1
|
Palumbo F, Gunjak M, Lee PJ, Günther S, Hilgendorff A, Vadász I, Herold S, Seeger W, Mühlfeld C, Morty RE. Impact of different tissue dissociation protocols on endothelial cell recovery from developing mouse lungs. Cytometry A 2024; 105:521-535. [PMID: 38668123 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Flow cytometry and fluorescence-activated cell sorting are widely used to study endothelial cells, for which the generation of viable single-cell suspensions is an essential first step. Two enzymatic approaches, collagenase A and dispase, are widely employed for endothelial cell isolation. In this study, the utility of both enzymatic approaches, alone and in combination, for endothelial cell isolation from juvenile and adult mouse lungs was assessed, considering the number, viability, and subtype composition of recovered endothelial cell pools. Collagenase A yielded an 8-12-fold superior recovery of viable endothelial cells from lung tissue from developing mouse pups, compared to dispase, although dispase proved superior in efficiency for epithelial cell recovery. Single-cell RNA-Seq revealed that the collagenase A approach yielded a diverse endothelial cell subtype composition of recovered endothelial cell pools, with broad representation of arterial, capillary, venous, and lymphatic lung endothelial cells; while the dispase approach yielded a recovered endothelial cell pool highly enriched for one subset of general capillary endothelial cells, but poor representation of other endothelial cells subtypes. These data indicate that tissue dissociation markedly influences the recovery of endothelial cells, and the endothelial subtype composition of recovered endothelial cell pools, as assessed by single-cell RNA-Seq.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Palumbo
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Miša Gunjak
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Translational Pulmonology and the Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Heidelberg University Hospital, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patty J Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stefan Günther
- Deep Sequencing Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Anne Hilgendorff
- Institute for Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Center for Comprehensive Developmental Care (CDeCLMU) at the Social Pediatric Center, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - István Vadász
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Institute for Lung Health, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Disease and Hospital Hygiene), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Mühlfeld
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy and Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover Medical School, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Translational Pulmonology and the Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Heidelberg University Hospital, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen J, Chen FY, Lu CJ, Yi SW. Baicalein alleviates palmitic acid-induced endothelial cell dysfunction via inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2024:CH242230. [PMID: 38905036 DOI: 10.3233/ch-242230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial cells play a critical role in maintaining vascular function and kinetic homeostasis, but excessive accumulation of palmitic acid (PA) may lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress and trigger endothelial cell dysfunction. Baicalin (BCL), a natural plant extract, has received widespread attention for its biological activities in anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative stress. However, the mechanism of BCL on PA-induced endothelial cell dysfunction is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether BCL could inhibit PA-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and thus attenuate endothelial cell dysfunction. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were divided into Control, PA, PA + BCL-10 μM, PA + BCL-20 μM, and PA + BCL-50 μM groups. The PA group was treated with PA (200 μM), while the PA + BCL groups were co-treated with different concentrations of BCL (10 μM, 20 μM, 50 μM) for 24 hours. Cell viability was detected by MTT. Cell migration ability was determined by Transwell assay, apoptosis level by flow cytometry, and tube formation ability by tube formation assay. Finally, the levels of apoptosis-related proteins (Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3) and angiogenesis-related proteins (VEGFA and FGF2) were detected by western blot, MMP-9, as well as the protein levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress biomarkers (GRP78, CHOP, PERK, and ATF4). RESULTS The results at the cellular level showed that cell viability, migration ability and tube formation ability of PA-induced HUVECs were significantly reduced, while apoptosis level was significantly increased. However, administration of different concentrations of BCL significantly enhanced PA-induced cell viability, migration ability and tube formation ability of HUVECs while inhibiting apoptosis. The results of protein levels showed that the protein levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 were observably up-regulated in the cells of the PA group, while the protein level of Bcl-2 was significantly down-regulated; compared with the PA group, the protein levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 were much lower and the Bcl-2 protein level was much higher in the PA + BCL group. Additionally, the protein levels of VEGFA, FGF2 and MMP-9 were raised and those of GRP78, CHOP, PERK and ATF4 were lowered in the PA + BCL group of cells in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSION BCL significantly attenuates PA-induced endothelial cell dysfunction by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Vascular Surgery, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fei-Yu Chen
- Vascular Surgery, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chan-Jun Lu
- Vascular Surgery, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sheng-Wu Yi
- Vascular Surgery, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee J, Sternberg H, Bignone PA, Murai J, Malik NN, West MD, Larocca D. Clonal and Scalable Endothelial Progenitor Cell Lines from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2777. [PMID: 37893151 PMCID: PMC10604251 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be used as a renewable source of endothelial cells for treating cardiovascular disease and other ischemic conditions. Here, we present the derivation and characterization of a panel of distinct clonal embryonic endothelial progenitor cells (eEPCs) lines that were differentiated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). The hESC line, ESI-017, was first partially differentiated to produce candidate cultures from which eEPCs were cloned. Endothelial cell identity was assessed by transcriptomic analysis, cell surface marker expression, immunocytochemical marker analysis, and functional analysis of cells and exosomes using vascular network forming assays. The transcriptome of the eEPC lines was compared to various adult endothelial lines as well as various non-endothelial cells including both adult and embryonic origins. This resulted in a variety of distinct cell lines with functional properties of endothelial cells and strong transcriptomic similarity to adult endothelial primary cell lines. The eEPC lines, however, were distinguished from adult endothelium by their novel pattern of embryonic gene expression. We demonstrated eEPC line scalability of up to 80 population doublings (pd) and stable long-term expansion of over 50 pd with stable angiogenic properties at late passage. Taken together, these data support the finding that hESC-derived clonal eEPC lines are a potential source of scalable therapeutic cells and cell products for treating cardiovascular disease. These eEPC lines offer a highly promising resource for the development of further preclinical studies aimed at therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Lee
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc., 1101 Marina Village Parkway, Alameda, CA 94501, USA; (H.S.); (P.A.B.); (N.N.M.); (D.L.)
