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Prasad N, Muniswari U, Mishra P, Pradhan P, Sethy M, Panigrahi C, Ayyanar P. Cytomorphologic Features of Orbital Myeloid Sarcoma - A Rare Case and Diagnostic Clue. J Cytol 2024; 41:56-58. [PMID: 38282810 PMCID: PMC10810079 DOI: 10.4103/joc.joc_65_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Prasad
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ummiti Muniswari
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Pritinanda Mishra
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Pradeep Pradhan
- Department of ENT, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Madhusmita Sethy
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Chinmayee Panigrahi
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Pavithra Ayyanar
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Wang ST, Chen CL, Liang SH, Yeh SP, Cheng WC. Acute myeloid leukemia with leukemic pleural effusion and high levels of pleural adenosine deaminase: A case report and review of literature. Open Med (Wars) 2021; 16:387-396. [PMID: 33748423 PMCID: PMC7957840 DOI: 10.1515/med-2021-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleural effusions are rarely observed in association with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and their true incidence remains unknown. Given the low diagnostic yield from cytopathologic analysis of malignant pleural effusions and the fact that patients with leukemia are often thrombocytopenic and unable to tolerate invasive procedures, the incidence of leukemic effusions may be underestimated. Here, we report a rare case of pleural effusion in a patient with newly diagnosed AML. Initial analysis revealed an exudative, lymphocyte-predominant effusion. High levels of adenosine deaminase (ADA) were detected in pleural fluid, consistent with a diagnosis of tuberculosis. However, the analysis of pleural cytology revealed leukemic cells, permitting the diagnosis of leukemic effusion to be made. The patient underwent induction chemotherapy and pleural effusion resolved without recurrence. This case emphasizes the diagnostic dilemma presented by high levels of ADA in a leukemic pleural effusion, as this association has not been previously considered in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing-Ting Wang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Lung Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsin Liang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Peng Yeh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Pi Y, Wang B, Wang L, Ren H. Polyserositis as a primary clinical manifestation of CD7+ acute myelogenous leukemia with myeloid sarcoma: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23615. [PMID: 33327333 PMCID: PMC7738120 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Myeloid sarcomas (MS) are defined as rare extramedullary masses composed of immature myeloid cells. MS mostly develops in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and involves primarily the skin, soft tissues, bones, and lymph nodes. Pleura and pericardium involvement of MS are extremely uncommon. Polyserositis is also a very rare extramedullary presentation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). PATIENT CONCERNS A 30-year-old woman with a complaint of right neck mass combined with coughing for 2 months as well as fever and systemic edema for the last 10 days, was admitted to our center on July 11, 2019. Initial positron emission tomography (PET) scan indicated systemic lymphadenopathy, bilateral pleural effusion, and pericardial effusion. DIAGNOSIS The initial pathological diagnosis of lymph nodes was MS. Subsequent bone marrow analysis confirmed AML. INTERVENTIONS Conventional IA induction regimen followed by high-dose cytarabine (HiDAC) regimen. OUTCOMES Complete absorption of pericardial and pleural effusion after the first cycle of IA induction chemotherapy. LESSONS Polyserositis can be an extramedullary presentation of AML. Patients with polyserositis should undergo routine flow cytometric analysis. For AML with extamedullary infiltration, systemic chemotherapy should be administered in all confirmed cases.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Cytarabine/administration & dosage
- Cytarabine/therapeutic use
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/complications
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Pericardial Effusion/etiology
- Pleural Effusion/etiology
- Positron-Emission Tomography
- Sarcoma, Myeloid/complications
- Sarcoma, Myeloid/diagnosis
- Sarcoma, Myeloid/diagnostic imaging
- Sarcoma, Myeloid/drug therapy
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
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Binucleated HeLa cells are formed by cytokinesis failure in starvation and keep the potential of proliferation. Cytotechnology 2015; 68:1123-30. [PMID: 25894790 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9869-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cytological studies have reported that the numbers of binucleated cells were elevated in various tumors. However, binucleated cells are observed in not only malignant tumors but also normal tissues. Thus, the clinical significance of binucleated cells is controversial. Here we attempted to elucidate the characteristics of binucleated HeLa cells using time-lapse microscopy. To examine the frequency, viability, proliferation, and formation mechanism of binucleated cells, we grew HeLa cells on chamber slides and tissue culture dishes in DMEM supplemented with (10, 3, 1 and 0.5 % media) and without fetal bovine serum (0 % medium). The proliferation was evaluated by the medium improvement examination (cultured for 2 more days in 10% medium after culturing in 0% medium; starvation). In the 0 % medium, 150 binucleated cells were formed by cytokinesis failure. There were significantly more binucleated cells in the 0 % medium than in the 10, 3, 1 and 0.5 % media. About twice the number of binucleated cells underwent mitosis in the improvement examinations than in the serum-free examination. We found here that starvation induced the binucleation of HeLa cells and that some binucleated cells can reproduce. These findings might be helpful for understanding binucleated cells in tumors.