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Xie C, Ren Y, Weeks J, Rainbolt J, Kenney HM, Xue T, Allen F, Shu Y, Tay AJH, Lekkala S, Yeh SCA, Muthukrishnan G, Gill AL, Gill SR, Kim M, Kates SL, Schwarz EM. Longitudinal intravital imaging of the bone marrow for analysis of the race for the surface in a murine osteomyelitis model. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:531-538. [PMID: 37812184 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Critical knowledge gaps of orthopedic infections pertain to bacterial colonization. The established dogma termed the Race for the Surface posits that contaminating bacteria compete with host cells for the implant post-op, which remains unproven without real-time in vivo evidence. Thus, we modified the murine longitudinal intravital imaging of the bone marrow (LIMB) system to allow real-time quantification of green fluorescent protein (GFP+) host cells and enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP+) or red fluorescent protein (RFP+) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) proximal to a transfemoral implant. Following inoculation with ~105 CFU, an L-shaped metal implant was press-fit through the lateral cortex at a 90° angle ~0.150 mm below a gradient refractive index (GRIN) lens. We empirically derived a volume of interest (VOI) = 0.0161 ± 0.000675 mm3 during each imaging session by aggregating the Z-stacks between the first (superior) and last (inferior) in-focus LIMB slice. LIMB postimplantation revealed very limited bacteria detection at 1 h, but by 3 h, 56.8% of the implant surface was covered by ECFP+ bacteria, and the rest were covered by GFP+ host cells. 3D volumetric rendering of the GFP+ and ECFP+ or RFP+ voxels demonstrated exponential MRSA growth between 3 and 6 h in the Z-plane, which was validated with cross-sectional ex vivo bacterial burden analyses demonstrating significant growth by ~2 × 104 CFU/h on the implant from 2 to 12 h post-op (p < 0.05; r2 > 0.98). Collectively, these results show the competition at the surface is completed by 3 h in this model and demonstrate the potential of LIMB to elucidate mechanisms of bacterial colonization, the host immune response, and the efficacy of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xie
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Youliang Ren
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jason Weeks
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Joshua Rainbolt
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Howard M Kenney
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Thomas Xue
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Faith Allen
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Ye Shu
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Allie J H Tay
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Sashank Lekkala
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Shu-Chi A Yeh
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Gowrishankar Muthukrishnan
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Ann L Gill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Steven R Gill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Stephen L Kates
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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Ponce-Cusi R, Bravo L, Paez KJ, Pinto JA, Pilco-Ferreto N. Host-Pathogen Interaction: Biology and Public Health. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2751:3-18. [PMID: 38265706 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3617-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Interactions between host and pathogenic microorganisms are common in nature and have a significant impact on host health, often leading to several types of infections. These interactions have evolved as a result of the ongoing battle between the host's defense mechanisms and the pathogens' invasion strategies. In this chapter, we will explore the evolution of host-pathogen interactions, explore their molecular mechanisms, examine the different stages of interaction, and discuss the development of pharmacological treatments. Understanding these interactions is crucial for improving public health, as it enables us to develop effective strategies to prevent and control infectious diseases. By gaining insights into the intricate dynamics between pathogens and their hosts, we can work towards reducing the burden of such diseases on society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ponce-Cusi
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Moquegua, Moquegua, Peru.
| | - Leny Bravo
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima, Peru
| | - Kevin J Paez
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana - Filial Ica, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Ica, Peru
| | - Joseph A Pinto
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana - Filial Ica, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Ica, Peru
| | - Nesstor Pilco-Ferreto
- Unidad de Posgrado. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru
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