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Andrews EJ, Martini AC, Head E. Exploring the role of sex differences in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis in Down syndrome. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:954999. [PMID: 36033603 PMCID: PMC9411995 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.954999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Women are disproportionately affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet little is known about sex-specific effects on the development of AD in the Down syndrome (DS) population. DS is caused by a full or partial triplication of chromosome 21, which harbors the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene, among others. The majority of people with DS in their early- to mid-40s will accumulate sufficient amyloid-beta (Aβ) in their brains along with neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) for a neuropathological diagnosis of AD, and the triplication of the APP gene is regarded as the main cause. Studies addressing sex differences with age and impact on dementia in people with DS are inconsistent. However, women with DS experience earlier age of onset of menopause, marked by a drop in estrogen, than women without DS. This review focuses on key sex differences observed with age and AD in people with DS and a discussion of possible underlying mechanisms that could be driving or protecting from AD development in DS. Understanding how biological sex influences the brain will lead to development of dedicated therapeutics and interventions to improve the quality of life for people with DS and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Andrews
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Alessandra C. Martini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Hartley SL, Handen BL, Tudorascu D, Lee L, Cohen A, Piro‐Gambetti B, Zammit M, Klunk W, Laymon C, Zaman S, Ances BM, Sabbagh M, Christian BT. Role of tau deposition in early cognitive decline in Down syndrome. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 14:e12256. [PMID: 35386473 PMCID: PMC8976157 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Drawing on the amyloid/tau/neurodegeneration (AT[N]) model, the study examined whether the tau positron emission tomography (PET) biomarker [18F]AV-1451 was associated with episodic memory problems beyond what was predicted by the amyloid beta (Aβ) PET in Down syndrome (DS). Methods Data from 123 non-demented adults with DS (M = 47 years, standard deviation = 6.34) were analyzed. The Cued Recall Test assessed episodic memory. Tau PET standardized update value ratio (SUVR) was assessed across Braak regions as continuous and binary (high tau [TH] vs. low tau [TL]) variable. Global PET Aβ SUVR was assessed as binary variable (Aβ- vs. Aβ+). Results In models adjusting for controls, tau SUVR was negatively associated with episodic memory performance in the Aβ+ but not Aβ- group. The Aβ+/TH group evidenced significantly worse episodic memory than the Aβ+/TL group. Discussion Similar to late-onset and autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (AD), high tau was an indicator of early prodromal AD in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigan L. Hartley
- Waisman CenterUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA,School of Human EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Benjamin L. Handen
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Dana Tudorascu
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Laise Lee
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Annie Cohen
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Brianna Piro‐Gambetti
- Waisman CenterUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA,School of Human EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Matthew Zammit
- Waisman CenterUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA,Department of Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - William Klunk
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Charles Laymon
- Department of Radiology and BioengineeringUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Shahid Zaman
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Beau M. Ances
- Department of NeurologyWashington University at St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Marwan Sabbagh
- Cleveland ClinicLou Ruvo Center for Brain HealthLas VegasNevadaUSA
| | - Bradley T. Christian
- Waisman CenterUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA,Department of Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
