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Yoon H, Lee Y, Lee GY, Seo S, Park BK, Chung TM, Oh IK, Kim H. Role of a cyclopentadienyl ligand in a heteroleptic alkoxide precursor in atomic layer deposition. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:024302. [PMID: 38189606 DOI: 10.1063/5.0182690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Alkoxide precursors have been highlighted for depositing carbon-free films, but their use in Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) often exhibits a non-saturated growth. This indicates no self-limiting growth due to the chain reaction of hydrolysis or ligand decomposition caused by β-hydride elimination. In the previous study, we demonstrated that self-limiting growth of ALD can be achieved using our newly developed precursor, hafnium cyclopentadienyl tris(N-ethoxy-2,2-dimethyl propanamido) [HfCp(edpa)3]. To elucidate the growth mechanism and the role of cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ligand in a heteroleptic alkoxide precursor, herein, we compare homoleptic and heteroleptic Hf precursors consisting of N-ethoxy-2,2-dimethyl propanamido (edpa) ligands with and without cyclopentadienyl ligand-hafnium tetrakis(N-ethoxy-2,2-dimethyl propanamido) [Hf(edpa)4] and HfCp(edpa)3. We also investigate the role of a Cp ligand in growth characteristics. By substituting an alkoxide ligand with a Cp ligand, we could modify the surface reaction during ALD, preventing undesired reactions. The last remaining edpa after Hf(edpa)4 adsorption can undergo a hydride elimination reaction, resulting in surface O-H generation. In contrast, Cp remains after the HfCp(edpa)3 adsorption. Accordingly, we observe proper ALD growth with self-limiting properties. Thus, a comparative study of different ligands of the precursors can provide critical clues to the design of alkoxide precursors for obtaining typical ALD growth with a saturation behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwi Yoon
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Yujin Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Ga Yeon Lee
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Seunggi Seo
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Bo Keun Park
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Taek-Mo Chung
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Il-Kwon Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-Ro, Yeongtong-Gu 16499, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Intelligence Semiconductor Engineering, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-Ro, Yeongtong-Gu 16499, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
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Oh IK, Sandoval TE, Liu TL, Richey NE, Nguyen CT, Gu B, Lee HBR, Tonner-Zech R, Bent SF. Elucidating the Reaction Mechanism of Atomic Layer Deposition of Al 2O 3 with a Series of Al(CH 3) xCl 3-x and Al(C yH 2y+1) 3 Precursors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11757-11766. [PMID: 35674504 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption of metalorganic and metal halide precursors on the SiO2 surface plays an essential role in thin-film deposition processes such as atomic layer deposition (ALD). In the case of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) films, the growth characteristics are influenced by the precursor structure, which controls both chemical reactivity and the geometrical constraints during deposition. In this work, a systematic study using a series of Al(CH3)xCl3-x (x = 0, 1, 2, and 3) and Al(CyH2y+1)3 (y = 1, 2, and 3) precursors is carried out using a combination of experimental spectroscopic techniques together with density functional theory calculations and Monte Carlo simulations to analyze differences across precursor molecules. Results show that reactivity and steric hindrance mutually influence the ALD surface reaction. The increase in the number of chlorine ligands in the precursor shifts the deposition temperature higher, an effect attributed to more favorable binding of the intermediate species due to higher Lewis acidity, while differences between precursors in film growth per cycle are shown to originate from variations in adsorption activation barriers and size-dependent saturation coverage. Comparison between the theoretical and experimental results indicates that the Al(CyH2y+1)3 precursors are favored to undergo two ligand exchange reactions upon adsorption at the surface, whereas only a single Cl-ligand exchange reaction is energetically favorable upon adsorption by the AlCl3 precursor. By pursuing the first-principles design of ALD precursors combined with experimental analysis of thin-film growth, this work enables a robust understanding of the effect of precursor chemistry on ALD processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Kwon Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - Tania E Sandoval
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Santiago 8940000, Chile
| | - Tzu-Ling Liu
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Nathaniel E Richey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Chi Thang Nguyen
- Department of Material Science Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 21999, South Korea
| | - Bonwook Gu
- Department of Material Science Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 21999, South Korea
| | - Han-Bo-Ram Lee
- Department of Material Science Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 21999, South Korea
| | - Ralf Tonner-Zech
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 2, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Stacey F Bent
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Yoon S, Jiang J, Choi S, Oh J, Choi J, Sun HJ. Formation of Mononuclear N,O-chelate Zirconium Complexes by Direct Insertion of Epoxide into Tetrakis(dimethylamido)zirconium: Highly Promising Approach for Developing ALD Precursor of ZrO2 Thin Film. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5315-5321. [DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04207f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A zirconium complex containing an N,O-chelate and alkylamide ligand has great potential for application in atomic layer deposition (ALD). However, the synthesis of this mononuclear Zr complex remains a major...