| | - Hal Sternberg
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc., 1101 Marina Village Parkway, Alameda, CA 94501, USA; (H.S.); (P.A.B.); (N.N.M.); (D.L.)
| | - Paola A. Bignone
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc., 1101 Marina Village Parkway, Alameda, CA 94501, USA; (H.S.); (P.A.B.); (N.N.M.); (D.L.)
| | - James Murai
- Advanced Cell Technology, Alameda, CA 94502, USA
| | - Nafees N. Malik
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc., 1101 Marina Village Parkway, Alameda, CA 94501, USA; (H.S.); (P.A.B.); (N.N.M.); (D.L.)
| | | | - Dana Larocca
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc., 1101 Marina Village Parkway, Alameda, CA 94501, USA; (H.S.); (P.A.B.); (N.N.M.); (D.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Crawshaw JR, Flegg JA, Bernabeu MO, Osborne JM. Mathematical models of developmental vascular remodelling: A review. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011130. [PMID: 37535698 PMCID: PMC10399886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 40 years, there has been a strong focus on the development of mathematical models of angiogenesis, while developmental remodelling has received little such attention from the mathematical community. Sprouting angiogenesis can be seen as a very crude way of laying out a primitive vessel network (the raw material), while remodelling (understood as pruning of redundant vessels, diameter control, and the establishment of vessel identity and hierarchy) is the key to turning that primitive network into a functional network. This multiscale problem is of prime importance in the development of a functional vasculature. In addition, defective remodelling (either during developmental remodelling or due to a reactivation of the remodelling programme caused by an injury) is associated with a significant number of diseases. In this review, we discuss existing mathematical models of developmental remodelling and explore the important contributions that these models have made to the field of vascular development. These mathematical models are effectively used to investigate and predict vascular development and are able to reproduce experimentally observable results. Moreover, these models provide a useful means of hypothesis generation and can explain the underlying mechanisms driving the observed structural and functional network development. However, developmental vascular remodelling is still a relatively new area in mathematical biology, and many biological questions remain unanswered. In this review, we present the existing modelling paradigms and define the key challenges for the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Crawshaw
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Flegg
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Miguel O. Bernabeu
- Centre for Medical Informatics, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Bayes Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Osborne
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Campos Pamplona C, Moers C, Leuvenink HGD, van Leeuwen LL. Expanding the Horizons of Pre-Transplant Renal Vascular Assessment Using Ex Vivo Perfusion. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:5437-5459. [PMID: 37504261 PMCID: PMC10378498 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45070345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, immense efforts have focused on improving the preservation of (sub)optimal donor organs by means of ex vivo perfusion, which enables the opportunity for organ reconditioning and viability assessment. However, there is still no biomarker that correlates with renal viability. Therefore, it is essential to explore new techniques for pre-transplant assessment of organ quality to guarantee successful long-term transplantation outcomes. The renal vascular compartment has received little attention in machine perfusion studies. In vivo, proper renal vascular and endothelial function is essential for maintaining homeostasis and long-term graft survival. In an ex vivo setting, little is known about vascular viability and its implications for an organ's suitability for transplant. Seeing that endothelial damage is the first step in a cascade of disruptions and maintaining homeostasis is crucial for positive post-transplant outcomes, further research is key to clarifying the (patho)physiology of the renal vasculature during machine perfusion. In this review, we aim to summarize key aspects of renal vascular physiology, describe the role of the renal vasculature in pathophysiological settings, and explain how ex vivo perfusion plays a role in either unveiling or targeting such processes. Additionally, we discuss potentially new vascular assessment tools during ex vivo renal perfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Campos Pamplona
- Department of Surgery-Organ Donation and Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cyril Moers
- Department of Surgery-Organ Donation and Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henri G D Leuvenink
- Department of Surgery-Organ Donation and Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Leonie van Leeuwen