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Pivtoraiko VN, Racic T, Abrahamson EE, Villemagne VL, Handen BL, Lott IT, Head E, Ikonomovic MD. Postmortem Neocortical 3H-PiB Binding and Levels of Unmodified and Pyroglutamate Aβ in Down Syndrome and Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:728739. [PMID: 34489686 PMCID: PMC8416541 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.728739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have a genetic predisposition for amyloid-β (Aβ) overproduction and earlier onset of Aβ deposits compared to patients with sporadic late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Positron emission tomography (PET) with Pittsburgh Compound-B (PiB) detects fibrillar Aβ pathology in living people with DS and AD, but its relationship with heterogeneous Aβ forms aggregated within amyloid deposits is not well understood. We performed quantitative in vitro3H-PiB binding assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of fibrillar (insoluble) unmodified Aβ40 and Aβ42 forms and N-terminus truncated and pyroglutamate-modified AβNpE3-40 and AβNpE3-42 forms in postmortem frontal cortex and precuneus samples from 18 DS cases aged 43–63 years and 17 late-onset AD cases aged 62–99 years. Both diagnostic groups had frequent neocortical neuritic plaques, while the DS group had more severe vascular amyloid pathology (cerebral amyloid angiopathy, CAA). Compared to the AD group, the DS group had higher levels of Aβ40 and AβNpE3-40, while the two groups did not differ by Aβ42 and AβNpE3-42 levels. This resulted in lower ratios of Aβ42/Aβ40 and AβNpE3-42/AβNpE3-40 in the DS group compared to the AD group. Correlations of Aβ42/Aβ40 and AβNpE3-42/AβNpE3-40 ratios with CAA severity were strong in DS cases and weak in AD cases. Pyroglutamate-modified Aβ levels were lower than unmodified Aβ levels in both diagnostic groups, but within group proportions of both pyroglutamate-modified Aβ forms relative to both unmodified Aβ forms were lower in the DS group but not in the AD group. The two diagnostic groups did not differ by 3H-PiB binding levels. These results demonstrate that compared to late-onset AD cases, adult DS individuals with similar severity of neocortical neuritic plaques and greater CAA pathology have a preponderance of both pyroglutamate-modified AβNpE3-40 and unmodified Aβ40 forms. Despite the distinct molecular profile of Aβ forms and greater vascular amyloidosis in DS cases, cortical 3H-PiB binding does not distinguish between diagnostic groups that are at an advanced level of amyloid plaque pathology. This underscores the need for the development of CAA-selective PET radiopharmaceuticals to detect and track the progression of cerebral vascular amyloid deposits in relation to Aβ plaques in individuals with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta N Pivtoraiko
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tamara Racic
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Eric E Abrahamson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Benjamin L Handen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ira T Lott
- Department of Neurology, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Handen B, Clare I, Laymon C, Petersen M, Zaman S, O’Bryant S, Minhas D, Tudorascu D, Brown S, Christian B. Acute Regression in Down Syndrome. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1109. [PMID: 34439728 PMCID: PMC8391552 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute regression has been reported in some individuals with Down syndrome (DS), typically occurring between the teenage years and mid to late 20s. Characterized by sudden, and often unexplained, reductions in language skills, functional living skills and reduced psychomotor activity, some individuals have been incorrectly diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS This paper compares five individuals with DS who previously experienced acute regression with a matched group of 15 unaffected individuals with DS using a set of AD biomarkers. RESULTS While the sample was too small to conduct statistical analyses, findings suggest there are possible meaningful differences between the groups on proteomics biomarkers (e.g., NfL, total tau). Hippocampal, caudate and putamen volumes were slightly larger in the regression group, the opposite of what was hypothesized. A slightly lower amyloid load was found on the PET scans for the regression group, but no differences were noted on tau PET. CONCLUSIONS Some proteomics biomarker findings suggest that individuals with DS who experience acute regression may be at increased risk for AD at an earlier age in comparison to unaffected adults with DS. However, due to the age of the group (mean 38 years), it may be too early to observe meaningful group differences on image-based biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Handen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (C.L.); (D.M.); (D.T.)
| | - Isabel Clare
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK; (I.C.); (S.Z.); (S.B.)
| | - Charles Laymon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (C.L.); (D.M.); (D.T.)
| | - Melissa Petersen
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (M.P.); (S.O.)
| | - Shahid Zaman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK; (I.C.); (S.Z.); (S.B.)
| | - Sid O’Bryant
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (M.P.); (S.O.)
| | - Davneet Minhas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (C.L.); (D.M.); (D.T.)
| | - Dana Tudorascu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (C.L.); (D.M.); (D.T.)
| | - Stephanie Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK; (I.C.); (S.Z.); (S.B.)
