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Carey T, Li B, Sohn LL. Node-Pore Sensing for Characterizing Cells and Extracellular Vesicles. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2394:171-183. [PMID: 35094328 PMCID: PMC10836821 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1811-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Node-Pore Sensing, NPS, is an extremely versatile and powerful technique for the analysis of cells and the detection of extracellular vesicles (EVs). NPS involves measuring the modulated current pulse caused by a cell transiting a microfluidic channel that has been segmented by a series of inserted nodes. As the current pulse reflects the number of nodes and segments of the channel, NPS can achieve exquisite sensitivity. Thus, when used as a Coulter counter, NPS can measure the sub-micron size increase of antibody-coated colloids to which EVs are specifically bound. By simply inserting between two nodes a "contraction" channel through which cells can squeeze, one can mechanically phenotype cells. We discuss the details of performing these two NPS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Carey
- The UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Brian Li
- The UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lydia L Sohn
- The UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Marsh‐Wakefield FMD, Mitchell AJ, Norton SE, Ashhurst TM, Leman JKH, Roberts JM, Harte JE, McGuire HM, Kemp RA. Making the most of high-dimensional cytometry data. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:680-696. [PMID: 33797774 PMCID: PMC8453896 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
High-dimensional cytometry represents an exciting new era of immunology research, enabling the discovery of new cells and prediction of patient responses to therapy. A plethora of analysis and visualization tools and programs are now available for both new and experienced users; however, the transition from low- to high-dimensional cytometry requires a change in the way users think about experimental design and data analysis. Data from high-dimensional cytometry experiments are often underutilized, because of both the size of the data and the number of possible combinations of markers, as well as to a lack of understanding of the processes required to generate meaningful data. In this article, we explain the concepts behind designing high-dimensional cytometry experiments and provide considerations for new and experienced users to design and carry out high-dimensional experiments to maximize quality data collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix MD Marsh‐Wakefield
- Vascular Immunology UnitDiscipline of PathologyThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- School of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Andrew J Mitchell
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMaterials Characterisation and Fabrication PlatformThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Samuel E Norton
- Nanix LtdDunedinNew Zealand
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Thomas Myles Ashhurst
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Sydney CytometryUniversity of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems BiologyThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Julia KH Leman
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | | | - Jessica E Harte
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Helen M McGuire
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems BiologyThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Translational Immunology GroupDiscipline of PathologyThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Roslyn A Kemp
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
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Mansour A, Roussel M, Gaussem P, Nédelec-Gac F, Pontis A, Flécher E, Bachelot-Loza C, Gouin-Thibault I. Platelet Functions During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Platelet-Leukocyte Aggregates Analyzed by Flow Cytometry as a Promising Tool to Monitor Platelet Activation. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082361. [PMID: 32718096 PMCID: PMC7464627 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is an extracorporeal circulation used to manage patients with severe circulatory or respiratory failure. It is associated with both high bleeding and thrombosis risks, mainly as a result of biomaterial/blood interface phenomena, high shear stress, and complex inflammatory response involving the activation of coagulation and complement systems, endothelial cells, leukocytes, and platelets. Besides their critical role in hemostasis, platelets are important players in inflammatory reactions, especially due to their ability to bind and activate leukocytes. Hence, we reviewed studies on platelet function of ECMO patients. Moreover, we addressed the issue of platelet–leukocyte aggregates (PLAs), which is a key step in both platelet and leukocyte activation, and deserves to be investigated in these patients. A reduced expression of GPIb and GPVI was found under ECMO therapy, due to the shedding processes. However, defective platelet aggregation is inconsistently reported and is still not clearly defined. Due to the high susceptibility of PLAs to pre-analytical conditions, defining and strictly adhering to a rigorous laboratory methodology is essential for reliable and reproducible results, especially in the setting of complex inflammatory situations like ECMO. We provide results on sample preparation and flow cytometric whole blood evaluation of circulating PLAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Mansour
- Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine and Perioperative Medicine, Rennes University Hospital, F-35000 Rennes, France;
- Rennes University Hospital, INSERM-CIC 1414, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, Paris University, INSERM U1140, F-75006 Paris, France; (P.G.); (C.B.-L.)
| | - Mikael Roussel
- Department of Biological Hematology, Rennes University Hospital, F-35000 Rennes, France; (M.R.); (F.N.-G.); (A.P.)
- Microenvironment, Cell Differentiation, Immunology and Cancer, Rennes University, INSERM U1236, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Cytometrie Hematologique Francophone Association (CytHem), F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Pascale Gaussem
- Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, Paris University, INSERM U1140, F-75006 Paris, France; (P.G.); (C.B.-L.)
