1
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Stevens M, Harder P, Terstappen LWMM. A magnetic microneedle to isolate single immunomagnetically labeled cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:460-466. [PMID: 38105678 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00920c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Immunomagnetic enrichment of cell populations from bodily fluids followed by immunofluorescent labeling is an established sample preparation method often used for the detection and enumeration of rare cells such as circulating tumor cells. For a detailed analysis of the heterogeneous characteristics of these cells, the cells need to be retrieved individually. Although several technologies are available to obtain 100% pure cells either individually or in bulk, these are often expensive, have low specificity, or suffer from high cell losses, either inherent to the technology or caused by sample transfer into special chips. To solve this issue, we introduce the magnetic micro-needle approach, which allows for the isolation of immunomagnetically labeled target cells by the use of a magnetized microneedle directly from glass slides. The magnetic microneedle approach makes use of the already present magnetic labeling used for enrichment, while the glass-slide-based open sample container allows for easy and loss-free sample loading. Additionally, the system facilitates not only the isolation but also the precise placement of cells. As the used parts are low cost, the technology provides researchers with an affordable and efficient method to pick up and isolate, as well as specifically place magnetically labeled cells from enriched fractions, thereby enabling the researchers to isolate or analyze these rare cells in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Stevens
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Philip Harder
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Leon W M M Terstappen
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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2
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Pereira-Veiga T, Behrens B, Broekmaat JJ, Oomens L, Stevens M, Tibbe AGJ, Stoecklein N, Muinelo-Romay L, Piñeiro R, Costa C. Isolation of Single Circulating Tumor Cells Using VyCAP Puncher System. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2752:65-70. [PMID: 38194028 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3621-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity has a major role in the development of tumor evasion and resistance to treatments. To study and understand the intrinsic heterogeneity of cancer cells, the use of single-cell isolation technology has had a major boost in recent years, gaining ground to bulk analysis in the study of solid tumors. In the liquid biopsy field, the use of technologies for single-cell analysis has represented a major advance in the study of the heterogeneity of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), providing relevant information about therapy-resistant CTCs. However, single-cell analysis of CTCs is still challenging due to the weakness and scarcity of these cells. In this chapter, we describe a protocol for CTCs isolation at a single-cell level using the VyCAP Puncher system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Pereira-Veiga
- Roche-Chus Joint Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bianca Behrens
- Experimental Surgical Oncology, General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Nikolas Stoecklein
- Experimental Surgical Oncology, General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Muinelo-Romay
- Liquid Biopsy Analysis Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBERONC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Piñeiro
- Roche-Chus Joint Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBERONC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clotilde Costa
- Roche-Chus Joint Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBERONC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Massimino M, Martorana F, Stella S, Vitale SR, Tomarchio C, Manzella L, Vigneri P. Single-Cell Analysis in the Omics Era: Technologies and Applications in Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1330. [PMID: 37510235 PMCID: PMC10380065 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer molecular profiling obtained with conventional bulk sequencing describes average alterations obtained from the entire cellular population analyzed. In the era of precision medicine, this approach is unable to track tumor heterogeneity and cannot be exploited to unravel the biological processes behind clonal evolution. In the last few years, functional single-cell omics has improved our understanding of cancer heterogeneity. This approach requires isolation and identification of single cells starting from an entire population. A cell suspension obtained by tumor tissue dissociation or hematological material can be manipulated using different techniques to separate individual cells, employed for single-cell downstream analysis. Single-cell data can then be used to analyze cell-cell diversity, thus mapping evolving cancer biological processes. Despite its unquestionable advantages, single-cell analysis produces massive amounts of data with several potential biases, stemming from cell manipulation and pre-amplification steps. To overcome these limitations, several bioinformatic approaches have been developed and explored. In this work, we provide an overview of this entire process while discussing the most recent advances in the field of functional omics at single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Massimino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Rodolico-S. Marco", 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Federica Martorana
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Rodolico-S. Marco", 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefania Stella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Rodolico-S. Marco", 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Silvia Rita Vitale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Rodolico-S. Marco", 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Tomarchio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Rodolico-S. Marco", 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Livia Manzella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Rodolico-S. Marco", 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Vigneri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Rodolico-S. Marco", 95123 Catania, Italy
- Humanitas Istituto Clinico Catanese, University Oncology Department, 95045 Catania, Italy
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4
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Chowdhury T, Cressiot B, Parisi C, Smolyakov G, Thiébot B, Trichet L, Fernandes FM, Pelta J, Manivet P. Circulating Tumor Cells in Cancer Diagnostics and Prognostics by Single-Molecule and Single-Cell Characterization. ACS Sens 2023; 8:406-426. [PMID: 36696289 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) represent an interesting source of biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and the prediction of cancer recurrence, yet while they are extensively studied in oncobiology research, their diagnostic utility has not yet been demonstrated and validated. Their scarcity in human biological fluids impedes the identification of dangerous CTC subpopulations that may promote metastatic dissemination. In this Perspective, we discuss promising techniques that could be used for the identification of these metastatic cells. We first describe methods for isolating patient-derived CTCs and then the use of 3D biomimetic matrixes in their amplification and analysis, followed by methods for further CTC analyses at the single-cell and single-molecule levels. Finally, we discuss how the elucidation of mechanical and morphological properties using techniques such as atomic force microscopy and molecular biomarker identification using nanopore-based detection could be combined in the future to provide patients and their healthcare providers with a more accurate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafsir Chowdhury
