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Kundu U, Gan Q, Donthi D, Sneige N. The Utility of Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Mediastinal Lesions. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2400. [PMID: 37510144 PMCID: PMC10378189 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13142400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fine needle aspiration is a minimally invasive, low-morbidity, and cost-efficient technique for the sampling of mediastinal lesions. Additionally, ancillary testing on FNA samples can be used for the refinement of diagnoses and for treatment-related purposes (flow cytometry, cytogenetics, immunohistochemistry, and molecular diagnostics). Mediastinal lesions, however, can show a variety of lineages and morphologic features, giving rise to diagnostic dilemmas. As a result, the differential diagnosis can vary widely and becomes especially challenging due to the smaller sample size on FNA and the variability in component sampling. For appropriate patient management and to determine the correct treatment strategies, accurate pathologic diagnoses are paramount. In this review, we present the cytomorphologic features together with the immunophenotypic findings of mediastinal lesions, with emphasis on the diagnostic challenges and pitfalls in FNA cytology samples, including smears and cell block sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Kundu
- Section of Cytopathology, Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qiong Gan
- Section of Cytopathology, Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Deepak Donthi
- Section of Cytopathology, Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nour Sneige
- Section of Cytopathology, Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Andeen NK, Tretiakova MS. Metastatic Treated Malignant Germ Cell Tumors. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2016; 24:210-4. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Tatetsu H, Kong NR, Chong G, Amabile G, Tenen DG, Chai L. SALL4, the missing link between stem cells, development and cancer. Gene 2016; 584:111-9. [PMID: 26892498 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence supporting that cancer cells share many similarities with embryonic stem cells (ESCs). For example, aggressive cancers and ESCs share a common gene expression signature that includes hundreds of genes. Since ESC genes are not present in most adult tissues, they could be ideal candidate targets for cancer-specific diagnosis and treatment. This is an exciting cancer-targeting model. The major hurdle to test this model is to identify the key factors/pathway(s) within ESCs that are responsible for the cancer phenotype. SALL4 is one of few genes that can establish this link. The first publication of SALL4 is on its mutation in a human inherited disorder with multiple developmental defects. Since then, over 300 papers have been published on various aspects of this gene in stem cells, development, and cancers. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge of SALL4, including a SALL4-based approach to classify and target cancers. Many questions about this important gene still remain unanswered, specifically, on how this gene regulates cell fates at a molecular level. Understanding SALL4's molecular functions will allow development of specific targeted approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiro Tatetsu
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, New Research Building Room 652D, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nikki R Kong
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, New Research Building Room 652D, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gao Chong
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, New Research Building Room 652D, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Daniel G Tenen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine (MD6), #12-01, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Center for Life Science Room 437, 3 Blackfan Circle Room 437, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Li Chai
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, New Research Building Room 652D, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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