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Thapa B, Kato S, Nishizaki D, Miyashita H, Lee S, Nesline MK, Previs RA, Conroy JM, DePietro P, Pabla S, Kurzrock R. OX40/OX40 ligand and its role in precision immune oncology. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024; 43:1001-1013. [PMID: 38526805 PMCID: PMC11300540 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have changed the treatment landscape for various malignancies; however, their benefit is limited to a subset of patients. The immune machinery includes both mediators of suppression/immune evasion, such as PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, and LAG-3, all of which can be inhibited by specific antibodies, and immune-stimulatory molecules, such as T-cell co-stimulatory receptors that belong to the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF), including OX40 receptor (CD134; TNFRSF4), 4-1BB (CD137; TNFRSF9), and glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related (GITR) protein (CD357; TNFRSF18). In particular, OX40 and its binding ligand OX40L (CD134L; TNFSF4; CD252) are critical for immunoregulation. When OX40 on activated T cells binds OX40L on antigen-presenting cells, T-cell activation and immune stimulation are initiated via enhanced T-cell survival, proliferation and cytotoxicity, memory T-cell formation, and abrogation of regulatory T cell (Treg) immunosuppressive functions. OX40 agonists are in clinical trials both as monotherapy and in combination with other immunotherapy agents, in particular specific checkpoint inhibitors, for cancer treatment. To date, however, only a minority of patients respond. Transcriptomic profiling reveals that OX40 and OX40L expression vary between and within tumor types, and that only ~ 17% of cancer patients have high OX40 and low OX40L, one of the expression patterns that might be theoretically amenable to OX40 agonist enhancement. Taken together, the data suggest that the OX40/OX40L machinery is a critical part of the immune stimulatory system and that understanding endogenous expression patterns of these molecules and co-existing checkpoints merits further investigation in the context of a precision immunotherapy strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bicky Thapa
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Shumei Kato
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daisuke Nishizaki
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Suzanna Lee
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Razelle Kurzrock
- MCW Cancer Center and Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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2
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Cook L, Zaunders J, Seddiki N, van Bockel D, Kelleher AD, Munier CML. Parallel analysis of multiple human memory CD4 + T-cell subsets within antigen-specific responses using cell proliferation dyes. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:171-178. [PMID: 36346178 PMCID: PMC10952787 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Activation induced marker (AIM) assays are being used increasingly to measure antigen-specific T-cell responses, but this activation can alter cell lineage defining phenotypic markers. We aimed to extend the utility of AIM assays to enable pre-activation defined cell populations to be tracked and quantified within T-cell memory responses. We sorted three ex vivo CD4+ T-cell populations prior to any activation using well defined ex vivo lineage surface marker combinations. These populations were memory non-Tregs, CD39+ Tregs and CD39neg Tregs, although any three memory CD4+ T-cell populations able to be isolated by cell surface markers could potentially be tracked. These cells were labeled with three distinct fluorescent cell proliferation dyes (CFSE, CellTrace Violet and Cell Proliferation Dye eF670) and then all autologous PBMCs were reconstituted maintaining ex vivo cell ratios and CD25/OX40 AIM assays performed with CMV and HSV antigens. This approach enabled tracking of pre-defined cell populations within antigen stimulated responses using both activation marker and cell proliferation readouts. We confirmed that although CD39+ Tregs comprise a substantial proportion of AIM assay responses, they do not make substantial contributions to the proliferative response. This extends the utility of AIM assays to enable parallel analysis of the relative contribution of several CD4+ memory T-cell subsets to recall responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cook
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis ProgramThe Kirby Institute, UNSWSydneyNSWAustralia
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's HospitalSydneyNSWAustralia
- Present address:
Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityParkvilleVIC3000Australia
| | - John Zaunders
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis ProgramThe Kirby Institute, UNSWSydneyNSWAustralia
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's HospitalSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Nabila Seddiki
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's HospitalSydneyNSWAustralia
- Present address:
IDMIT Department/IBFJ, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), INSERM U1184, CEAUniversité Paris SudParisFrance
| | - David van Bockel
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis ProgramThe Kirby Institute, UNSWSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis ProgramThe Kirby Institute, UNSWSydneyNSWAustralia
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's HospitalSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - C. Mee Ling Munier
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis ProgramThe Kirby Institute, UNSWSydneyNSWAustralia
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3