| | - Bradley Christian
- Departments of Medical Physics and Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
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Montoliu-Gaya L, Strydom A, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Ashton NJ. Blood Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease in Down Syndrome. J Clin Med 2021; 10:3639. [PMID: 34441934 PMCID: PMC8397053 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests that by the age of 40 years, all individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology. Clinical diagnosis of dementia by cognitive assessment is complex in these patients due to the pre-existing and varying intellectual disability, which may mask subtle declines in cognitive functioning. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and positron emission tomography (PET) biomarkers, although accurate, are expensive, invasive, and particularly challenging in such a vulnerable population. The advances in ultra-sensitive detection methods have highlighted blood biomarkers as a valuable and realistic tool for AD diagnosis. Studies with DS patients have proven the potential blood-based biomarkers for sporadic AD (amyloid-β, tau, phosphorylated tau, and neurofilament light chain) to be useful in this population. In addition, biomarkers related to other pathologies that could aggravate dementia progression-such as inflammatory dysregulation, energetic imbalance, or oxidative stress-have been explored. This review serves to provide a brief overview of the main findings from the limited neuroimaging and CSF studies, outline the current state of blood biomarkers to diagnose AD in patients with DS, discuss possible past limitations of the research, and suggest considerations for developing and validating blood-based biomarkers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Montoliu-Gaya
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 431 41 Mölndal, Sweden; (K.B.); (H.Z.); (N.J.A.)
| | - Andre Strydom
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK;
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK
- London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDowns), London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 431 41 Mölndal, Sweden; (K.B.); (H.Z.); (N.J.A.)
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 431 41 Mölndal, Sweden; (K.B.); (H.Z.); (N.J.A.)
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nicholas James Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 431 41 Mölndal, Sweden; (K.B.); (H.Z.); (N.J.A.)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London, Maudsley NHS Foundation, London SE5 8AF, UK
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Fatty Acid Binding Protein 3 (FABP3) and Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) as Lipid Metabolism-Related Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10143009. [PMID: 34300173 PMCID: PMC8303862 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10143009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Lipid metabolism-related biomarkers gain increasing researchers interest in the field of neurodegenerative disorders. Mounting evidence have indicated the role of fatty acid-binding proteins and pathology lipid metabolism in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The imbalance of fatty acids (FA) and lipids may negatively affect brain functions related to neurodegenerative disorders. The ApoE4 and FABP3 proteins may reflect processes leading to neurodegeneration. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the CSF levels of FABP3 and ApoE4 proteins and cognitive decline as well as the diagnostic performance of these candidate biomarkers in AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: A total of 70 subjects, including patients with AD, MCI, and non-demented controls, were enrolled in the study. CSF concentrations of FABP3 and ApoE4 were measured using immunoassay technology. Results: Significantly higher CSF concentrations of FABP3 and ApoE4 were observed in AD patients compared to MCI subjects and individuals without cognitive impairment. Both proteins were inversely associated with Aβ42/40 ratio: ApoE4 (rho = −0.472, p < 0.001), and FABP3 (rho = −0.488, p < 0.001) in the whole study group, respectively. Additionally, FABP3 was negatively correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination score in the whole study cohort (rho = −0.585 p < 0.001). Conclusion: Presented results indicate the pivotal role of FABP3 and ApoE4 in AD pathology as lipid-related biomarkers, but studies on larger cohorts are needed.
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Sun Y, Hua J, Chen G, Li J, Yang J, Gao H. Alix: A Candidate Serum Biomarker of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:669612. [PMID: 34211388 PMCID: PMC8239346 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.669612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common fatal neurodegenerative disease of the elderly worldwide. The identification of AD biomarkers will allow for earlier diagnosis and thus earlier intervention. The aim of this study was to find such biomarkers. It was observed that the expression of Alix was significantly decreased in brain tissues and serum samples from AD patients compared to the controls. A significant correlation between Alix levels and cognitive decline was observed (r = 0.80; p < 0.001) as well as a significant negative correlation between Alix and Aβ40 in serum levels (r =−0.60, p < 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis showed the area under the curve (AUC) of Alix was 0.80, and the optimal cut-off point of 199.5 pg/ml was selected with the highest sum of sensitivity and specificity. The diagnostic accuracy for serum Alix was 74%, with 76% sensitivity and 71% specificity respectively, which could differentiate AD from controls. In addition, the expression of Alix was found to be significantly decreased in AD compared to vascular dementia (VaD). ROC analysis between AD and VaD showed that the AUC was 0.777, which could be indicative of the role of serum Alix as a biomarker in the differential diagnosis between AD and VaD. Most surprisingly, the decreased expression of Alix was attenuated after the treatment of Memantine in different AD animal models. In conclusion, our results indicate the possibility of serum Alix as a novel and non-invasive biomarker for AD for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingni Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Hua
