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Differential Polarization Imaging of Plant Cells. Mapping the Anisotropy of Cell Walls and Chloroplasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147661. [PMID: 34299279 PMCID: PMC8306740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern light microscopy imaging techniques have substantially advanced our knowledge about the ultrastructure of plant cells and their organelles. Laser-scanning microscopy and digital light microscopy imaging techniques, in general—in addition to their high sensitivity, fast data acquisition, and great versatility of 2D–4D image analyses—also opened the technical possibilities to combine microscopy imaging with spectroscopic measurements. In this review, we focus our attention on differential polarization (DP) imaging techniques and on their applications on plant cell walls and chloroplasts, and show how these techniques provided unique and quantitative information on the anisotropic molecular organization of plant cell constituents: (i) We briefly describe how laser-scanning microscopes (LSMs) and the enhanced-resolution Re-scan Confocal Microscope (RCM of Confocal.nl Ltd. Amsterdam, Netherlands) can be equipped with DP attachments—making them capable of measuring different polarization spectroscopy parameters, parallel with the ‘conventional’ intensity imaging. (ii) We show examples of different faces of the strong anisotropic molecular organization of chloroplast thylakoid membranes. (iii) We illustrate the use of DP imaging of cell walls from a variety of wood samples and demonstrate the use of quantitative analysis. (iv) Finally, we outline the perspectives of further technical developments of micro-spectropolarimetry imaging and its use in plant cell studies.
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Bondar A, Rybakova O, Melcr J, Dohnálek J, Khoroshyy P, Ticháček O, Timr Š, Miclea P, Sakhi A, Marková V, Lazar J. Quantitative linear dichroism imaging of molecular processes in living cells made simple by open software tools. Commun Biol 2021; 4:189. [PMID: 33580182 PMCID: PMC7881160 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence-detected linear dichroism microscopy allows observing various molecular processes in living cells, as well as obtaining quantitative information on orientation of fluorescent molecules associated with cellular features. Such information can provide insights into protein structure, aid in development of genetically encoded probes, and allow determinations of lipid membrane properties. However, quantitating and interpreting linear dichroism in biological systems has been laborious and unreliable. Here we present a set of open source ImageJ-based software tools that allow fast and easy linear dichroism visualization and quantitation, as well as extraction of quantitative information on molecular orientations, even in living systems. The tools were tested on model synthetic lipid vesicles and applied to a variety of biological systems, including observations of conformational changes during G-protein signaling in living cells, using fluorescent proteins. Our results show that our tools and model systems are applicable to a wide range of molecules and polarization-resolved microscopy techniques, and represent a significant step towards making polarization microscopy a mainstream tool of biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Bondar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Science, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Rybakova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Science, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Melcr
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Dohnálek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petro Khoroshyy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Science, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Ticháček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Timr
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- CNRS, Université de Paris, UPR 9080, Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique-Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Paul Miclea
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Science, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Alina Sakhi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Marková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Lazar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic.
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Science, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic.
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Circular Intensity Differential Scattering for Label-Free Chromatin Characterization: A Review for Optical Microscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102428. [PMID: 33096877 PMCID: PMC7588990 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular Intensity Differential Scattering (CIDS) provides a differential measurement of the circular right and left polarized light and has been proven to be a gold standard label-free technique to study the molecular conformation of complex biopolymers, such as chromatin. In early works, it has been shown that the scattering component of the CIDS signal gives information from the long-range chiral organization on a scale down to 1/10th-1/20th of the excitation wavelength, leading to information related to the structure and orientation of biopolymers in situ at the nanoscale. In this paper, we review the typical methods and technologies employed for measuring this signal coming from complex macro-molecules ordering. Additionally, we include a general description of the experimental architectures employed for spectroscopic CIDS measurements, angular or spectral, and of the most recent advances in the field of optical imaging microscopy, allowing a visualization of the chromatin organization in situ.