- Department of Biological Hematology, AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European University Hospital, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Nédelec-Gac
- Department of Biological Hematology, Rennes University Hospital, F-35000 Rennes, France; (M.R.); (F.N.-G.); (A.P.)
| | - Adeline Pontis
- Department of Biological Hematology, Rennes University Hospital, F-35000 Rennes, France; (M.R.); (F.N.-G.); (A.P.)
| | - Erwan Flécher
- Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Rennes University Hospital, INSERM U1099, F-35000 Rennes, France;
| | - Christilla Bachelot-Loza
- Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, Paris University, INSERM U1140, F-75006 Paris, France; (P.G.); (C.B.-L.)
| | - Isabelle Gouin-Thibault
- Rennes University Hospital, INSERM-CIC 1414, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Department of Biological Hematology, Rennes University Hospital, F-35000 Rennes, France; (M.R.); (F.N.-G.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Haynes A, Linden MD, Robey E, Naylor LH, Ainslie PN, Cox KL, Lautenschlager NT, Green DJ. Beneficial impacts of regular exercise on platelet function in sedentary older adults: evidence from a randomized 6-mo walking trial. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:401-408. [PMID: 29648514 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00079.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet activation, including the formation of monocyte platelet aggregates (MPAs), contributes to atherosclerosis, thrombus formation, and acute coronary syndromes. Regular participation in exercise can lower cardiovascular risk, but little is known regarding the impact of exercise training on platelet function. We investigated the effect of 6 mo of walking exercise on platelet function in sedentary older adults without significant cardiovascular disease. Twenty-seven participants were randomly allocated to 6 mo of either: no-exercise ( n = 13) or 3 × 50 min/wk of supervised center-based walking ( n = 14). Circulating and agonist-induced MPAs were assessed using flow cytometry before [ month 0 (0M)] and after [ month 6 (6M)] the intervention. Circulating MPAs increased from 0M (3.7 ± 1.0%) to 6M (4.7 ± 1.6%) in the no-exercise group ( P = 0.009), whereas a nonsignificant decrease was observed in the walking group (0M 4.3 ± 1.7 vs. 6M 3.7 ± 1.2 %, P = 0.052). The change in MPAs between groups was significant ( P = 0.001). There were no differences between groups in platelet responses to agonists across the interventions (all P > 0.05). Collectively, these data suggest that the absence of regular exercise may increase MPAs, which are cellular mediators involved in atherosclerosis, while regular walking inhibits such increases. The thrombotic function of platelets appears to be relatively unaltered by exercise training. This study provides novel data related to the cardioprotective effects associated with participation in exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Monocyte-platelet aggregates contribute to atherosclerosis and exercise can lower cardiovascular risk. This is the first study to discover that a lack of regular physical activity is associated with increased monocyte-platelet aggregates over a 6-mo intervention period. In contrast, walking exercise inhibits increased monocyte-platelet aggregates in the circulation. This study highlights a novel pathway by which regular participation in exercise exerts its cardioprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Haynes
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Matthew D Linden
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Elisa Robey
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Louise H Naylor
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lund and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, The University of British Columbia , Kelowna, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Kay L Cox
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia.,School of Medicine (Royal Perth Hospital Unit), The University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Nicola T Lautenschlager
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia.,NorthWestern Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria , Australia.,School of Clinical Neurosciences and the Western Australia Centre for Health and Ageing, The University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia.,Principal Research Fellow, National Health and Medical Research Council , Australia
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Measurement and Clinical Significance of Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Humans. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:6501046. [PMID: 28698768 PMCID: PMC5494111 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6501046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the result of the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. Biomarkers of oxidative stress are relevant in the evaluation of the disease status and of the health-enhancing effects of antioxidants. We aim to discuss the major methodological bias of methods used for the evaluation of oxidative stress in humans. There is a lack of consensus concerning the validation, standardization, and reproducibility of methods for the measurement of the following: (1) ROS in leukocytes and platelets by flow cytometry, (2) markers based on ROS-induced modifications of lipids, DNA, and proteins, (3) enzymatic players of redox status, and (4) total antioxidant capacity of human body fluids. It has been suggested that the bias of each method could be overcome by using indexes of oxidative stress that include more than one marker. However, the choice of the markers considered in the global index should be dictated by the aim of the study and its design, as well as by the clinical relevance in the selected subjects. In conclusion, the clinical significance of biomarkers of oxidative stress in humans must come from a critical analysis of the markers that should give an overall index of redox status in particular conditions.