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kunhua Hospital, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Gen Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery III, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Jianjie Li
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Jiateng Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Hongwei Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
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Petersen ME, Rafii MS, Zhang F, Hall J, Julovich D, Ances BM, Schupf N, Krinsky-McHale SJ, Mapstone M, Silverman W, Lott I, Klunk W, Head E, Christian B, Foroud T, Lai F, Rosas HD, Zaman S, Wang MC, Tycko B, Lee JH, Handen B, Hartley S, Fortea J, O’Bryant S. Plasma Total-Tau and Neurofilament Light Chain as Diagnostic Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Adults with Down Syndrome. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:671-681. [PMID: 33337378 PMCID: PMC8273927 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The need for diagnostic biomarkers of cognitive decline is particularly important among aging adults with Down syndrome (DS). Growing empirical support has identified the utility of plasma derived biomarkers among neurotypical adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the application of such biomarkers has been limited among the DS population. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the cross-sectional diagnostic performance of plasma neurofilament light chain (Nf-L) and total-tau, individually and in combination among a cohort of DS adults. METHODS Plasma samples were analyzed from n = 305 (n = 225 cognitively stable (CS); n = 44 MCI-DS; n = 36 DS-AD) participants enrolled in the Alzheimer's Biomarker Consortium -Down Syndrome. RESULTS In distinguishing DS-AD participants from CS, Nf-L alone produced an AUC of 90%, total-tau alone reached 74%, and combined reached an AUC of 86%. When age and gender were included, AUC increased to 93%. Higher values of Nf-L, total-tau, and age were all shown to be associated with increased risk for DS-AD. When distinguishing MCI-DS participants from CS, Nf-L alone produced an AUC of 65%, while total-tau alone reached 56%. A combined model with Nf-L, total-tau, age, and gender produced an AUC of 87%. Both higher values in age and total-tau were found to increase risk for MCI-DS; Nf-L levels were not associated with increased risk for MCI-DS. CONCLUSION Advanced assay techniques make total-tau and particularly Nf-L useful biomarkers of both AD pathology and clinical status in DS and have the potential to serve as outcome measures in clinical trials for future disease-modifying drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E. Petersen
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Department of Family Medicine and Institute for Translational Research, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, USA
| | - Michael S. Rafii
- Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research Institute (ATRI), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 9860 Mesa Rim Road, San Diego, California, 92121, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Department of Family Medicine and Institute for Translational Research, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, USA
| | - James Hall
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Institute for Translational Research and Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, USA
| | - David Julovich
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Institute for Translational Research and Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, USA
| | - Beau M. Ances
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Center for Advanced Medicine Neuroscience, 4921 Parkview Place, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Nicole Schupf
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain/G.H. Sergievsky Center, 630 W 168th St, New York, New York, 10032, USA
- Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 722 West 168th Street, New York, New York, 10032, USA
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute 710 West 168 Street, New York, New York, 10032, USA
- Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Sharon J. Krinsky-McHale
- NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Department of Psychology, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, New York, 10314, USA
| | - Mark Mapstone
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Neurology, 839 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - Wayne Silverman
- University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 101 The City Drive, Mail Code:4482, Orange, California, 92668, USA
| | - Ira Lott
- University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 101 The City Drive, Mail Code:4482, Orange, California, 92668, USA
| | - William Klunk
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychiatry, 3811 O’Hara St., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Pathology, 1261 Gillespie Neuroscience Facility, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - Brad Christian
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Medical Physics and Psychiatry, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, 410 W. 10 Street, Indianapolis, IN. 46202. USA
| | - Florence Lai
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 149 13 Street, Room 10128, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129, USA
| | - H. Diana Rosas
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 149 13 Street Room 10126, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129, USA
| | - Shahid Zaman
- University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridge, CB21 5EF, UK
| | - Mei-Cheng Wang
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Benjamin Tycko
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, 630 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032
| | - Joseph H. Lee
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain/G.H. Sergievsky Center, 630 W 168th St, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Benjamin Handen
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychiatry, 3811 O’Hara St., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Sigan Hartley
- University of Wisconsin, School of Human Ecology and Waisman Center, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Juan Fortea
- Barcelona Down Medical Center. Fundació Catalana de Síndrome de Down. Barcelona, Spain
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sid O’Bryant
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Institute for Translational Research and Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, USA
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