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Hennessy C, Deptula M, Hester J, Issa F. Barriers to Treg therapy in Europe: From production to regulation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1090721. [PMID: 36744143 PMCID: PMC9892909 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1090721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been an increased interest in cell based therapies for a range of medical conditions in the last decade. This explosion in novel therapeutics research has led to the development of legislation specifically focused on cell and gene based therapies. In Europe, the European medicines agency (EMA) designates any medicines for human use which are based on genes, tissues, or cells as advanced therapy medicinal products or advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs). In this article we discuss the hurdles to widespread adoption of ATMPs in Europe, with a focus on regulatory T cells (Tregs). There are numerous barriers which must be overcome before mainstream adoption of Treg therapy becomes a reality. The source of the cells, whether to use autologous or allogenic cells, and the methods through which they are isolated and expanded, must all meet strict good manufacturing practice (GMP) standards to allow use of the products in humans. GMP compliance is costly, with the equipment and reagents providing a significant cost barrier and requiring specialized facilities and personnel. Conforming to the regulations set centrally by the EMA is difficult, and the different interpretations of the regulations across the various member states further complicates the regulatory approval process. The end products then require a complex and robust distribution network to ensure timely delivery of potentially life saving treatments to patients. In a European market whose logistics networks have been hammered by COVID and Brexit, ensuring rapid and reliable delivery systems is a more complex task than ever. In this article we will examine the impact of these barriers on the development and adoption of Tregs in Europe, and potential approaches which could facilitate more widespread use of Tregs, instead of its current concentration in a few very specialized centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Hennessy
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Milena Deptula
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Embryology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Hester
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fadi Issa
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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2
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Weil BD, Jenkins MJ, Uddin S, Bracewell DG, Wellings D, Farid SS, Veraitch F. An integrated experimental and economic evaluation of cell therapy affinity purification technologies. Regen Med 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/rme-2016-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To present an integrated techno-economic analysis assessing the feasibility of affinity purification technologies using the manufacture of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived progenitor photoreceptors for retinal dystrophies as a case study. Materials & methods: Sort purity, progenitor yield and viable cell recovery were investigated for three cell sorting techniques: fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS); magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS); and a novel technology SpheriTech beads. Experimentally derived metrics were incorporated into an advanced bioprocess economics tool to determine cost of goods per dose for each technology. Results & conclusion: Technical and bioprocess benefits were noted with SpheriTech beads which, unlike FACS and MACS, require no cell labeling. This simplifies the bioprocess, reduces cell loss and leaves target cells label free. The economic tool predicted cost drivers and a critical dose (7 × 107 cells per dose) shifting the most cost-effective technology from FACS to MACS. Process optimization is required for SpheriTech to compete economically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Weil
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Royal Free Hospital Campus, Department of Haematology, University College London, Fleet Road, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Michael J Jenkins
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Siddique Uddin
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Daniel G Bracewell
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Donald Wellings
- SpheriTech Ltd, The Heath Business & Technical Park, Runcorn, Cheshire WA7 4QX, UK
| | - Suzanne S Farid
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Farlan Veraitch
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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3
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Slane D, Kong J, Berendzen KW, Kilian J, Henschen A, Kolb M, Schmid M, Harter K, Mayer U, De Smet I, Bayer M, Jürgens G. Cell type-specific transcriptome analysis in the early Arabidopsis thaliana embryo. Development 2014; 141:4831-40. [PMID: 25411212 DOI: 10.1242/dev.116459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, cellular differences in gene activity are a prerequisite for differentiation and establishment of cell types. In order to study transcriptome profiles, specific cell types have to be isolated from a given tissue or even the whole organism. However, whole-transcriptome analysis of early embryos in flowering plants has been hampered by their size and inaccessibility. Here, we describe the purification of nuclear RNA from early stage Arabidopsis thaliana embryos using fluorescence-activated nuclear sorting (FANS) to generate expression profiles of early stages of the whole embryo, the proembryo and the suspensor. We validated our datasets of differentially expressed candidate genes by promoter-reporter gene fusions and in situ hybridization. Our study revealed that different classes of genes with respect to biological processes and molecular functions are preferentially expressed either in the proembryo or in the suspensor. This method can be used especially for tissues with a limited cell population and inaccessible tissue types. Furthermore, we provide a valuable resource for research on Arabidopsis early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Slane
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Jixiang Kong