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Mascarelli DE, Rosa RSM, Toscaro JM, Semionatto IF, Ruas LP, Fogagnolo CT, Lima GC, Bajgelman MC. Boosting Antitumor Response by Costimulatory Strategies Driven to 4-1BB and OX40 T-cell Receptors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:692982. [PMID: 34277638 PMCID: PMC8277962 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.692982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy explores several strategies to enhance the host immune system’s ability to detect and eliminate cancer cells. The use of antibodies that block immunological checkpoints, such as anti–programed death 1/programed death 1 ligand and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4, is widely recognized to generate a long-lasting antitumor immune response in several types of cancer. Evidence indicates that the elimination of tumors by T cells is the key for tumor control. It is well known that costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways are critical regulators in the activation of T cells. Besides blocking checkpoints inhibitors, the agonistic signaling on costimulatory molecules also plays an important role in T-cell activation and antitumor response. Therefore, molecules driven to costimulatory pathways constitute promising targets in cancer therapy. The costimulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily receptors on lymphocytes surface may transduce signals that control the survival, proliferation, differentiation, and effector functions of these immune cells. Among the members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, there are 4-1BB and OX40. Several clinical studies have been carried out targeting these molecules, with agonist monoclonal antibodies, and preclinical studies exploring their ligands and other experimental approaches. In this review, we discuss functional aspects of 4-1BB and OX40 costimulation, as well as the progress of its application in immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele E Mascarelli
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rhubia S M Rosa
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jessica M Toscaro
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Medical School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Isadora F Semionatto
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luciana P Ruas
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carolinne T Fogagnolo
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Medical School of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabriel C Lima
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Pro Rectory of Graduation, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio C Bajgelman
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Medical School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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4
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Jin H, Zhang C, Sun C, Zhao X, Tian D, Shi W, Tian Y, Liu K, Sun G, Xu H, Zhang D. OX40 expression in neutrophils promotes hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. JCI Insight 2019; 4:129736. [PMID: 31672934 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play critical roles during the initial phase of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (HIRI). However, the regulation of neutrophil activation, infiltration, and proinflammatory cytokine secretion has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we revealed that OX40 was expressed by neutrophils, its expression in neutrophils was time-dependently upregulated following HIRI, and Ox40 knockout markedly alleviated liver injury. Compared with wild-type neutrophils, the adoptive transfer of Ox40-/- neutrophils decreased HIRI in neutrophil-depleted Rag2/Il2rg-/- or Ox40-/- mice. Moreover, consistently, the in vitro experiments showed that Ox40 not only prolonged neutrophil survival but also promoted proinflammatory cytokines, ROS production, and even neutrophil chemotaxis. Further investigation demonstrated that the knockout of Ox40 in neutrophils inhibited NF-κB signaling via the TRAF1/2/4 and IKKα/IKKβ/IκBα pathways. OX40L and OX86 stimulation could enhance neutrophil activation and survival in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, our study provides a new understanding of OX40, which is expressed not only in adaptive immune cells but also in innate immune cells, i.e., neutrophils, contributing to the activation and survival of neutrophils. These findings provide a novel potential therapeutic target for the prevention of HIRI during liver transplantation or hepatic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jin
- General Surgery Department and.,Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Chunpan Zhang
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyang Sun
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyan Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Tian
- General Surgery Department and.,Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Shi
- General Surgery Department and.,Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Tian
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyong Sun
- General Surgery Department and.,Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Hufeng Xu
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- General Surgery Department and.,Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
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5