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques Biobank Lariboisière (BB-0033-00064), DMU BioGem, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France
| | | | - Cleo Parisi
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques Biobank Lariboisière (BB-0033-00064), DMU BioGem, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMR 7574, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Georges Smolyakov
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques Biobank Lariboisière (BB-0033-00064), DMU BioGem, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France
| | | | - Léa Trichet
- Sorbonne Université, UMR 7574, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Francisco M Fernandes
- Sorbonne Université, UMR 7574, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Juan Pelta
- CY Cergy Paris Université, CNRS, LAMBE, 95000 Cergy, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Université d'Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, 91190 Evry, France
| | - Philippe Manivet
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques Biobank Lariboisière (BB-0033-00064), DMU BioGem, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, F-75019 Paris, France
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5
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Booijink R, Terstappen L, Bansal R. Single Cell Secretome Analyses of Hepatic Stellate Cells: Aiming for Single Cell Phenomics. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2669:257-268. [PMID: 37247066 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3207-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) that secrete large amounts of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, primarily collagens, are recognized as the key pathogenic cells in liver diseases. Excessive ECM accumulation results in tissue scarring, referred to as liver fibrosis, that progresses to liver cirrhosis (liver dysfunction) and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent studies using single cell RNA sequencing have discovered various subpopulations of HSCs with high degree of heterogeneity in quiescent, activated, as well as inactive (identified during disease regression) HSCs. However, little is known about the role of these subpopulations in ECM secretion and cell-cell communication or if they respond differently to different exogenous and endogenous factors. Moreover, how the heterogenous single cell transcriptome translates into the single cell secretome and "communicatome" (cell-cell communication) remains largely underexplored. In this chapter, we describe the method (modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot, ELISpot) for analyzing collagen type 1 secretion of HSCs at the single cell level, enabling a deeper understanding into the HSC secretome. In the near future, we aim to develop an integrated platform with which we can study secretome of individual cells identified by immunostaining-based fluorescence-activated cell sorting derived from healthy and diseased liver. Through the use of the VyCAP 6400-microwell chip in combination with their puncher device, we aim to perform single cell phenomics by analyzing and correlating phenotype, secretome, transcriptome, and genome of the single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richell Booijink
- Translational Liver Research, Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Leon Terstappen
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Translational Liver Research, Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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6
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Yang L, Rivandi M, Franken A, Hieltjes M, van der Zaag PJ, Nelep C, Eberhardt J, Peter S, Niederacher D, Fehm T, Neubauer H. Implementing microwell slides for detection and isolation of single circulating tumor cells from complex cell suspensions. Cytometry A 2022; 101:1057-1067. [PMID: 35698878 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cell loss during detection and isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is a challenge especially when label-free pre-enrichment technologies are used without the aid of magnetic particles. Although microfluidic systems can remove the majority of "contaminating" white blood cells (WBCs), their remaining numbers are still impeding single CTC isolation, thus making additional separation steps needed. This study aimed to develop a workflow from blood-to-single CTC for complex cell suspensions by testing two microwell formats. In the first step, different cell lines were used to compare the performances of Sievewell™ 370 K (TOK, Japan) and CellCelector™ Nanowell U25 (ALS Automated Lab Solutions, Germany) slides for cell labelling and single-cell micromanipulation. Confounding levels of auto-fluorescence inherent to different plastic materials used to cast the microwells, staining recovery rates, and cell isolation rates were determined. In the second step, three different blood preservation tubes were tested for RNA analysis. Lastly, the established workflow was applied to isolate CTCs from peripheral blood samples obtained from metastasized breast cancer (mBC) patients for single-cell DNA and RNA analysis. The detection of CTCs in Sievewell slides profit from better signal-to-noise ratios in the fluorescence channels mainly used for CTC detection. In addition, due to its design, Sievewell supports direct in situ CTC labelling, which minimizes cell loss and leads to single-cell recovery rates after staining of approx. 94%. Detection of PIK3CA mutations in single CTCs verified the applicability of the workflow for the analysis of genomic DNA of CTCs. Furthermore, combined with blood preservation up to 48 h at room temperature in LBguard tubes, panel RT-PCR transcript analysis was successful for single cell line cells and CTCs, respectively. The combined use of Sievewell microwell slides and CellCelector™ automated micromanipulation system improves single CTC detection, labelling and isolation from complex cell suspensions. This approach is especially valuable when samples of high cellular content are processed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mahdi Rivandi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - André Franken
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maarten Hieltjes
- Philips Research Laboratories, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Plasmacure b.v., Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Jan van der Zaag
- Philips Research Laboratories, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Dieter Niederacher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tanja Fehm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Neubauer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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7