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Haynes A, Linden MD, Robey E, Watts GF, Barrett H, Naylor LH, Green DJ. Impact of commonly prescribed exercise interventions on platelet activation in physically inactive and overweight men. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/20/e12951. [PMID: 27798349 PMCID: PMC5099958 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The exercise paradox infers that, despite the well‐established cardioprotective effects of repeated episodic exercise (training), the risk of acute atherothrombotic events may be transiently increased during and soon after an exercise bout. However, the acute impact of different exercise modalities on platelet function has not previously been addressed. We hypothesized that distinct modalities of exercise would have differing effects on in vivo platelet activation and reactivity to agonists which induce monocyte‐platelet aggregate (MPA) formation. Eight middle‐aged (53.5 ± 1.6 years) male participants took part in four 30 min experimental interventions (aerobic AE, resistance RE, combined aerobic/resistance exercise CARE, or no‐exercise NE), in random order. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, and 1 h after each intervention, and incubated with one of three agonists of physiologically/clinically relevant pathways of platelet activation (thrombin receptor activating peptide‐6 TRAP, arachidonic acid AA, and cross‐linked collagen‐related peptide xCRP). In the presence of AA, TRAP, and xCRP, both RE and CARE evoked increases in MPAs immediately post‐exercise (P < 0.01), whereas only AA significantly increased MPAs immediately after AE (P < 0.01). These increases in platelet activation post‐exercise were transient, as responses approached pre‐exercise levels by 1 h. These are the first data to suggest that exercise involving a resistance component in humans may transiently increase platelet‐mediated thrombotic risk more than aerobic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Haynes
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew D Linden
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elisa Robey
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- Cardiometabolic Services, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hugh Barrett
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology Royal Perth Hospital Unit University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Louise H Naylor
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia .,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Principal Research Fellow, National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Gerrits AJ, Frelinger AL, Michelson AD. Whole Blood Analysis of Leukocyte-Platelet Aggregates. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CYTOMETRY 2016; 78:6.15.1-6.15.10. [PMID: 27723089 DOI: 10.1002/cpcy.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In inflammatory and thrombotic syndromes, platelets aggregate with circulating leukocytes, especially monocytes and neutrophils. This leukocyte-platelet aggregate formation is initiated primarily through platelet surface expression of P-selectin (CD62P), following activation-dependent degranulation of α-granules, binding to its constitutively expressed counter-receptor, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1), on leukocytes. Monocyte-platelet aggregates are a more sensitive marker of platelet activation than platelet surface P-selectin. Detection of leukocyte-platelet aggregates is relatively simple by whole-blood flow cytometry. Light scatter and at least one leukocyte-specific antibody are used to gate the desired population, and the presence of associated platelets is detected by immunostaining for abundant platelet-specific markers. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja J Gerrits
- Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew L Frelinger
- Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alan D Michelson
- Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Nkambule BB, Davison G, Ipp H. Platelet leukocyte aggregates and markers of platelet aggregation, immune activation and disease progression in HIV infected treatment naive asymptomatic individuals. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2016; 40:458-67. [PMID: 25899563 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-015-1212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Platelet aggregates play a crucial role in the immune defence mechanism against viruses. Increased levels of lipopolysaccharide have been reported in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals. Platelets are capable of interacting with bacterial LPS and subsequently forming platelet leukocyte aggregates (PLAs). This study aimed at determining the levels of circulating PLAs in treatment naïve HIV infected individuals and correlating them, with markers of immune activation, disease progression and platelet aggregation. Thirty-two HIV negative and 35 HIV positive individuals were recruited from a clinic in the Western Cape. Platelet monocyte and platelet neutrophil aggregates were measured using flow cytometry at baseline and were correlated with markers of platelet activation (CD62P); aggregation (CD36); monocyte and neutrophil activation (CD69); monocyte tissue factor expression (CD142); immune activation (CD38 on T+ cells); D-dimers (a marker of active coagulation); CD4 count and viral load. Platelet monocyte aggregates were also measured post stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. PMA levels were higher in HIV 25.26 (16.16-32.28) versus control 14.12 (8.36-18.83), p = 0.0001. PMAs correlated with %CD38/8 expression (r = 0.54624, p = 0.0155); CD4 count (r = -0.6964, p = 0.0039) viral load (r = 0.633, p < 0.009) and monocyte %CD69 expression (r = 0.757, p = 0.030). In addition the %PMAs correlated with platelet %CD36 (r = 0.606, p = 0.017). The HIV group showed increased levels of %CD62P 5.44 (2.72-11.87) versus control 1.15 (0.19-3.59), p < 0.0001; %CD36 22.53 (10.59-55.15) versus 11.01 (3.69-26.98), p = 0.0312 and tissue factor (CD142) MFI 4.84 (4.01-8.17) versus 1.74 (1.07-9.3), p = 0.0240. We describe increased levels of circulating PMAs which directly correlates with markers of immune activation, disease progression and platelet aggregation in HIV treatment naïve individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongani B Nkambule
- Divisions of Haematology, Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch University and NHLS, Tygerberg, South Africa.
| | - Glenda Davison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Hayley Ipp
- Divisions of Haematology, Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch University and NHLS, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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Preffer FI. Issue highlights November 2012. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2013; 82:343-4. [PMID: 23090911 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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