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A new human challenge model for testing heat-stable toxin-based vaccine candidates for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea - dose optimization, clinical outcomes, and CD4+ T cell responses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007823. [PMID: 31665141 PMCID: PMC6844497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are a common cause of diarrheal illness in young children and travelers. There is yet no licensed broadly protective vaccine against ETEC. One promising vaccine development strategy is to target strains expressing the heat-stable toxin (ST), particularly the human ST (STh), since infections with these strains are among the leading causes of diarrhea in children in low-and-middle income countries. A human challenge model based on an STh-only ETEC strain will be useful to evaluate the protective efficacy of new ST-based vaccine candidates. To develop this model, we experimentally infected 21 healthy adult volunteers with the epidemiologically relevant STh-only ETEC strain TW10722, identified a suitable dose, assessed safety, and characterized clinical outcomes and immune responses caused by the infection. Doses of 1×1010 colony-forming units (CFU) of TW10722 gave a suitable attack risk of 67% for moderate or severe diarrhea and an overall diarrhea attack risk of 78%. Non-diarrheal symptoms were mostly mild or moderate, and there were no serious adverse events. During the first month after ingesting the challenge strain, we measured significant increases in both activated CD4+ T cells and levels of serum IgG and IgA antibodies targeting coli surface antigen 5 (CS5) and 6 (CS6), as well as the E. coli mucinase YghJ. The CS5-specific CD4+ T cell and antibody responses were still significantly elevated one year after experimental infection. In conclusion, we have developed a safe STh-only ETEC-based human challenge model which can be efficiently used in Phase 2B trials to evaluate the protective efficacy of new ST-based vaccine candidates. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a common cause of diarrheal illness in young children living in low- and middle-income countries and in travelers to these countries. Several ETEC vaccine candidates are currently being developed, but so far, no broadly protective vaccines have been licensed. Since most moderate and severe ETEC diarrheal episodes are caused by strains that express the heat-stable enterotoxin (ST), ST represents a promising vaccine target. Here we present a human challenge model that can be used to estimate the protective efficacy of ST-based vaccine candidates in clinical vaccine trials. The model is based on the epidemiologically relevant ST-only ETEC strain TW10722, which we show is safe to ingest by volunteers and readily induce diarrhea.
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6
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Todnem Sakkestad S, Steinsland H, Skrede S, Kleppa E, Lillebø K, Sævik M, Søyland H, Rykkje Heien A, Gjerde Tellevik M, Barry EM, Sommerfelt H, Hanevik K. Experimental Infection of Human Volunteers with the Heat-Stable Enterotoxin-Producing Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Strain TW11681. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8020084. [PMID: 31234485 PMCID: PMC6630672 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) producing the heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) is one of the most important causes of childhood diarrhoea in low- and middle-income countries. Here, we undertook a controlled human infection model (CHIM) study to investigate whether ST-producing ETEC strain TW11681 would be suitable for testing the protective efficacy of new ST-based vaccine candidates in vaccine challenge models. In groups of three, nine volunteers ingested 1 × 106, 1 × 107, or 1 × 108 colony-forming units (CFU) of TW11681. Flow cytometry-based assays were used to measure CD4+ T cell responses and antibody levels targeting virulence factors expressed by the strain. We found that infection with TW11681 elicited few and mild symptoms, including mild diarrhoea in two volunteers, both of whom ingested 1 × 106 CFU. Averaged across all volunteers, the CD4+ T cell responses specific for E. coli YghJ mucinase peaked 10 days after infection (3.2-fold (p = 0.016)), while the CD4+ T cell responses specific for Colonization Factor Antigen I (CFA/I) major fimbrial subunit (CfaB) peaked after 28 days (3.6-fold (p = 0.063)). The serum CfaB-specific anti-IgA and anti-IgG/IgM levels were significantly increased and peaked 3 months after infection. Both remained elevated for the duration of the 12-month follow-up. The corresponding anti-YghJ serological response was strongest after 10 days, although a significant increase was seen only for IgA levels (3.2-fold (p = 0.008)). In conclusion, due to its low diarrhoea attack risk, TW11681 is probably not suitable for testing the efficacy of new vaccines in human challenge studies at doses 1 × 106 to 1 × 108. However, the strain may still be useful in CHIMs for studying ETEC host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunniva Todnem Sakkestad
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (S.T.S.); steinar.skrede@helse-bergen-no (S.S.)
| | - Hans Steinsland
- Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7894, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Steinar Skrede
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (S.T.S.); steinar.skrede@helse-bergen-no (S.S.)
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (K.L.); (M.S.); (H.S.); (A.R.H.)
| | - Elisabeth Kleppa
- Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Kristine Lillebø
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (K.L.); (M.S.); (H.S.); (A.R.H.)
| | - Marianne Sævik
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (K.L.); (M.S.); (H.S.); (A.R.H.)
| | - Hanne Søyland
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (K.L.); (M.S.); (H.S.); (A.R.H.)
| | - Astrid Rykkje Heien
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (K.L.); (M.S.); (H.S.); (A.R.H.)
| | - Marit Gjerde Tellevik
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Eileen M. Barry
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Halvor Sommerfelt
- Centre for Intervention Science in Material and Child Health (CISMAC), Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 222 Oslo Postbox, Norway
| | - Kurt Hanevik
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (S.T.S.); steinar.skrede@helse-bergen-no (S.S.)