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Tamminga M, Andree KC, van den Bos H, Hiltermann TJN, Mentink A, Spierings DCJ, Lansdorp P, Timens W, Schuuring E, Terstappen LWMM, Groen HJM. Leukapheresis increases circulating tumour cell yield in non-small cell lung cancer, counts related to tumour response and survival. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:409-418. [PMID: 34848855 PMCID: PMC8810861 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01634-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) can be used to monitor cancer longitudinally, but their use in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is limited due to low numbers in the peripheral blood. Through diagnostic leukapheresis (DLA) CTCs can be obtained from larger blood volumes. METHODS Patients with all stages of NSCLC were selected. One total body blood volume was screened by DLA before and after treatment. Peripheral blood was drawn pre- and post DLA for CTC enumeration by CellSearch. CTCs were detected in the DLA product (volume equalling 2 × 108 leucocytes) and after leucocyte depletion (RosetteSep, 9 mL DLA product). Single-cell, whole-genome sequencing was performed on isolated CTCs. RESULTS Fifty-six patients were included. Before treatment, CTCs were more often detected in DLA (32/55, 58%) than in the peripheral blood (pre-DLA: 18/55, 33%; post DLA: 13/55, 23%, both at p < 0.01). CTCs per 7.5 mL DLA product were median 9.2 times (interquartile range = 5.6-24.0) higher than CTCs in 7.5 mL blood. RosetteSEP did not significantly improve CTC detection (pretreatment: 34/55, 62%, post treatment: 16/34, 47%) and CTCs per mL even decreased compared to DLA (p = 0.04).. Patients with advanced-stage disease with DLA-CTC after treatment showed fewer tumour responses and shorter progression-free survival (PFS) than those without DLA-CTC (median PFS, 2.0 vs 12.0 months, p < 0.01). DLA-CTC persistence after treatment was independent of clinical factors associated with shorter PFS (hazard ratio (HR) = 5.8, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.4-35.5, p = 0.02). All evaluable CTCs showed aneuploidy. CONCLUSIONS DLA detected nine times more CTCs than in the peripheral blood. The sustained presence of CTCs in DLA after treatment was associated with therapy failure and shortened PFS. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was approved by the Medical Ethical Committee (NL55754.042.15) and was registered in the Dutch trial register (NL5423).
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Tamminga
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kiki C Andree
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Hilda van den Bos
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - T Jeroen N Hiltermann
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Mentink
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Diana C J Spierings
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Lansdorp
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wim Timens
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ed Schuuring
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leon W M M Terstappen
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Harry J M Groen
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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8
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Luo X, Chen JY, Ataei M, Lee A. Microfluidic Compartmentalization Platforms for Single Cell Analysis. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:58. [PMID: 35200319 PMCID: PMC8869497 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many cellular analytical technologies measure only the average response from a cell population with an assumption that a clonal population is homogenous. The ensemble measurement often masks the difference among individual cells that can lead to misinterpretation. The advent of microfluidic technology has revolutionized single-cell analysis through precise manipulation of liquid and compartmentalizing single cells in small volumes (pico- to nano-liter). Due to its advantages from miniaturization, microfluidic systems offer an array of capabilities to study genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics of a large number of individual cells. In this regard, microfluidic systems have emerged as a powerful technology to uncover cellular heterogeneity and expand the depth and breadth of single-cell analysis. This review will focus on recent developments of three microfluidic compartmentalization platforms (microvalve, microwell, and microdroplets) that target single-cell analysis spanning from proteomics to genomics. We also compare and contrast these three microfluidic platforms and discuss their respective advantages and disadvantages in single-cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhao Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (X.L.); (J.-Y.C.)
| | - Jui-Yi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (X.L.); (J.-Y.C.)
| | - Marzieh Ataei
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Abraham Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (X.L.); (J.-Y.C.)
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
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9
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Topa J, Grešner P, Żaczek AJ, Markiewicz A. Breast cancer circulating tumor cells with mesenchymal features-an unreachable target? Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:81. [PMID: 35048186 PMCID: PMC8770434 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) mediate dissemination of solid tumors and can be an early sign of disease progression. Moreover, they show a great potential in terms of non-invasive, longitudinal monitoring of cancer patients. CTCs have been extensively studied in breast cancer (BC) and were shown to present a significant phenotypic plasticity connected with initiation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Apart from conferring malignant properties, EMT affects CTCs recovery rate, making a significant portion of CTCs from patients’ samples undetected. Wider application of methods and markers designed to isolate and identify mesenchymal CTCs is required to expand our knowledge about the clinical impact of mesenchymal CTCs. Therefore, here we provide a comprehensive review of clinical significance of mesenchymal CTCs in BC together with statistical analysis of previously published data, in which we assessed the suitability of a number of methods/markers used for isolation of CTCs with different EMT phenotypes, both in in vitro spike-in tests with BC cell lines, as well as clinical samples. Results of spiked-in cell lines indicate that, in general, methods not based on epithelial enrichment only, capture mesenchymal CTCs much more efficiently that CellSearch® (golden standard in CTCs detection), but at the same time are not much inferior to Cell Search®, though large variation in recovery rates of added cells among the methods is observed. In clinical samples, where additional CTCs detection markers are needed, positive epithelial-based CTCs enrichment was the most efficient in isolating CTCs with mesenchymal features from non-metastatic BC patients. From the marker side, PI3K and VIM were contributing the most to detection of CTCs with mesenchymal features (in comparison to SNAIL) in non-metastatic and metastatic BC patients, respectively. However, additional data are needed for more robust identification of markers for efficient detection of CTCs with mesenchymal features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Topa
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Debinki 1, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Peter Grešner
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Debinki 1, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna J Żaczek
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Debinki 1, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Markiewicz
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Debinki 1, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland.
