Quantification of alignment of vascular smooth muscle cells

Comparison of vascular arterial stiffness parameters of adolescent wrestlers with healthy subjects: Is heavy training harmful for wrestlers?

BACKROUND

The effect of different exercise modalities on the vascular structure has been the subject of clinical trials but there is not enough data about wrestlers.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to compare the arterial stiffness parameters in adolescent wrestlers with those of age-matched sedentary controls to show the effects of long and heavy training.

METHODS

This study was carried out as a case-control study. Thirty three (N= 33) elite male adolescent wrestlers (12-18 years) and 35 age and sex-matched control subjects (P= 0.438) with a sedentary lifestyle were included the study. The data was obtained by using sonography and a sphygmomanometer. Systolic and diastolic diameters and intima media thickness (IMT) measurements were performed from the carotid arteries of the subjects. The arterial tension was measured in the same session, and arterial stiffness parameters were calculated using specific formulas.

RESULTS

The mean age range was 15.9 ± 0.9 years and 16.0 ± 0.8 years for the wrestlers and control subjects, respectively (P= 0.43). Statistically, the Body Mass Index (BMI) was significantly higher in wrestlers (mean = 23.7 ± 4.0 kg/m2; P= 0.00). The groups had no difference in height (P= 0.80) and weight (P= 0.05). The systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly higher in wrestlers (mean = 120 ± 13.4 mmHg; P= 0.00); the pulse was significantly lower in wrestlers (mean = 69.61 ± 17.2 beats/min; P= 0.00); the IMT was significantly lower in wrestlers (IMT mean = 0.288 ± 0.1 mm; P= 0.01); the diastolic wall stress (DWS) was significantly higher in wrestlers (DWS mean = 933.64 ± 298.0 mmHg; P= 0.03) than controls. No significant differences were found in the elastic modulus (P= 0.11), compliance (P= 0.86), and distensibility (P= 0.86) parameters between the groups.

CONCLUSION

Bradycardia is an expected condition for athletes. SBP and DWS were found to be high in wrestlers, suggesting that arterial tissue is more susceptible to stress. The low IMT indicates the protective effect of regular exercise against atherosclerosis. It is known that regular exercise is good for the vascular structure while heavy exercise puts a load on the vascular structure. The fact that the elastic modulus, compliance, and distensibility do not differ between the groups suggests that structural changes in the adolescents have no effect on the vascular wall.