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Zhang O, Lew MD. Fundamental Limits on Measuring the Rotational Constraint of Single Molecules Using Fluorescence Microscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:198301. [PMID: 31144939 PMCID: PMC6649682 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.198301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Optical fluorescence imaging is capable of measuring both the translational and rotational dynamics of single molecules. However, unavoidable measurement noise will result in inaccurate estimates of rotational dynamics, causing a molecule to appear to be more rotationally constrained than it actually is. We report a mathematical framework to compute the fundamental limit of accuracy in measuring the rotational mobility of dipolelike emitters. By applying our framework to both in-plane and three-dimensional methods, we provide a means to choose the optimal orientation-measurement technique based on experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumeng Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Matthew D. Lew
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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5
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Fluorescence-detected linear dichroism imaging in a re-scan confocal microscope equipped with differential polarization attachment. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2019; 48:457-463. [PMID: 30982120 PMCID: PMC6647120 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-019-01365-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Confocal laser scanning microscopy is probably the most widely used and one of the most powerful techniques in basic biology, medicine and material sciences that is employed to elucidate the architecture of complex cellular structures and molecular macro-assemblies. It has recently been shown that the information content, signal-to-noise ratio and resolution of such microscopes (LSMs) can be improved significantly by adding different attachments or modifying their design, while retaining their user-friendly features and relatively moderate costs. Differential polarization (DP) attachments, using high-frequency modulation/demodulation circuits, have made LSMs capable of high-precision 2D and 3D mapping of the anisotropy of microscopic samples—without interfering with their ‘conventional’ fluorescence or transmission imaging (Steinbach et al. in Methods Appl Fluoresc 2:015005, 2014). The resolution and the quality of fluorescence imaging have been enhanced in the recently constructed Re-scan confocal microscopy (RCM) (De Luca et al. in Biomed Opt Express 4:2644–2656, 2013). In this work, we developed the RCM technique further, by adding a DP-attachment modulating the exciting laser beam via a liquid crystal (LC) retarder synchronized with the data acquisition system; by this means, and with the aid of a software, fluorescence-detected linear dichroism (FDLD), characteristic of the anisotropic molecular organization of the sample, could be recorded in parallel with the confocal fluorescence imaging. For demonstration, we show FDLD images of a plant cell wall (Ginkgo biloba) stained with Etzold’s staining solution.
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6
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Bene L, Gralle M, Damjanovich L. Confocal microscopic dual-laser dual-polarization FRET (2polFRET) at the acceptor side for correlating rotations at different distances on the cell surface. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1050-1068. [PMID: 29292190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Relationship of donor and acceptor fluorescence anisotropies as well as efficiency of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) has been investigated in a confocal microscope in the context of FRET systems comprised of donor and acceptor-labeled MHCI and MHCII receptors on the surface of Kit-225 K6 human T-cells. The measurements have been carried out in a 2-laser, 5-signal platform where the total donor fluorescence intensity and 2 acceptor fluorescence intensities with their anisotropies - one at the donor's excitation wavelength, the other at the acceptor's excitation wavelength - have been detected. This configuration enabled the determination of FRET efficiency and correlating it with the two acceptor fluorescence anisotropies as a kind of calibration. Estimations for the FRET-enhanced donor fluorescence anisotropy, the directly excited acceptor fluorescence anisotropy, and the fluorescence anisotropy of sensitized emission have been obtained. Procedures for determining FRET by measuring only the total donor intensity and the acceptor intensity and its anisotropy, or two acceptor intensities and their anisotropies have been elaborated, the errors of which have been estimated based on the fluorescence anisotropy values obtained in the calibration with the method of flow cytometric energy transfer (FCET). The combined detection of the donor and acceptor fluorescence anisotropies enabled also the determination of the lower and upper limits of the orientation factor for FRET (κ2). An increase in range for κ2 with increasing FRET efficiency has been observed, with average κ2 values different from the dynamic random average of 2/3. These observations call for the need of κ2 determination in proximity measurements, where the donor and acceptor orientations are not predictable. An increasing range of κ2 with increasing intermolecular proximity of the MHCI and MHCII receptors has been observed. This indicates that molecular flexibility in the clusters of the MHCI and MHCII receptors reduces with increasing cluster density, i.e. a "fluidity gradient" exists in the clusters. More specifically, the local density dependent flexibility can also be taken as a direct proof for that the association of these receptors is non-random, but mediated by some type of physical interaction, a finding as a benefit of FRET detection by polarization spectroscopy. Two new quantities - the quenched donor fluorescence anisotropy and a fluorescence anisotropy analogue, the "dissymmetry index" of the polarized FRET efficiency components - have also been introduced for the characterization of the orientational dynamics of the excited state during FRET.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Bene
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Matthias Gralle