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10
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Negishi R, Yamakawa H, Kobayashi T, Horikawa M, Shimoyama T, Koizumi F, Sawada T, Oboki K, Omuro Y, Funasaka C, Kageyama A, Kanemasa Y, Tanaka T, Matsunaga T, Yoshino T. Transcriptomic profiling of single circulating tumor cells provides insight into human metastatic gastric cancer. Commun Biol 2022; 5:20. [PMID: 35017627 PMCID: PMC8752828 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02937-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), which migrate into blood vessels from primary tumor tissues, at the single-cell level offers critical insights into the biology of metastasis and contributes to drug discovery. However, transcriptome analysis of single CTCs has only been reported for a limited number of cancer types, such as multiple myeloma, breast, hepatocellular, and prostate cancer. Herein, we report the transcriptome analysis of gastric cancer single-CTCs. We utilized an antigen-independent strategy for CTC isolation from metastatic gastric cancer patients involving a size-dependent recovery of CTCs and a single cell isolation technique. The transcriptomic profile of single-CTCs revealed that a majority of gastric CTCs had undergone epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and indicated the contribution of platelet adhesion toward EMT progression and acquisition of chemoresistance. Taken together, this study serves to employ CTC characterization to elucidate the mechanisms of chemoresistance and metastasis in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Negishi
- Division of Biotechnology and Life science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hitomi Yamakawa
- Division of Biotechnology and Life science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Takeru Kobayashi
- Division of Biotechnology and Life science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Mayuko Horikawa
- Division of Biotechnology and Life science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tatsu Shimoyama
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Koizumi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sawada
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Oboki
- Center for Medical Research Cooperation, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Japan
| | - Yasushi Omuro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikako Funasaka
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kageyama
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kanemasa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tanaka
- Division of Biotechnology and Life science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tadashi Matsunaga
- Division of Biotechnology and Life science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yoshino
- Division of Biotechnology and Life science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.
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Deger T, Mendelaar PAJ, Kraan J, Prager-van der Smissen WJC, van der Vlugt-Daane M, Bindels EMJ, Sieuwerts AM, Sleijfer S, Wilting SM, Hollestelle A, Martens JWM. A pipeline for copy number profiling of single circulating tumor cells to assess intra-patient tumor heterogeneity. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:2981-3000. [PMID: 34964258 PMCID: PMC9394233 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrapatient tumour heterogeneity is likely a major determinant of clinical outcome in cancer patients. To assess heterogeneity in a minimally invasive manner, methods to perform single circulating tumour cell (CTC) genomics at high resolution are necessary. However, due to the rarity of CTCs, development of such methods is challenging. Here, we developed a modular single CTC analysis pipeline to assess intrapatient heterogeneity by copy number (CN) profiling. To optimize this pipeline, spike‐in experiments using MCF‐7 breast cancer cells were performed. The VyCAP puncher system was used to isolate single cells. The quality of whole genome amplification (WGA) products generated by REPLI‐g and Ampli1™ methods, as well as the results from the Illumina Truseq and the Ampli1™ LowPass library preparation techniques, was compared. Moreover, a bioinformatic pipeline was designed to generate CN profiles from single CTCs. The optimal combination of Ampli1™ WGA and Illumina Truseq library preparation was successfully validated on patient‐derived CTCs. In conclusion, we developed a novel modular pipeline to isolate single CTCs and subsequently generate detailed patient‐derived CN profiles that allow assessment of intrapatient heterogeneity in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teoman Deger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pauline A J Mendelaar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaco Kraan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Eric M J Bindels
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anieta M Sieuwerts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Sleijfer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia M Wilting
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - John W M Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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12
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Van Lent J, Breukers J, Ven K, Ampofo L, Horta S, Pollet F, Imbrechts M, Geukens N, Vanhoorelbeke K, Declerck P, Lammertyn J. Miniaturized single-cell technologies for monoclonal antibody discovery. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3627-3654. [PMID: 34505611 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00243k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies (Abs) are among the most important class of biologicals, showcasing a high therapeutic and diagnostic value. In the global therapeutic Ab market, fully-human monoclonal Abs (FH-mAbs) are flourishing thanks to their low immunogenicity and high specificity. The rapidly emerging field of single-cell technologies has paved the way to efficiently discover mAbs by facilitating a fast screening of the antigen (Ag)-specificity and functionality of Abs expressed by B cells. This review summarizes the principles and challenges of the four key concepts to discover mAbs using these technologies, being confinement of single cells using either droplet microfluidics or microstructure arrays, identification of the cells of interest, retrieval of those cells and single-cell sequence determination required for mAb production. This review reveals the enormous potential for mix-and-matching of the above-mentioned strategies, which is illustrated by the plethora of established, highly integrated devices. Lastly, an outlook is given on the many opportunities and challenges that still lie ahead to fully exploit miniaturized single-cell technologies for mAb discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Van Lent
- Department of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Jolien Breukers
- Department of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Karen Ven
- Department of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Louanne Ampofo
- Department of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Sara Horta
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk 8500, Belgium
| | - Francesca Pollet
- Department of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Maya Imbrechts
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- PharmAbs, The KU Leuven Antibody Center, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Nick Geukens
- PharmAbs, The KU Leuven Antibody Center, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Karen Vanhoorelbeke
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk 8500, Belgium
- PharmAbs, The KU Leuven Antibody Center, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Paul Declerck
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- PharmAbs, The KU Leuven Antibody Center, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Lammertyn
- Department of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
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13
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Xu J, Liao K, Yang X, Wu C, Wu W, Han S. Using single-cell sequencing technology to detect circulating tumor cells in solid tumors. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:104. [PMID: 34412644 PMCID: PMC8375060 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01392-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells are tumor cells with high vitality and high metastatic potential that invade and shed into the peripheral blood from primary solid tumors or metastatic foci. Due to the heterogeneity of tumors, it is difficult for high-throughput sequencing analysis of tumor tissues to find the genomic characteristics of low-abundance tumor stem cells. Single-cell sequencing of circulating tumor cells avoids interference from tumor heterogeneity by comparing the differences between single-cell genomes, transcriptomes, and epigenetic groups among circulating tumor cells, primary and metastatic tumors, and metastatic lymph nodes in patients' peripheral blood, providing a new perspective for understanding the biological process of tumors. This article describes the identification, biological characteristics, and single-cell genome-wide variation in circulating tumor cells and summarizes the application of single-cell sequencing technology to tumor typing, metastasis analysis, progression detection, and adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Xu
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District Zhejiang Province, Huzhou, China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kaili Liao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District Zhejiang Province, Huzhou, China
| | - Chengfeng Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District Zhejiang Province, 313000, Huzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Han
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District Zhejiang Province, Huzhou, China.