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pulmonary manifestations have been well described in leukemia, but pleural disease is less common. This review highlights pleural effusions in acute and chronic leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) based on the evidence to date. Diagnostic workup and recommendations for the management of these effusions are also outlined. RECENT FINDINGS Pleural effusions in patients with leukemia are most often due to infection and to a lesser extent leukemic infiltration of the pleura. The prognostic implications of these effusions are unclear, but survival is most likely determined by the underlying malignancy and its response to treatment. New therapies have changed survival in these patients, and some of these treatments, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, have emerged as important causes for these effusions. Pleural interventions may be accomplished with few complications. SUMMARY Pleural effusions may occur with acute and chronic leukemia and MDS. Infection remains the most common cause. Malignant pleural effusions tend to occur in advanced disease in chronic leukemia, but they can be seen at any time with acute leukemia and MDS. With standard precautions, pleural procedures may be performed safely in this population. In cases of unclear cause, pleural and bone marrow biopsy should be considered.
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Singhal RL, Monaco SE, Pantanowitz L. Cytopathology of myeloid sarcoma: a study of 16 cases. J Am Soc Cytopathol 2015; 4:98-103. [PMID: 31051716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The diagnosis of myeloid sarcoma (MS) in cytology samples is challenging, especially when these tumors occur prior to a diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia. The aim of this study was to review our cytopathology service's experience with a series of MS cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Archival records were searched from which 16 cytology cases of MS were identified and reviewed. Clinical findings, cytomorphology, and ancillary studies were analyzed. RESULTS MS was secondary to acute myeloid leukemia in 14 cases, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in blast crisis in 1 case, and myelodysplastic syndrome in another. Flow cytometry was supportive in 11 cases, immunostains were helpful when performed in 4 cases, and fluorescence in-situ hybridization in the CML case showed t(9;22). Cellularity was variable in all leukemia subtypes. Blasts had round or cleaved nuclei with indistinct nucleoli. Maturing granulocytes were present only in the patient with CML, or with peripheral blood contamination (4 cases). Other blood precursors were absent. Apoptosis and lymphoglandular bodies were present in almost one-half of the cases, which correlated with increased blasts. Mitoses were infrequent (6 cases) and necrosis was not seen. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of MS in cytology specimens can be made in cases with adequate cellularity and supportive ancillary studies in the correct clinical context. MS was harder to diagnose in cytology cases with low cellularity, blood contamination, and few blasts. Cytologic features that pose diagnostic pitfalls are lymphoglandular bodies suggestive of lymphoma and maturing or mixed granulocytes that mimic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashi L Singhal
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sara E Monaco
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Liron Pantanowitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Pemmaraju N, Chang E, Daver N, Patel K, Jorgensen J, Sabloff B, Verstovsek S, Borthakur G. Extramedullary acute myeloid leukemia: leukemic pleural effusion, case report and review of the literature. Front Oncol 2014; 4:130. [PMID: 24918086 PMCID: PMC4040935 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective and Importance: Malignant pleural effusions occur in the setting of both solid and hematologic malignancies. Pleural effusion caused by leukemic infiltration is an unusual extramedullary manifestation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with fewer than 20 cases reported (1–11). We report a case of pericardial and pleural effusions in a patient with AML and review the literature. Clinical Presentation: In this case, a 55-year-old man with previous history of myeloproliferative neoplasm experienced transformation AML, heralded by appearance of leukemic pleural effusions. The patient was identified to have leukemic pleural effusion based on the extended cytogenetic analysis of the pleural fluid, as morphologic analysis alone was insufficient. Intervention: The patient was treated with hypomethylator-based and intensive chemotherapy strategies, both of which maintained resolution of the effusions in the remission setting. Conclusion: Due to the rarity of diagnosis of leukemic pleural effusions, both cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization testing are recommended. Furthermore, systemic chemotherapy directed at the AML can lead to complete resolution of leukemic pleural effusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Pemmaraju
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Elaine Chang
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Naval Daver