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Mears KL, Bhide MA, Knapp CE, Carmalt CJ. Investigations into the structure, reactivity, and AACVD of aluminium and gallium amidoenoate complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:156-167. [PMID: 34870650 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03365d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amidoenoate (AME = {ethyl-3-(R-amido)but-2-enoate}) complexes of aluminium and gallium, of the type: [AlCl2(AMER)] R = iPr (1-Al); [AlCl(AMER)2] R = iPr (2-Al), Dip (3-Al); [GaCl2(AMER)] R = iPr (1-Ga) and [GaCl(AMER)2] R = iPr (2-Ga), Dip (3-Ga), have been synthesised (iPr = isopropyl, Dip = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl). The coordination chemistry of these complexes has been studied in relation to precursor suitability. Investigations into the reactivity of the aluminium and gallium amidoenoate complexes involved reactions with hydride sources including alkali metal hydride salts, alkylsilanes, and magnesium hydride species and magnesium(I) dimers. The isolation of alkyl metal amidoenoate precursors including an aluminium hydride amidoenoate, [AlH(AMEDip)2] (4-Al) and dimethyl gallium amidoenoates [GaMe2(AMEDip)] (4-Ga), [GaMe2(AMEiPr)] (5-Ga) concluded the synthetic studies. A selection of the isolated complexes were used as precursors for aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD) at 500 °C. Thin films of either amorphous Al2O3 or Ga2O3 were deposited and subsequently annealed at 1000 °C to improve the materials' crystallinity. The films were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian L Mears
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Malavika A Bhide
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Caroline E Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Claire J Carmalt
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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Hong T, Jeong HJ, Lee HM, Choi SH, Lim JH, Park JS. Significance of Pairing In/Ga Precursor Structures on PEALD InGaO x Thin-Film Transistor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:28493-28502. [PMID: 34115464 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a promising deposition method to precisely control the thickness and metal composition of oxide semiconductors, making them attractive materials for use in thin-film transistors because of their high mobility and stability. However, multicomponent deposition using ALD is difficult to control without understanding the growth mechanisms of the precursors and reactants. Thus, the adsorption and surface reactivity of various precursors must be investigated. In this study, InGaO (IGO) semiconductors were deposited by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) using two sets of In and Ga precursors. The first set of precursors consisted of In(CH3)3[CH3OCH2CH2NHtBu] (TMION) and Ga(CH3)3[CH3OCH2CH2NHtBu]) (TMGON), denoted as TM-IGO; the other set of precursors was (CH3)2In(CH2)3N(CH3)2 (DADI) and (CH3)3Ga (TMGa), denoted as DT-IGO. We varied the number of InO subcycles between 3 and 19 to control the chemical composition of the ALD-processed films. The indium compositions of TM-IGO and DT-IGO thin films increased as the InO subcycles increased. However, the indium/gallium metal ratios of TM-IGO and DT-IGO were quite different, despite having the same InO subcycles. The steric hindrance of the precursors and different densities of the adsorption sites contributed to the different TM-IGO and DT-IGO metal ratios. The electrical properties of the precursors, such as Hall characteristics and device parameters of the thin-film transistors, were also different, even though the same deposition process was used. These differences might have resulted from the growth behavior, anion/cation ratios, and binding states of the IGO thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- TaeHyun Hong
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Jeong
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Mo Lee
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Hwan Choi
- Division of Nanoscale Semiconductor Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Jin-Seong Park
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Nanoscale Semiconductor Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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Biomedical applications of ultrathin atomic layer deposited metal oxide films on polymeric materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-102572-7.00011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Karunarathne MC, Baumann JW, Heeg MJ, Martin PD, Winter CH. Synthesis, structural characterization, and volatility evaluation of zirconium and hafnium amidate complexes. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fedorov FS, Podgainov D, Varezhnikov A, Lashkov A, Gorshenkov M, Burmistrov I, Sommer M, Sysoev V. The Potentiodynamic Bottom-up Growth of the Tin Oxide Nanostructured Layer for Gas-Analytical Multisensor Array Chips. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E1908. [PMID: 28820490 PMCID: PMC5579809 DOI: 10.3390/s17081908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a deposition of the tin oxide/hydroxide nanostructured layer by the potentiodynamic method from acidic nitrate solutions directly over the substrate, equipped with multiple strip electrodes which is employed as a gas-analytical multisensor array chip. The electrochemical synthesis is set to favor the growth of the tin oxide/hydroxide phase, while the appearance of metallic Sn is suppressed by cycling. The as-synthesized tin oxide/hydroxide layer is characterized by mesoporous morphology with grains, 250-300 nm diameter, which are further crystallized into fine SnO₂ poly-nanocrystals following heating to 300 °C for 24 h just on the chip. The fabricated layer exhibits chemiresistive properties under exposure to organic vapors, which allows the generation of a multisensor vector signal capable of selectively distinguishing various vapors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedor S Fedorov
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center, 3 Nobel Str., 143026 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitry Podgainov
- Laboratory of Sensors and Microsystems, Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, 77 Polytechnicheskaya str., 410054 Saratov, Russia.
| | - Alexey Varezhnikov
- Laboratory of Sensors and Microsystems, Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, 77 Polytechnicheskaya str., 410054 Saratov, Russia.
| | - Andrey Lashkov
- Laboratory of Sensors and Microsystems, Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, 77 Polytechnicheskaya str., 410054 Saratov, Russia.
| | - Michail Gorshenkov
- National University of Science and Technology MISiS, 4 Leninskiy pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Igor Burmistrov
- Laboratory of Sensors and Microsystems, Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, 77 Polytechnicheskaya str., 410054 Saratov, Russia.
- National University of Science and Technology MISiS, 4 Leninskiy pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Martin Sommer
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 1 Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Victor Sysoev
- Laboratory of Sensors and Microsystems, Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, 77 Polytechnicheskaya str., 410054 Saratov, Russia.
- National University of Science and Technology MISiS, 4 Leninskiy pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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