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Segeren HA, Andree KC, Oomens L, Westendorp B. Collection of cells for single-cell RNA sequencing using high-resolution fluorescence microscopy. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100718. [PMID: 34401784 PMCID: PMC8353340 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
FACS sorting followed by single-cell RNA-sequencing (SORT-Seq) is a popular procedure to select cells of interest for single-cell transcriptomics. However, FACS is not suitable for measurement of subcellular distribution of fluorescence or for small samples (<1,000 cells). The VYCAP puncher system overcomes these limitations. Here, we describe a workflow to capture, image, and collect fluorescent human retina pigment epithelium cells for SORT-Seq using this system. The workflow can be used for any cell type with a diameter of ∼5-50 μm. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Segeren et al. (2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrika A Segeren
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Bart Westendorp
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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15
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Ge Z, Helmijr JCA, Jansen MPHM, Boor PPC, Noordam L, Peppelenbosch M, Kwekkeboom J, Kraan J, Sprengers D. Detection of oncogenic mutations in paired circulating tumor DNA and circulating tumor cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101073. [PMID: 33915518 PMCID: PMC8100622 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In paired analysis CTCs were detected in 27% and ctDNA in 77% of HCC patients. The TERT promoter mutation C228T was present in all patients with one or more ctDNA mutations, or detectable CTCs. CtDNA (or TERT C228T) positivity was associated with macrovascular invasion and poor survival of advanced HCC patients.
Background and aims Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) may be used for diagnostic or prognostic purposes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aim to determine whether CTCs or ctDNA are suitable to determine oncogenic mutations in HCC patients. Methods Twenty-six mostly advanced HCC patients were enrolled. 30 mL peripheral blood from each patient was obtained. CellSearch system was used for CTC detection. A sequencing panel covering 14 cancer-relevant genes was used to identify oncogenic mutations. TERT promoter C228T and C250T mutations were determined by droplet digital PCR. Results CTCs were detected in 27% (7/26) of subjects but at low numbers (median: 2 cells, range: 1–15 cells) and ctDNA in 77% (20/26) of patients. Mutations in ctDNA were identified in several genes: TERT promoter C228T (77%, 20/26), TP53 (23%, 6/26), CTNNB1 (12%, 3/26), PIK3CA (12%, 3/26) and NRAS (4%, 1/26). The TERT C228T mutation was present in all patients with one or more ctDNA mutations, or detectable CTCs. The TERT C228T and TP53 mutations detected in ctDNA were present at higher levels in matched primary HCC tumor tissue. The maximal variant allele frequency (VAF) of ctDNA was linearly correlated with largest tumor size and AFP level (Log10). CtDNA (or TERT C228T) positivity was associated with macrovascular invasion, and positivity of ctDNA (or TERT C228T) or CTCs (≥ 2) correlated with poor patient survival. Conclusions Oncogenic mutations could be detected in ctDNA from advanced HCC patients. CtDNA analysis may serve as a promising liquid biopsy to identify druggable mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouhong Ge
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Jean C A Helmijr
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice P H M Jansen
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick P C Boor
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne Noordam
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Maikel Peppelenbosch
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Kwekkeboom
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Jaco Kraan
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dave Sprengers
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands.
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16
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Kitz J, Goodale D, Postenka C, Lowes LE, Allan AL. EMT-independent detection of circulating tumor cells in human blood samples and pre-clinical mouse models of metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2021; 38:97-108. [PMID: 33415568 PMCID: PMC7882592 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-020-10070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) present an opportunity to detect/monitor metastasis throughout disease progression. The CellSearch® is currently the only FDA-approved technology for CTC detection in patients. The main limitation of this system is its reliance on epithelial markers for CTC isolation/enumeration, which reduces its ability to detect more aggressive mesenchymal CTCs that are generated during metastasis via epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This Technical Note describes and validates two EMT-independent CTC analysis protocols; one for human samples using Parsortix® and one for mouse samples using VyCap. Parsortix® identifies significantly more mesenchymal human CTCs compared to the clinical CellSearch® test, and VyCap identifies significantly more CTCs compared to our mouse CellSearch® protocol regardless of EMT status. Recovery and downstream molecular characterization of CTCs is highly feasible using both Parsortix® and VyCap. The described CTC protocols can be used by investigators to study CTC generation, EMT and metastasis in both pre-clinical models and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Kitz
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Western University, London, Canada
| | - David Goodale
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada
| | - Carl Postenka
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada
| | - Lori E Lowes
- Flow Cytometry, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada
| | - Alison L Allan
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada.