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen 72076, Germany Department of Developmental Genetics, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Kenneth W Berendzen
- Department of Plant Physiology, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Joachim Kilian
- Department of Plant Physiology, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Agnes Henschen
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Martina Kolb
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Markus Schmid
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Department of Plant Physiology, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Ulrike Mayer
- Microscopy facility, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Ghent B-9052, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, Ghent B-9052, Belgium Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Martin Bayer
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Gerd Jürgens
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen 72076, Germany Department of Developmental Genetics, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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4
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Purification of regulatory T cells with the use of a fully enclosed high-speed microfluidic system. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:1384-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Mason C, Dunnill P. Assessing the value of autologous and allogeneic cells for regenerative medicine. Regen Med 2010; 4:835-53. [PMID: 19903003 DOI: 10.2217/rme.09.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The advantages and disadvantages of autologous and allogeneic human cells for regenerative medicine are summarized. The comparison of relative advantages includes: ease and cost of treating large numbers of patients, the speed of availability of therapy and the differing complexity of the development pathways. The comparison of relative disadvantages deals with issues such as variability of source material, the risks of cell abnormality and of viral and prion contamination, and the sensitive issues surrounding use of embryo-derived cells. From the comparisons, several potentially decisive issues are drawn out, such as possible immune response and teratoma formation, the impact of patents and the virtues of hospital versus industry-centered development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Mason
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
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Jamous M, Al-Zoubi A, Khabaz MN, Khaledi R, Khateeb MA, Al-Zoubi Z. Purification of Mouse Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells Promotes Ex Vivo Neuronal Differentiation. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:193-202. [DOI: 10.3727/096368910x492599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to test the potential of specific populations of mouse bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) to differentiate into the neuronal cell lineage. Bone marrow of 33 mice was aspirated under general anesthesia. The collected marrows were analyzed for cell counts, compositions, and percentages of different stem cell types. We used the Midi MACS magnetic separator to purify specific populations of stem cells from the aspirated bone marrow. Cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. We assessed the presence of stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1+) and prominin-1+ cells in the cellular fraction that was depleted of lineage-committed cells (lineage-). Both purified and nonpurified cells were cultured ex vivo using specific growth media with factors that drive the cells to differentiate into the neuroglial cell types. Cells were then analyzed by flow cytometry for expression of specific neuronal markers. Our results showed that there was an increase of Sca-1+ and prominin-1+ cells in the lineage- fraction over the unpurified BM. After lineage depletion, the percentages of Sca-1+ and prominin-1+ cells increased from 4.9% and 2.6%, up to 76.1% and 59%, respectively. Unpurified mouse BM differentiated into fibroblasts, whereas Sca-1+ cells were able to generate astrocytes. Interestingly, purified prominin-1+ cells were able to generate neuronal cells. Purification of adult bone marrow-derived stem cells enhances their potentiality for differentiating into specific neuronal cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jamous
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Adeeb Al-Zoubi
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, College of Science, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohamad Nidal Khabaz
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Rana Khaledi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Al Khateeb
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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7
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Hombach-Klonisch S, Panigrahi S, Rashedi I, Seifert A, Alberti E, Pocar P, Kurpisz M, Schulze-Osthoff K, Mackiewicz A, Los M. Adult stem cells and their trans-differentiation potential--perspectives and therapeutic applications. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 86:1301-14. [PMID: 18629466 PMCID: PMC2954191 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are self-renewing multipotent progenitors with the broadest developmental potential in a given tissue at a given time. Normal stem cells in the adult organism are responsible for renewal and repair of aged or damaged tissue. Adult stem cells are present in virtually all tissues and during most stages of development. In this review, we introduce the reader to the basic information about the field. We describe selected stem cell isolation techniques and stem cell markers for various stem cell populations. These include makers for endothelial progenitor cells (CD146/MCAM/MUC18/S-endo-1, CD34, CD133/prominin, Tie-2, Flk1/KD/VEGFR2), hematopoietic stem cells (CD34, CD117/c-Kit, Sca1), mesenchymal stem cells (CD146/MCAM/MUC18/S-endo-1, STRO-1, Thy-1), neural stem cells (CD133/prominin, nestin, NCAM), mammary stem cells (CD24, CD29, Sca1), and intestinal stem cells (NCAM, CD34, Thy-1, CD117/c-Kit, Flt-3). Separate section provides a concise summary of recent clinical trials involving stem cells directed towards improvement of a damaged myocardium. In the last part of the review, we reflect on the field and on future developments.