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - László Damjanovich
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Savić A, Mitrović A, Donaldson L, Simonović Radosavljević J, Bogdanović Pristov J, Steinbach G, Garab G, Radotić K. Fluorescence-Detected Linear Dichroism of Wood Cell Walls in Juvenile Serbian Spruce: Estimation of Compression Wood Severity. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2016; 22:361-367. [PMID: 26858105 DOI: 10.1017/s143192761600009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence-detected linear dichroism (FDLD) microscopy provides observation of structural order in a microscopic sample and its expression in numerical terms, enabling both quantitative and qualitative comparison among different samples. We applied FDLD microscopy to compare the distribution and alignment of cellulose fibrils in cell walls of compression wood (CW) and normal wood (NW) on stem cross-sections of juvenile Picea omorika trees. Our data indicate a decrease in cellulose fibril order in CW compared with NW. Radial and tangential walls differ considerably in both NW and CW. In radial walls, cellulose fibril order shows a gradual decrease from NW to severe CW, in line with the increase in CW severity. This indicates that FDLD analysis of cellulose fibril order in radial cell walls is a valuable method for estimation of CW severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Savić
- 1Institute for Multidisciplinary Research,University of Belgrade,Kneza Višeslava 1,11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Mitrović
- 1Institute for Multidisciplinary Research,University of Belgrade,Kneza Višeslava 1,11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | | | | | - Jelena Bogdanović Pristov
- 1Institute for Multidisciplinary Research,University of Belgrade,Kneza Višeslava 1,11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Gabor Steinbach
- 4Institute of Plant Biology,Biological Research Center,H-6701 Szeged,Hungary
| | - Győző Garab
- 4Institute of Plant Biology,Biological Research Center,H-6701 Szeged,Hungary
| | - Ksenija Radotić
- 1Institute for Multidisciplinary Research,University of Belgrade,Kneza Višeslava 1,11000 Belgrade,Serbia
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Ungvári T, Gogolák P, Bagdány M, Damjanovich L, Bene L. Perrin and Förster unified: Dual-laser triple-polarization FRET (3polFRET) for interactions at the Förster-distance and beyond. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:703-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Steinbach G, Pawlak K, Pomozi I, Tóth EA, Molnár A, Matkó J, Garab G. Mapping microscopic order in plant and mammalian cells and tissues: novel differential polarization attachment for new generation confocal microscopes (DP-LSM). Methods Appl Fluoresc 2014; 2:015005. [PMID: 29148454 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/2/1/015005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the molecular architecture of complex, highly organized molecular macro-assemblies is an important, basic task for biology. Differential polarization (DP) measurements, such as linear (LD) and circular dichroism (CD) or the anisotropy of the fluorescence emission (r), which can be carried out in a dichrograph or spectrofluorimeter, respectively, carry unique, spatially averaged information about the molecular organization of the sample. For inhomogeneous samples-e.g. cells and tissues-measurements on macroscopic scale are not satisfactory, and in some cases not feasible, thus microscopic techniques must be applied. The microscopic DP-imaging technique, when based on confocal laser scanning microscope (LSM), allows the pixel by pixel mapping of anisotropy of a sample in 2D and 3D. The first DP-LSM configuration, which, in fluorescence mode, allowed confocal imaging of different DP quantities in real-time, without interfering with the 'conventional' imaging, was built on a Zeiss LSM410. It was demonstrated to be capable of determining non-confocally the linear birefringence (LB) or LD of a sample and, confocally, its FDLD (fluorescence detected LD), the degree of polarization (P) and the anisotropy of the fluorescence emission (r), following polarized and non-polarized excitation, respectively (Steinbach et al 2009 Acta Histochem.111 316-25). This DP-LSM configuration, however, cannot simply be adopted to new generation microscopes with considerably more compact structures. As shown here, for an Olympus FV500, we designed an easy-to-install DP attachment to determine LB, LD, FDLD and r, in new-generation confocal microscopes, which, in principle, can be complemented with a P-imaging unit, but specifically to the brand and type of LSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Steinbach
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary. Biofotonika R&D Ltd, Szeged, Hungary
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Timr Š, Bondar A, Cwiklik L, Štefl M, Hof M, Vazdar M, Lazar J, Jungwirth P. Accurate Determination of the Orientational Distribution of a Fluorescent Molecule in a Phospholipid Membrane. J Phys Chem B 2013; 118:855-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4067026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Štěpán Timr
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alexey Bondar
- Institute of Nanobiology and Structural
Biology GCRC, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i.,
Zámek 136, 37333 Nové Hrady, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská
31, 37005 České
Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lukasz Cwiklik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- J. Heyrovský
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Štefl
- J. Heyrovský
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hof
- J. Heyrovský
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Mario Vazdar
- Rudjer Bošković Institute, Division
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry,
POB 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josef Lazar
- Institute of Nanobiology and Structural
Biology GCRC, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i.,
Zámek 136, 37333 Nové Hrady, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská
31, 37005 České
Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
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11