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-55-97-30-79
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Abstract
The tumour necrosis factor receptor OX40 (CD134) is activated by its cognate ligand OX40L (CD134L, CD252) and functions as a T cell co-stimulatory molecule. OX40-OX40L interactions have been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for treating autoimmunity. OX40 is expressed on activated T cells, and in the mouse at rest on regulatory T cells (Treg). OX40L is found on antigen-presenting cells, activated T cells and others including lymphoid tissue inducer cells, some endothelia and mast cells. Expression of both molecules is increased after antigen presentation occurs and also in response to multiple other pro-inflammatory factors including CD28 ligation, CD40L ligation and interferon-gamma signaling. Their interactions promote T cell survival, promote an effector T cell phenotype, promote T cell memory, tend to reduce regulatory function, increase effector cytokine production and enhance cell mobility. In some circumstances, OX40 agonism may be associated with increased tolerance, although timing with respect to antigenic stimulus is important. Further, recent work has suggested that OX40L blockade may be more effective than OX40 blockade in reducing autoimmunity. This article reviews the expression of OX40 and OX40L in health, the effects of their interactions and insights from their under- or over-expression. We then review OX40 and OX40L expression in human autoimmune disease, identified associations of variations in their genes (TNFRSF4 and TNFSF4, respectively) with autoimmunity, and data from animal models of human diseases. A rationale for blocking OX40-OX40L interaction in human autoimmunity is then presented along with commentary on the one trial of OX40L blockade in human disease conducted to date. Finally, we discuss potential problems with clinical use of OX40-OX40L directed pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwilym J Webb
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK. .,National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Gideon M Hirschfield
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Peter J L Lane
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
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Cook L, Zaunders JJ, Kelleher AD. Comment on "A Cytokine-Independent Approach To Identify Antigen-Specific Human Germinal Center T Follicular Helper Cells and Rare Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cells in Blood". THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2557-8. [PMID: 27638935 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cook
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada; Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada;
| | - John J Zaunders
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia; and Immunovirology Laboratory, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia; and Immunovirology Laboratory, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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9
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Dan JM, Havenar-Daughton C, Silvestri G, Sette A, Crotty S. Response to Comment on “A Cytokine-Independent Approach To Identify Antigen-Specific Human Germinal Center T Follicular Helper Cells and Rare Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cells in Blood”. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2558. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Dan JM, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Weiskopf D, da Silva Antunes R, Havenar-Daughton C, Reiss SM, Brigger M, Bothwell M, Sette A, Crotty S. A Cytokine-Independent Approach To Identify Antigen-Specific Human Germinal Center T Follicular Helper Cells and Rare Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cells in Blood. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:983-93. [PMID: 27342848 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Detection of Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells is central to the study of many human infectious diseases, vaccines, and autoimmune diseases. However, such cells are generally rare and heterogeneous in their cytokine profiles. Identification of Ag-specific germinal center (GC) T follicular helper (Tfh) cells by cytokine production has been particularly problematic. The function of a GC Tfh cell is to selectively help adjacent GC B cells via cognate interaction; thus, GC Tfh cells may be stingy cytokine producers, fundamentally different from Th1 or Th17 cells in the quantities of cytokines produced. Conventional identification of Ag-specific cells by intracellular cytokine staining relies on the ability of the CD4(+) T cell to generate substantial amounts of cytokine. To address this problem, we have developed a cytokine-independent activation-induced marker (AIM) methodology to identify Ag-specific GC Tfh cells in human lymphoid tissue. Whereas Group A Streptococcus-specific GC Tfh cells produced minimal detectable cytokines by intracellular cytokine staining, the AIM method identified 85-fold more Ag-specific GC Tfh cells. Intriguingly, these GC Tfh cells consistently expressed programmed death ligand 1 upon activation. AIM also detected non-Tfh cells in lymphoid tissue. As such, we applied AIM for identification of rare Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells in human peripheral blood. Dengue, tuberculosis, and pertussis vaccine-specific CD4(+) T cells were readily detectable by AIM. In summary, cytokine assays missed 98% of Ag-specific human GC Tfh cells, reflecting the biology of these cells, which could instead be sensitively identified by coexpression of TCR-dependent activation markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Dan
