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Alkhalifah M, AlMezaine H, AlMoallem B. Identification of AIRE pathogenic variants ends diagnostic odyssey for Saudi child with infantile-onset keratoconjunctivitis as an early sign of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type1; a case report. Ophthalmic Genet 2024; 45:59-62. [PMID: 37017251 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2023.2196565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic keratoconjunctivitis is a rare presentation of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS-1) during the first year of life. Herein, We report a case of a 10-month-old baby girl with chronic bilateral keratoconjunctivitis, corneal scarring and neovascularization that was treated initially with topical immunosuppressants. METHODS Detailed ophthalmological assessment followed by molecular testing using whole exome sequencing. RESULTS In addition to the severe chronic bilateral keratoconjunctivitis, corneal scarring and neovascularization, patient weight was found to be low than 10th percentile. Further genetic testing revealed autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene variant that was only reported once in the literature confirming the diagnosis of APS-1. Further workup detected hypoparathyroidism that was treated with calcium supplementation. CONCLUSION Our case represents the importance of multidisciplinary services and highlights the role of genetic testing in diagnosing such syndromic cases. We reviewed previous reports and found that available treatment for ocular involvement is usually nonsatisfactory; however, early detection and referral by ophthalmologists could result in treating previously undetected endocrine disorders that can be life threatening if left untreated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhannad Alkhalifah
- Anterior Segment Division, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani AlMezaine
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud University Medical City (KSUMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basamat AlMoallem
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud University Medical City (KSUMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Issa SS, Shaimardanova AA, Solovyeva VV, Rizvanov AA. Various AAV Serotypes and Their Applications in Gene Therapy: An Overview. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050785. [PMID: 36899921 PMCID: PMC10000783 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite scientific discoveries in the field of gene and cell therapy, some diseases still have no effective treatment. Advances in genetic engineering methods have enabled the development of effective gene therapy methods for various diseases based on adeno-associated viruses (AAVs). Today, many AAV-based gene therapy medications are being investigated in preclinical and clinical trials, and new ones are appearing on the market. In this article, we present a review of AAV discovery, properties, different serotypes, and tropism, and a following detailed explanation of their uses in gene therapy for disease of different organs and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaza S. Issa
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alisa A. Shaimardanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Valeriya V. Solovyeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert A. Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(905)-3167599
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Characterisation of APS-1 Experimental Models Is Crucial for Development of Novel Therapies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:7960443. [PMID: 36685668 PMCID: PMC9848810 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7960443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS-1) is an inherited autosomal disorder. The most common clinical features of the disease include adrenocortical failure, hypoparathyroidism (HP), and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC). APS-1 is caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene. AIRE is a transcriptional factor involved in the regulation of thousands of genes in the thymus. It facilitates central tolerance by promoting the ectopic expression of tissue-specific antigens (TSAs) in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), leading to the deletion of self-reactive thymocytes. Several Aire-deficient mice were developed separately, on different backgrounds; seven published Aire knockout mice show a variety of phenotypes depending on the strain used to generate the experimental model. The first Aire-deficient mice were generated on a "black 6" background almost 20 years ago. The model showed mild phenotype with relatively modest penetrance compared to models generated on BALBc or NOD backgrounds. The generation of all these experimental models is crucial for development and testing new therapeutics as well as reading the response to treatments.
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Gulla S, Reddy MC, Reddy VC, Chitta S, Bhanoori M, Lomada D. Role of thymus in health and disease. Int Rev Immunol 2022; 42:347-363. [PMID: 35593192 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2022.2064461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ, essential for the development of T-cells that will protect from invading pathogens, immune disorders, and cancer. The thymus decreases in size and cellularity with age referred to as thymus involution or atrophy. This involution causes decreased T-cell development and decreased naive T-cell emigration to the periphery, increased proportion of memory T cells, and a restricted, altered T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. The changes in composition and function of the circulating T cell pool as a result of thymic involution led to increased susceptibility to infectious diseases including the recent COVID and a higher risk for autoimmune disorders and cancers. Thymic involution consisting of both structural and functional loss of the thymus has a deleterious effect on T cell development, T cell selection, and tolerance. The mechanisms which act on the structural (cortex and medulla) matrix of the thymus, the gradual accumulation of genetic mutations, and altered gene expressions may lead to immunosenescence as a result of thymus involution. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind thymic involution is critical for identifying diagnostic biomarkers and targets for treatment help to develop strategies to mitigate thymic involution-associated complications. This review is focused on the consequences of thymic involution in infections, immune disorders, and diseases, identifying potential checkpoints and potential approaches to sustain or restore the function of the thymus particularly in elderly and immune-compromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Gulla
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Madhava C Reddy
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vajra C Reddy
- Katuri Medical College and Hospital, Chinnakondrupadu, Guntur, India
| | | | - Manjula Bhanoori
- Department of Biochemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Dakshayani Lomada
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Besnard M, Sérazin C, Ossart J, Moreau A, Vimond N, Flippe L, Sein H, Smith GA, Pittaluga S, Ferré EM, Usal C, Anegon I, Ranki A, Lionakis MS, Peterson P, Guillonneau C. Anti-CD45RC antibody immunotherapy prevents and treats experimental Autoimmune PolyEndocrinopathy Candidiasis Ectodermal Dystrophy syndrome. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:156507. [PMID: 35167497 PMCID: PMC8970675 DOI: 10.1172/jci156507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies show great promise for the treatment of transplant rejection and autoimmune diseases by inducing more specific immunomodulatory effects than broadly immunosuppressive drugs routinely used. We recently described the therapeutic advantage of targeting CD45RC, expressed at high levels by conventional T cells (Tconv, CD45RChigh), their precursors and terminally differentiated T (TEMRA) cells, but not by regulatory T cells (Tregs, CD45RClow/-). We demonstrated efficacy of anti-CD45RC mAb treatment in transplantation but its potential has not been examined in autoimmune diseases. APECED is a rare genetic syndrome caused by loss-of-function mutations of the key central tolerance mediator, autoimmune regulator (AIRE) leading to abnormal auto-reactive T cell responses and autoantibodies production. Herein, we showed that, in a rat model of APECED syndrome, anti-CD45RC mAb was effective both as prevention and treatment of autoimmune manifestations and inhibited autoantibody development. Anti-CD45RC mAb intervention depleted CD45RChigh T cells, inhibited CD45RChigh B cells, and restored the Treg/Tconv ratio and the altered Tregs transcriptomic profile. In APECED patients, CD45RC was significantly increased in peripheral blood T cells and lesioned organs from APECED patients were infiltrated by CD45RChigh cells. Our observations highlight the potential role for CD45RChigh cells in the pathogenesis of experimental and human APECED syndrome and the potential of anti-CD45RC antibody treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Besnard
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, INSERM, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Céline Sérazin
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, INSERM, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jason Ossart
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, INSERM, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Anne Moreau
- Department of Pathology, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Nadège Vimond
- Department of Immunology, AbolerIS Pharma, Nantes, France
| | - Léa Flippe
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, INSERM, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Hanna Sein
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Grace A Smith
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
| | | | - Elise Mn Ferré
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Claire Usal
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, INSERM, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, INSERM, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Annamari Ranki
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Pärt Peterson
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Carole Guillonneau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, INSERM, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
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