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Samim M, Sandkuijl D, Tretyakov I, Cisek R, Barzda V. Differential polarization nonlinear optical microscopy with adaptive optics controlled multiplexed beams. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:18520-34. [PMID: 24022688 PMCID: PMC3794793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140918520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential polarization nonlinear optical microscopy has the potential to become an indispensable tool for structural investigations of ordered biological assemblies and microcrystalline aggregates. Their microscopic organization can be probed through fast and sensitive measurements of nonlinear optical signal anisotropy, which can be achieved with microscopic spatial resolution by using time-multiplexed pulsed laser beams with perpendicular polarization orientations and photon-counting detection electronics for signal demultiplexing. In addition, deformable membrane mirrors can be used to correct for optical aberrations in the microscope and simultaneously optimize beam overlap using a genetic algorithm. The beam overlap can be achieved with better accuracy than diffraction limited point-spread function, which allows to perform polarization-resolved measurements on the pixel-by-pixel basis. We describe a newly developed differential polarization microscope and present applications of the differential microscopy technique for structural studies of collagen and cellulose. Both, second harmonic generation, and fluorescence-detected nonlinear absorption anisotropy are used in these investigations. It is shown that the orientation and structural properties of the fibers in biological tissue can be deduced and that the orientation of fluorescent molecules (Congo Red), which label the fibers, can be determined. Differential polarization microscopy sidesteps common issues such as photobleaching and sample movement. Due to tens of megahertz alternating polarization of excitation pulses fast data acquisition can be conveniently applied to measure changes in the nonlinear signal anisotropy in dynamically changing in vivo structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Samim
- Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada; E-Mails: (M.S.); (D.S.); (R.C.)
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Daaf Sandkuijl
- Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada; E-Mails: (M.S.); (D.S.); (R.C.)
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Ian Tretyakov
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Richard Cisek
- Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada; E-Mails: (M.S.); (D.S.); (R.C.)
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Virginijus Barzda
- Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada; E-Mails: (M.S.); (D.S.); (R.C.)
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-905-828-3808; Fax: +1-905-828-5425
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12
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Chappaz-Gillot C, Marek PL, Blaive BJ, Canard G, Bürck J, Garab G, Hahn H, Jávorfi T, Kelemen L, Krupke R, Mössinger D, Ormos P, Reddy CM, Roussel C, Steinbach G, Szabó M, Ulrich AS, Vanthuyne N, Vijayaraghavan A, Zupcanova A, Balaban TS. Anisotropic organization and microscopic manipulation of self-assembling synthetic porphyrin microrods that mimic chlorosomes: bacterial light-harvesting systems. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:944-54. [PMID: 22148684 DOI: 10.1021/ja203838p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Being able to control in time and space the positioning, orientation, movement, and sense of rotation of nano- to microscale objects is currently an active research area in nanoscience, having diverse nanotechnological applications. In this paper, we demonstrate unprecedented control and maneuvering of rod-shaped or tubular nanostructures with high aspect ratios which are formed by self-assembling synthetic porphyrins. The self-assembly algorithm, encoded by appended chemical-recognition groups on the periphery of these porphyrins, is the same as the one operating for chlorosomal bacteriochlorophylls (BChl's). Chlorosomes, rod-shaped organelles with relatively long-range molecular order, are the most efficient naturally occurring light-harvesting systems. They are used by green photosynthetic bacteria to trap visible and infrared light of minute intensities even at great depths, e.g., 100 m below water surface or in volcanic vents in the absence of solar radiation. In contrast to most other natural light-harvesting systems, the chlorosomal antennae are devoid of a protein scaffold to orient the BChl's; thus, they are an attractive goal for mimicry by synthetic chemists, who are able to engineer more robust chromophores to self-assemble. Functional devices with environmentally friendly chromophores-which should be able to act as photosensitizers within hybrid solar cells, leading to high photon-to-current conversion efficiencies even under low illumination conditions-have yet to be fabricated. The orderly manner in which the BChl's and their synthetic counterparts self-assemble imparts strong diamagnetic and optical anisotropies and flow/shear characteristics to their nanostructured assemblies, allowing them to be manipulated by electrical, magnetic, or tribomechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Chappaz-Gillot
- ISM2-Chirosciences, Faculté des Sciences, Aix-Marseille Univ. UMR 6263, Saint-Jérôme, Case A62, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, F-13397 Marseille, Cedex 20, France
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13
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Sandkuijl D, Cisek R, Major A, Barzda V. Differential microscopy for fluorescence-detected nonlinear absorption linear anisotropy based on a staggered two-beam femtosecond Yb:KGW oscillator. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 1:895-901. [PMID: 21258516 PMCID: PMC3018061 DOI: 10.1364/boe.1.000895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a new laser system and nonlinear microscope, designed for differential nonlinear microscopy. The microscope features time-correlated single photon counting of multiphoton fluorescence generated by an alternating pulse-train of orthogonally polarized pulses. The generated nonlinear signal is separated using home-built electronics. Results are presented on fluorescence-detected nonlinear absorption linear anisotropy (FDNALA) of chloroplasts in Asparagus Sprengerii Regel and of Congo Red-stained cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daaf Sandkuijl