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | | | - Daniela Weiskopf
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Colin Havenar-Daughton
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Samantha M Reiss
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | | | | | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Shane Crotty
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
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Escalante P, Peikert T, Van Keulen VP, Erskine CL, Bornhorst CL, Andrist BR, McCoy K, Pease LR, Abraham RS, Knutson KL, Kita H, Schrum AG, Limper AH. Combinatorial Immunoprofiling in Latent Tuberculosis Infection. Toward Better Risk Stratification. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 192:605-17. [PMID: 26030344 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201412-2141oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Most immunocompetent patients diagnosed with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) will not progress to tuberculosis (TB) reactivation. However, current diagnostic tools cannot reliably distinguish nonprogressing from progressing patients a priori, and thus LTBI therapy must be prescribed with suboptimal patient specificity. We hypothesized that LTBI diagnostics could be improved by generating immunomarker profiles capable of categorizing distinct patient subsets by a combinatorial immunoassay approach. OBJECTIVES A combinatorial immunoassay analysis was applied to identify potential immunomarker combinations that distinguish among unexposed subjects, untreated patients with LTBI, and treated patients with LTBI and to differentiate risk of reactivation. METHODS IFN-γ release assay (IGRA) was combined with a flow cytometric assay that detects induction of CD25(+)CD134(+) coexpression on TB antigen-stimulated T cells from peripheral blood. The combinatorial immunoassay analysis was based on receiver operating characteristic curves, technical cut-offs, 95% bivariate normal density ellipse prediction, and statistical analysis. Risk of reactivation was estimated with a prediction formula. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Sixty-five out of 150 subjects were included. The combinatorial immunoassay approach identified at least four different T-cell subsets. The representation of these immune phenotypes was more heterogeneous in untreated patients with LTBI than in treated patients with LTBI or unexposed groups. Patients with IGRA(+) CD4(+)CD25(+)CD134(+) T-cell phenotypes had the highest estimated reactivation risk (4.11 ± 2.11%). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that immune phenotypes defined by combinatorial assays may potentially have a role in identifying those at risk of developing TB; this potential role is supported by risk of reactivation modeling. Prospective studies will be needed to test this novel approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Escalante
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,2 Public Health Department, Olmsted County Tuberculosis Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and.,3 Mayo Clinic Center for Tuberculosis, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tobias Peikert
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,4 Department of Immunology, and
| | | | | | - Cathy L Bornhorst
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Boleyn R Andrist
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Kevin McCoy
- 2 Public Health Department, Olmsted County Tuberculosis Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and.,3 Mayo Clinic Center for Tuberculosis, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Roshini S Abraham
- 5 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | | | - Andrew H Limper
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
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Dhalla F, Murray S, Sadler R, Chaigne-Delalande B, Sadaoka T, Soilleux E, Uzel G, Miller J, Collins GP, Hatton CSR, Bhole M, Ferry B, Chapel HM, Cohen JI, Patel SY. Identification of a novel mutation in MAGT1 and progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in a 58-year-old man with XMEN disease. J Clin Immunol 2015; 35:112-8. [PMID: 25504528 PMCID: PMC6328310 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-014-0116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
XMEN disease (X-linked immunodeficiency with Magnesium defect, Epstein-Barr virus infection and Neoplasia) is a novel primary immune deficiency caused by mutations in MAGT1 and characterised by chronic infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), EBV-driven lymphoma, CD4 T-cell lymphopenia, and dysgammaglobulinemia [1]. Functional studies have demonstrated roles for magnesium as a second messenger in T-cell receptor signalling [1], and for NKG2D expression and consequently NK- and CD8 T-cell cytotoxicity [2]. 7 patients have been described in the literature; the oldest died at 45 years and was diagnosed posthumously [1-3]. We present the case of a 58-year-old Caucasian gentleman with a novel mutation in MAGT1 with the aim of adding to the phenotype of this newly described disease by detailing his clinical course over more than 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Dhalla
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,
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