV remission or cure for HIV-seropositive individuals urgently needed. Approaches aimed to cure HIV are mostly based on the "shock and kill" method that entails the use of a drug compound to reactivate latent virus paired together with strategies to boost or supplement the existing immune system to clear reactivated latently infected cells. Traditionally, these strategies have utilized CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) but have been met with a number of challenges. Enhancing innate immune cell populations, such as γδ T cells, may provide an alternative route to HIV cure. γδ T cells possess anti-viral and cytotoxic capabilities that have been shown to directly inhibit HIV infection and specifically eliminate reactivated, latently infected cells in vitro. Most notably, their access to immune privileged anatomical sites and MHC-independent antigen recognition may circumvent many of the challenges facing CTL-based strategies. In this review, we discuss the role of γδ T cells in normal immunity and HIV infection as well as their current use in strategies to treat cancer. We present this information as means to speculate about the utilization of γδ T cells for HIV cure strategies and highlight some of the fundamental gaps in knowledge that require investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Natalia Soriano-Sarabia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Eriksson EM, Davey MS. γδ T cells take the stage. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e01085. [PMID: 31695913 PMCID: PMC6823217 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Eriksson
- Division of Population Health and Immunity The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia.,Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Martin S Davey
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
| |
Collapse
|