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Rd. North, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Richard Cisek
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Rd. North, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Arkady Major
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, 75 Chancellor’s Circle, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - Virginijus Barzda
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Rd. North, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
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Steinbach G, Pomozi I, Jánosa DP, Makovitzky J, Garab G. Confocal fluorescence detected linear dichroism imaging of isolated human amyloid fibrils. Role of supercoiling. J Fluoresc 2010; 21:983-9. [PMID: 20556489 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-010-0684-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Amyloids are highly organized insoluble protein aggregates that are associated with a large variety of degenerative diseases. In this work, we investigated the anisotropic architecture of isolated human amyloid samples stained with Congo Red. This was performed by fluorescence detected linear dichroism (FDLD) imaging in a laser scanning confocal microscope that was equipped with a differential polarization attachment using high frequency modulation of the polarization state of the laser beam and a demodulation circuit. Two- and three-dimensional FDLD images of amyloids provided information on the orientation of the electric transition dipoles of the intercalated Congo Red molecules with unprecedented precision and spatial resolution. We show that, in accordance with linear dichroism imaging (Jin et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:15294, 2003), amyloids exhibit strong anisotropy with preferential orientation of the dye molecules along the fibrils; estimations on the orientation angle, of around 45°, are given using a model calculation which takes into account the helical organization of the filaments and fibrils. Our data also show that FDLD images display large inhomogeneities, high local values with alternating signs and, in some regions, well identifiable µm-sized periodicities. These features of the anisotropic architecture are accounted for by supercoiling of helically organized amyloid fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Steinbach
- Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, Szeged 6701, Hungary
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15
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Tárnok A. Visiting the plant kingdom. Cytometry A 2009; 75:973-4. [PMID: 19927340 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Cisek R, Spencer L, Prent N, Zigmantas D, Espie GS, Barzda V. Optical microscopy in photosynthesis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2009; 102:111-41. [PMID: 19851883 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-009-9500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Emerging as well as the most frequently used optical microscopy techniques are reviewed and image contrast generation methods in a microscope are presented, focusing on the nonlinear contrasts such as harmonic generation and multiphoton excitation fluorescence. Nonlinear microscopy presents numerous advantages over linear microscopy techniques including improved deep tissue imaging, optical sectioning, and imaging of live unstained samples. Nonetheless, with the exception of multiphoton excitation fluorescence, nonlinear microscopy is in its infancy, lacking protocols, users and applications; hence, this review focuses on the potential of nonlinear microscopy for studying photosynthetic organisms. Examples of nonlinear microscopic imaging are presented including isolated light-harvesting antenna complexes from higher plants, starch granules, chloroplasts, unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and cyanobacteria Leptolyngbya sp. and Anabaena sp. While focusing on nonlinear microscopy techniques, second and third harmonic generation and multiphoton excitation fluorescence microscopy, other emerging nonlinear imaging modalities are described and several linear optical microscopy techniques are reviewed in order to clearly describe their capabilities and to highlight the advantages of nonlinear microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Cisek
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
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17
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Garab G, van Amerongen H. Linear dichroism and circular dichroism in photosynthesis research. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2009; 101:135-46. [PMID: 19418239 PMCID: PMC2744782 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-009-9424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of photosynthetic light energy conversion depends largely on the molecular architecture of the photosynthetic membranes. Linear- and circular-dichroism (LD and CD) studies have contributed significantly to our knowledge of the molecular organization of pigment systems at different levels of complexity, in pigment-protein complexes, supercomplexes, and their macroassemblies, as well as in entire membranes and membrane systems. Many examples show that LD and CD data are in good agreement with structural data; hence, these spectroscopic tools serve as the basis for linking the structure of photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes to steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy. They are also indispensable for identifying conformations and interactions in native environments, and for monitoring reorganizations during photosynthetic functions, and are important in characterizing reconstituted and artificially constructed systems. This educational review explains, in simple terms, the basic physical principles, and theory and practice of LD and CD spectroscopies and of some related quantities in the areas of differential polarization spectroscopy and microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Győző Garab
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, 6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Herbert van Amerongen
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
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