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Western University, London, Canada.
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Canada.
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
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17
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Excessive E2F Transcription in Single Cancer Cells Precludes Transient Cell-Cycle Exit after DNA Damage. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108449. [PMID: 33264622 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
E2F transcription factors control the expression of cell-cycle genes. Cancers often demonstrate enhanced E2F target gene expression, which can be explained by increased percentages of replicating cells. However, we demonstrate in human cancer biopsy specimens that individual neoplastic cells display abnormally high levels of E2F-dependent transcription. To mimic this situation, we delete the atypical E2F repressors (E2F7/8) or overexpress the E2F3 activator in untransformed cells. Cells with elevated E2F activity during S/G2 phase fail to exit the cell cycle after DNA damage and undergo mitosis. In contrast, wild-type cells complete S phase and then exit the cell cycle by activating the APC/CCdh1 via repression of the E2F target Emi1. Many arrested wild-type cells eventually inactivate APC/CCdh1 to execute a second round of DNA replication and mitosis, thereby becoming tetraploid. Cells with elevated E2F transcription fail to exit the cell cycle after DNA damage, which potentially causes genomic instability, promotes malignant progression, and reduces drug sensitivity.
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18
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LaBelle CA, Massaro A, Cortés-Llanos B, Sims CE, Allbritton NL. Image-Based Live Cell Sorting. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 39:613-623. [PMID: 33190968 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Technologies capable of cell separation based on cell images provide powerful tools enabling cell selection criteria that rely on spatially or temporally varying properties. Image-based cell sorting (IBCS) systems utilize microfluidic or microarray platforms, each having unique characteristics and applications. The advent of IBCS marks a new paradigm in which cell phenotype and behavior can be explored with high resolution and tied to cellular physiological and omics data, providing a deeper understanding of single-cell physiology and the creation of cell lines with unique properties. Cell sorting guided by high-content image information has far-reaching implications in biomedical research, clinical medicine, and pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A LaBelle
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Angelo Massaro
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Christopher E Sims
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nancy L Allbritton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Tamminga M, Oomens L, Hiltermann TJN, Andree KC, Tibbe A, Broekmaat J, Schuuring E, Terstappen LWMM, Groen HJM. Microsieves for the detection of circulating tumor cells in leukapheresis product in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2020; 9:1093-1100. [PMID: 32953488 PMCID: PMC7481649 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-19-413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Circulating tumor cells (CTC) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients are a prognostic and possible therapeutic marker, but have a low frequency of appearance. Diagnostic leukapheresis (DLA) concentrates CTC and mononuclear cells from the blood. We evaluated a protocol using two VyCAP microsieves to filter DLA product of NSCLC patients and enumerate CTC, compared with CellSearch as a gold standard. Methods DLA was performed in NSCLC patients before starting treatment. DLA product equaling 2×108 leukocytes was diluted to 9 mL with CellSearch dilution buffer in a Transfix CTC tube. Within 72 hours the sample was filtered with a 7 µm pore microsieve and subsequently over a 5µm pore microsieve. CTC were defined as nucleated cells which stained for cytokeratin, but lacked CD45 and CD16. CellSearch detected CTC in the same volume of DLA. Results Of 29 patients a median of 1.4 mL DLA product (range, 0.5–4.1) was filtered (2% of total product) successfully in 93% and 45% of patients using 7 and 5 µm pores, respectively. Two DLA products were unevaluable for CTC detection. Clogging of the 5 µm but not 7 µm microsieves was positively correlated with fixation time (ρ=0.51, P<0.01). VyCAP detected CTC in 44% (12/27) of DLA products. Median CTC count per mL DLA was 0 [interquartile range (IQR): 0–1]. CellSearch detected CTC in 63% of DLA products (median =0.9 CTC per mL DLA, IQR: 0–2.1). CTC counts detected by CellSearch were significantly higher compared with VyCAP (P=0.05). Conclusions VyCAP microsieves can identify CTC in DLA product, but workflows need to be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Tamminga
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - T Jeroen N Hiltermann
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kiki C Andree
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ed Schuuring
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leon W M M Terstappen
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry J M Groen
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Tamminga M, Andree KC, Hiltermann TJN, Jayat M, Schuuring E, van den Bos H, Spierings DCJ, Lansdorp PM, Timens W, Terstappen LWMM, Groen HJM. Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells in the Diagnostic Leukapheresis Product of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients Comparing CellSearch ® and ISET. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E896. [PMID: 32272669 PMCID: PMC7226321 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) detected by CellSearch are prognostic in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but rarely found. CTCs can be extracted from the blood together with mononuclear cell populations by diagnostic leukapheresis (DLA), therefore concentrating them. However, CellSearch can only process limited DLA volumes (≈2 mL). Therefore, we established a protocol to enumerate CTCs in DLA products with Isolation by SizE of Tumor cells (ISET), and compared CTC counts between CellSearch® and ISET. DLA was performed in NSCLC patients who started a new therapy. With an adapted protocol, ISET could process 10 mL of DLA. CellSearch detected CTCs in a volume equaling 2 × 108 leukocytes (mean 2 mL). CTC counts per mL were compared. Furthermore, the live cell protocol of ISET was tested in eight patients. ISET successfully processed all DLA products-16 with the fixed cell protocol and 8 with the live cell protocol. In total, 10-20 mL of DLA was processed. ISET detected CTCs in 88% (14/16), compared to 69% (11/16, p < 0.05) with CellSearch. ISET also detected higher number of CTCs (ISET median CTC/mL = 4, interquartile range [IQR] = 2-6, CellSearch median CTC/mL = 0.9, IQR = 0-1.8, p < 0.01). Cells positive for the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM+) per mL were detected in similar counts by both methods. Eight patients were processed with the live cell protocol. All had EpCAM+, CD45-, CD235- cells isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Overall, ISET processed larger volumes and detected higher CTC counts compared to CellSearch. EpCAM+ CTCs were detected in comparable rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Tamminga
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.T.); (T.J.N.H.)