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Keyur Patel
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Jeffrey Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Bradley Sabloff
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Srdan Verstovsek
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Gautam Borthakur
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
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Abstract
We recently developed fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based methods to purify morphologically and functionally discrete populations of cells, each representing specific stages of terminal erythroid differentiation. We used these techniques to obtain pure populations of both human and murine erythroblasts at distinct developmental stages. RNA was prepared from these cells and subjected to RNA sequencing analyses, creating unbiased, stage-specific transcriptomes. Tight clustering of transcriptomes from differing stages, even between biologically different replicates, validated the utility of the FACS-based assays. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that there were marked differences between differentiation stages, with both shared and dissimilar gene expression profiles defining each stage within transcriptional space. There were vast temporal changes in gene expression across the differentiation stages, with each stage exhibiting unique transcriptomes. Clustering and network analyses revealed that varying stage-specific patterns of expression observed across differentiation were enriched for genes of differing function. Numerous differences were present between human and murine transcriptomes, with significant variation in the global patterns of gene expression. These data provide a significant resource for studies of normal and perturbed erythropoiesis, allowing a deeper understanding of mechanisms of erythroid development in various inherited and acquired erythroid disorders.
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Faiz SA, Bashoura L, Lei X, Sampat KR, Brown TC, Eapen GA, Morice RC, Ferrajoli A, Jimenez CA. Pleural effusions in patients with acute leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 54:329-35. [PMID: 22812422 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.713478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pleural effusions are rarely observed in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)/myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN). Therefore the underlying etiology of pleural effusions and the efficacy and safety of pleural procedures in this population has not been well studied. In a retrospective review of cases from 1997 to 2007, we identified 111 patients with acute leukemia or MDS/MPN who underwent pleural procedures. Clinical characteristics were reviewed, and survival outcomes were estimated by Kaplan-Meier methods. A total of 270 pleural procedures were performed in 111 patients (69 AML, 27 ALL, 15 MDS/MPN). The main indications for pleural procedures were possible infection (49%) and respiratory symptoms (48%), and concomitant clinical symptoms included fever (34%), dyspnea (74%), chest pain (24%) and cough (37%). Most patients had active disease (61%). The most frequent etiology of pleural effusions was infection (47%), followed by malignancy (36%). Severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 20 × 10(3)/µL) was present in 43% of the procedures, yet the procedural complication rate was only 1.9%. Multivariate analysis revealed that older age, AML, MDS/MPN and active disease status were associated with a shorter median overall survival. Infection and malignant involvement are the most common causes of pleural effusion in patients with acute leukemia or MDS. After optimizing platelet count and coagulopathy, thoracentesis may be performed safely and with high diagnostic yield in this population. Survival in these patients is determined by the response to treatment of the hematologic malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadia A Faiz
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-1402, USA.
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Chang H. Acute myeloid leukemia with leukemic pleural effusion. Diagn Cytopathol 2012; 41:909-13. [PMID: 22550016 DOI: 10.1002/dc.22859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) may be associated with extramedullary tumor growth, which is commonly known as myeloid sarcoma. Although AML with leukemic pleural effusion is considered rare, the true incidence is not clear. We report three cases of AML involving pleural effusion in this study. The cases were encountered in a single institute within two years, suggesting that leukemic effusion is more common than previously reported. Leukemic cells showed evidence of monocytic differentiation in all cases. Two patients presented with advanced AML. Both had concurrent myeloid sarcoma. Both were ineligible for intensive treatment and died soon after diagnosis of myeloid sarcoma. The third patient had pleural effusion upon diagnosis of AML. Remission was achieved and the effusion disappeared after treatment. We conclude leukemic effusion may become more common in an era of improved care and prolonged survival for AML patients. The prognostic impact is unclear and patients should be given standard AML treatment whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Chang
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Tasso DM, Dunning KK, McKenna RW, Pambuccian SE. Erythroblastosis in the peritoneal fluid of a newborn. Diagn Cytopathol 2012; 41:431-3. [PMID: 22298323 DOI: 10.1002/dc.22823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M Tasso
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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