- Department of Surgery-Organ Donation and Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Costa Monteiro AC, Matthay MA. Are circulating endothelial cells the next target for transcriptome-level pathway analysis in ARDS? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 324:L393-L399. [PMID: 36749906 PMCID: PMC10110698 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00353.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has had no mortality-improving pharmacological intervention despite 50 years of high-caliber research due to its heterogeneity (Huppert LA, Matthay MA, Ware LB. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 40: 31-39, 2019). For the field to advance, better definitions for ARDS subgroups that more uniformly respond to therapies are needed (Bos LDJ, Scicluna BP, Ong DSY, Cremer O, van der Poll T, Schultz MJ. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 200: 42-50, 2019; Dickson RP, Schultz MJ, T van der P, Schouten LR, Falkowski NR, Luth JE, Sjoding MW, Brown CA, Chanderraj R, Huffnagle GB, Bos LDJ, Biomarker Analysis in Septic ICU Patients (BASIC) Consortium. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 201: 555-563, 2020; Sinha P, Calfee CS. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 200: 4-6, 2019; Calfee CS, Delucchi K, Parsons PE, Thompson BT, Ware LB, Matthay MA, NHLBI ARDS Network. Lancet Respir Med 2: 611-620, 2014; Hendrickson CM, Matthay MA. Pulm Circ 8: 1-12, 2018). A plethora of high-quality clinical research has uncovered the next generation of soluble biomarkers that provide the predictive enrichment necessary for trial recruitment; however, plasma-soluble markers do not specify the damaged organ of origin nor do they provide insight into disease mechanisms. In this perspective, we make the case for querying the transcriptome of circulating endothelial cells (CECs), which when shed from vessels after inflammatory insult, become heralds of site-specific inflammatory damage. We review the application of CEC quantification to multiple disease phenotypes (including myocardial infarction, vasculitides, cancer, and ARDS), in each case supporting the association of CEC number with disease severity. We also argue for the utility of single-cell RNA transcriptomics to the understanding of cell-specific contributions to disease pathophysiology and its potential to uncover novel insight on signals contributing to CEC shedding in ARDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Costa Monteiro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fang D, Tan XH, Song WP, Gu YY, Pan JC, Yang XQ, Song WD, Yuan YM, Peng J, Zhang ZC, Xin ZC, Li XS, Guan RL. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Human Corpus Cavernosum Reveals Cellular Heterogeneity Landscapes in Erectile Dysfunction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:874915. [PMID: 35518933 PMCID: PMC9066803 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.874915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the diverse cell populations of human corpus cavernosum in patients with severe erectile dysfunction (ED) at the single-cell level. METHODS Penile tissues collected from three patients were subjected to single-cell RNA sequencing using the BD Rhapsody™ platform. Common bioinformatics tools were used to analyze cellular heterogeneity and gene expression profiles from generated raw data, including the packages Seurat, Monocle, and CellPhoneDB. RESULTS Disease-related heterogeneity of cell types was determined in the cavernous tissue such as endothelial cells (ECs), smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells. Reclustering analysis of ECs identified an arteriole ECs subcluster and another one with gene signatures of fibroblasts. The proportion of fibroblasts was higher than the other cell populations and had the most significant cellular heterogeneity, in which a distinct subcluster co-expressed endothelial markers. The transition trajectory of differentiation from smooth muscle cells into fibroblasts was depicted using the pseudotime analysis, suggesting that the expansion of corpus cavernosum is possibly compromised as a result of fibrosis. Cell-cell communications among ECs, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages were robust, which indicated that inflammation may also have a crucial role in the development of ED. CONCLUSIONS Our study has demonstrated a comprehensive single-cell atlas of cellular components in human corpus cavernosum of ED, providing in-depth insights into the pathogenesis. Future research is warranted to explore disease-specific alterations for individualized treatment of ED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Fang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Tan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Peng Song
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Dental Implant Center, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang-Yang Gu
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Cheng Pan
- Male Reproductive and Sexual Medicine, Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Male Reproductive and Sexual Medicine, Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei-Dong Song
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Ming Yuan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Cheng Xin
- Male Reproductive and Sexual Medicine, Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue-Song Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Rui-Li Guan, ; Xue-Song Li,
| | - Rui-Li Guan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Rui-Li Guan, ; Xue-Song Li,
| |
Collapse
|