| | - Kiki C. Andree
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (K.C.A.); (L.W.M.M.T.)
| | - T. Jeroen N. Hiltermann
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.T.); (T.J.N.H.)
| | | | - Ed Schuuring
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.S.); (W.T.)
| | - Hilda van den Bos
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (H.v.d.B.); (D.C.J.S.); (P.M.L.)
| | - Diana C. J. Spierings
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (H.v.d.B.); (D.C.J.S.); (P.M.L.)
| | - Peter M. Lansdorp
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (H.v.d.B.); (D.C.J.S.); (P.M.L.)
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wim Timens
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.S.); (W.T.)
| | - Leon W. M. M. Terstappen
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (K.C.A.); (L.W.M.M.T.)
| | - Harry J. M. Groen
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.T.); (T.J.N.H.)
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Tokar JJ, Stahlfeld CN, Sperger JM, Niles DJ, Beebe DJ, Lang JM, Warrick JW. Pairing Microwell Arrays with an Affordable, Semiautomated Single-Cell Aspirator for the Interrogation of Circulating Tumor Cell Heterogeneity. SLAS Technol 2020; 25:162-176. [PMID: 31983266 PMCID: PMC8879417 DOI: 10.1177/2472630319898146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive analysis of tumor heterogeneity requires robust methods for the isolation and analysis of single cells from patient samples. An ideal approach would be fully compatible with downstream analytic methods, such as advanced genomic testing. These endpoints necessitate the use of live cells at high purity. A multitude of microfluidic circulating tumor cell (CTC) enrichment technologies exist, but many of those perform bulk sample enrichment and are not, on their own, capable of single-cell interrogation. To address this, we developed an affordable semiautomated single-cell aspirator (SASCA) to further enrich rare-cell populations from a specialized microwell array, per their phenotypic markers. Immobilization of cells within microwells, integrated with a real-time image processing software, facilitates the detection and precise isolation of targeted cells that have been optimally seeded into the microwells. Here, we demonstrate the platform capabilities through the aspiration of target cells from an impure background population, where we obtain purity levels of 90%-100% and demonstrate the enrichment of the target population with high-quality RNA extraction. A range of low cell numbers were aspirated using SASCA before undergoing whole transcriptome and genome analysis, exhibiting the ability to obtain endpoints from low-template inputs. Lastly, CTCs from patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer were isolated with this platform and the utility of this method was confirmed for rare-cell isolation. SASCA satisfies a need for an affordable option to isolate single cells or highly purified subpopulations of cells to probe complex mechanisms driving disease progression and resistance in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Tokar
- Dept. of Biomedical Eng. – Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison - Madison, USA
| | | | - Jamie M Sperger
- Dept. of Medicine – Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison - Madison, USA
| | - David J Niles
- Dept. of Biomedical Eng. – Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison - Madison, USA
| | - David J Beebe
- Dept. of Biomedical Eng. – Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison - Madison, USA
- UW Carbone Cancer Center. – Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison - Madison, USA
| | - Joshua M Lang
- UW Carbone Cancer Center. – Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison - Madison, USA
- Dept. of Medicine – Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison - Madison, USA
| | - Jay W Warrick
- Dept. of Biomedical Eng. – Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison - Madison, USA
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22
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A Single Cell but Many Different Transcripts: A Journey into the World of Long Non-Coding RNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21010302. [PMID: 31906285 PMCID: PMC6982300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In late 2012 it was evidenced that most of the human genome is transcribed but only a small percentage of the transcripts are translated. This observation supported the importance of non-coding RNAs and it was confirmed in several organisms. The most abundant non-translated transcripts are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). In contrast to protein-coding RNAs, they show a more cell-specific expression. To understand the function of lncRNAs, it is fundamental to investigate in which cells they are preferentially expressed and to detect their subcellular localization. Recent improvements of techniques that localize single RNA molecules in tissues like single-cell RNA sequencing and fluorescence amplification methods have given a considerable boost in the knowledge of the lncRNA functions. In recent years, single-cell transcription variability was associated with non-coding RNA expression, revealing this class of RNAs as important transcripts in the cell lineage specification. The purpose of this review is to collect updated information about lncRNA classification and new findings on their function derived from single-cell analysis. We also retained useful for all researchers to describe the methods available for single-cell analysis and the databases collecting single-cell and lncRNA data. Tables are included to schematize, describe, and compare exposed concepts.