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Schmid I, Lambert C, Ambrozak D, Perfetto SP. Standard safety practices for sorting of unfixed cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 3:Unit3.6. [PMID: 18770851 DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy0306s39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cell sorting of viable biological specimens has become widespread in laboratories involved in basic and clinical research. As these samples can contain infectious agents, precautions to protect instrument operators and the environment from hazards arising from the use of sorters are paramount. This unit presents a revised and updated version of the biosafety guidelines for sorting of unfixed cells established in 1977 by the International Society of Analytical Cytology (ISAC), whose recommendations have become recognized worldwide as the standard practices and safety precautions for laboratories performing viable cell-sorting experiments. The unit contains background information on the biohazard potential of sorting and the hazard classification of infectious agents as well as recommendations on (1) sample handling, (2) operator training and personal protection, (3) laboratory design, (4) cell sorter setup, maintenance, and decontamination, and (5) testing the instrument for the efficiency of aerosol containment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Schmid
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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DiGiusto DL, Cooper LJN. Preparing clinical grade Ag-specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy trials. Cytotherapy 2008; 9:613-29. [PMID: 17943498 DOI: 10.1080/14653240701650320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The production of clinical-grade T cells for adoptive immunotherapy has evolved from the ex vivo numerical expansion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to sophisticated bioengineering processes often requiring cell selection, genetic modification and other extensive tissue culture manipulations, to produce desired cells with improved therapeutic potential. Advancements in understanding the biology of lymphocyte signaling, activation, homing and sustained in vivo proliferative potential have redefined the strategies used to produce T cells suitable for clinical investigation. When combined with new technical methods in cell processing and culturing, the therapeutic potential of T cells manufactured in academic centers has improved dramatically. Paralleling these technical achievements in cell manufacturing is the development of broadly applied regulatory standards that define the requirements for the clinical implementation of cell products with ever-increasing complexity. In concert with academic facilities operating in compliance with current good manufacturing practice, the prescribing physician can now infuse T cells with a highly selected or endowed phenotype that has been uniformly manufactured according to standard operating procedures and that meets federal guidelines for quality of investigational cell products. In this review we address salient issues related to the technical, immunologic, practical and regulatory aspects of manufacturing these advanced T-cell products for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L DiGiusto
- Division of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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Schmid I, Lambert C, Ambrozak D, Marti GE, Moss DM, Perfetto SP. International Society for Analytical Cytology biosafety standard for sorting of unfixed cells. Cytometry A 2007; 71:414-37. [PMID: 17385740 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell sorting of viable biological specimens has become very prevalent in laboratories involved in basic and clinical research. As these samples can contain infectious agents, precautions to protect instrument operators and the environment from hazards arising from the use of sorters are paramount. To this end the International Society of Analytical Cytology (ISAC) took a lead in establishing biosafety guidelines for sorting of unfixed cells (Schmid et al., Cytometry 1997;28:99-117). During the time period these recommendations have been available, they have become recognized worldwide as the standard practices and safety precautions for laboratories performing viable cell sorting experiments. However, the field of cytometry has progressed since 1997, and the document requires an update. METHODS Initially, suggestions about the document format and content were discussed among members of the ISAC Biosafety Committee and were incorporated into a draft version that was sent to all committee members for review. Comments were collected, carefully considered, and incorporated as appropriate into a draft document that was posted on the ISAC web site to invite comments from the flow cytometry community at large. The revised document was then submitted to ISAC Council for review. Simultaneously, further comments were sought from newly-appointed ISAC Biosafety committee members. RESULTS This safety standard for performing viable cell sorting experiments was recently generated. The document contains background information on the biohazard potential of sorting and the hazard classification of infectious agents as well as recommendations on (1) sample handling, (2) operator training and personal protection, (3) laboratory design, (4) cell sorter set-up, maintenance, and decontamination, and (5) testing the instrument for the efficiency of aerosol containment. CONCLUSIONS This standard constitutes an updated and expanded revision of the 1997 biosafety guideline document. It is intended to provide laboratories involved in cell sorting with safety practices that take into account the enhanced hazard potential of high-speed sorting. Most importantly, it states that droplet-based sorting of infectious or hazardous biological material requires a higher level of containment than the one recommended for the risk group classification of the pathogen. The document also provides information on safety features of novel instrumentation, new options for personal protective equipment, and recently developed methods for testing the efficiency of aerosol containment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Schmid
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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