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23
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Tamminga M, de Wit S, van de Wauwer C, van den Bos H, Swennenhuis JF, Klinkenberg TJ, Hiltermann TJN, Andree KC, Spierings DCJ, Lansdorp PM, van den Berg A, Timens W, Terstappen LWMM, Groen HJM. Analysis of Released Circulating Tumor Cells During Surgery for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:1656-1666. [PMID: 31772122 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-2541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor cells from patients with lung cancer are expelled from the primary tumor into the blood, but difficult to detect in the peripheral circulation. We studied the release of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) during surgery to test the hypothesis that CTC counts are influenced by hemodynamic changes (caused by surgical approach) and manipulation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients undergoing video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) or open surgery for (suspected) primary lung cancer were included. Blood samples were taken before surgery (T0) from the radial artery (RA), from both the RA and pulmonary vein (PV) when the PV was located (T1) and when either the pulmonary artery (T2 open) or the PV (T2 VATS) was dissected. The CTCs were enumerated using the CellSearch system. Single-cell whole-genome sequencing was performed on isolated CTCs for aneuploidy. RESULTS CTCs were detected in 58 of 138 samples (42%) of 31 patients. CTCs were more often detected in the PV (70%) compared with the RA (22%, P < 0.01) and in higher counts (P < 0.01). After surgery, the RA but not the PV showed less often CTCs (P = 0.02). Type of surgery did not influence CTC release. Only six of 496 isolated CTCs showed aneuploidy, despite matched primary tumor tissue being aneuploid. Euploid so-called CTCs had a different morphology than aneuploid. CONCLUSIONS CTCs defined by CellSearch were identified more often and in higher numbers in the PV compared with the RA, suggesting central clearance. The majority of cells in the PV were normal epithelial cells and outnumbered CTCs. Release of CTCs was not influenced by surgical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Tamminga
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Sanne de Wit
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline van de Wauwer
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hilda van den Bos
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joost F Swennenhuis
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Theo J Klinkenberg
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - T Jeroen N Hiltermann
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kiki C Andree
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Diana C J Spierings
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter M Lansdorp
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anke van den Berg
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Timens
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leon W M M Terstappen
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Harry J M Groen
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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24
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Rossi E, Zamarchi R. Single-Cell Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells: How Far Have We Come in the -Omics Era? Front Genet 2019; 10:958. [PMID: 31681412 PMCID: PMC6811661 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells detach from the primary tumor or metastatic sites and enter the peripheral blood, often causing metastasis. These cells, named Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs), display the same spatial and temporal heterogeneity as the primary tumor. Since CTCs are involved in tumor progression, they represent a privileged window to disclose mechanisms of metastases, while -omic analyses at the single-cell level allow dissection of the complex relationships between the tumor subpopulations and the surrounding normal tissue. However, in addition to reporting the proof of concept that we can query CTCs to reveal tumor evolution throughout the continuum of treatment for early detection of resistance to therapy, the scientific literature has also been highlighting the disadvantages of CTCs, which hampers a routine use of this approach in clinical practice. To date, an increasing number of CTC technologies, as well as -omics methods, have been employed, mostly lacking strong comparative analyses. The rarity of CTCs also represents a major challenge, because there is no consensus regarding the minimal criteria necessary and sufficient to define an event as CTC; moreover, we cannot often compare data from of one study with that of another. Finally, the availability of an individual tumor profile undermines the traditional histology-based treatment. Applying molecular data for patient benefit implies a collective effort by biologists, bioengineers, and clinicians, to create tools to interpret molecular data and manage precision medicine in every single patient. Herein, we focus on the most recent findings in CTC −omics to learn how far we have come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Rossi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Rita Zamarchi
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
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25
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Self-Seeding Microwells to Isolate and Assess the Viability of Single Circulating Tumor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030477. [PMID: 30678037 PMCID: PMC6387105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of viable tumor cells could significantly improve the disease management of cancer patients. Here we developed and evaluated a method using self-seeding microwells to obtain single circulating tumor cells (CTC) and assess their potential to expand. Conditions were optimized using cells from the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and blood from healthy volunteers collected in EDTA blood collection tubes. 43% of the MCF-7 cells (nucleus+, Ethidium homodimer-1-, Calcein AM+, α-EpCAM+, α-CD45-) spiked into 7.5 mL of blood could be recovered with 67% viability and these could be further expanded. The same procedure tested in metastatic breast and prostate cancer patients resulted in a CTC recovery of only 0–5% as compared with CTC counts obtained with the CellSearch® system. Viability of the detected CTC ranged from 0–36%. Cell losses could be mainly contributed to the smaller size and greater flexibility of CTC as compared to cultured cells from cell lines and loss during leukocyte depletion prior to cell seeding. Although CTC losses can be reduced by fixation, to obtain viable CTC no fixatives can be used and pore size in the bottom of microwells will need to be reduced, filtration conditions adapted and pre-enrichment improved to reduce CTC losses.
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26
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Coumans F, van Dalum G, Terstappen LWMM. CTC Technologies and Tools. Cytometry A 2018; 93:1197-1201. [PMID: 30548774 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Coumans
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guus van Dalum
- Department General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Leon W M M Terstappen
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Enschede, The Netherlands
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