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Fujiwara T, Uotani K, Yoshida A, Morita T, Nezu Y, Kobayashi E, Yoshida A, Uehara T, Omori T, Sugiu K, Komatsubara T, Takeda K, Kunisada T, Kawamura M, Kawai A, Ochiya T, Ozaki T. Clinical significance of circulating miR-25-3p as a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in osteosarcoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:33375-33392. [PMID: 28380419 PMCID: PMC5464875 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging evidence has suggested that circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in body fluids have novel diagnostic and prognostic significance for patients with malignant diseases. The lack of useful biomarkers is a crucial problem of bone and soft tissue sarcomas; therefore, we investigated the circulating miRNA signature and its clinical relevance in osteosarcoma. Methods Global miRNA profiling was performed using patient serum collected from a discovery cohort of osteosarcoma patients and controls and cell culture media. The secretion of the detected miRNAs from osteosarcoma cells and clinical relevance of serum miRNA levels were evaluated using in vitro and in vivo models and a validation patient cohort. Results Discovery screening identified 236 serum miRNAs that were highly expressed in osteosarcoma patients compared with controls, and eight among these were also identified in the cell culture media. Upregulated expression levels of miR-17-5p and miR-25-3p were identified in osteosarcoma cells, and these were abundantly secreted into the culture media in tumor-derived exosomes. Serum miR-25-3p levels were significantly higher in osteosarcoma patients than in control individuals in the validation cohort, with favorable sensitivity and specificity compared with serum alkaline phosphatase. Furthermore, serum miR-25-3p levels at diagnosis were correlated with patient prognosis and reflected tumor burden in both in vivo models and patients; these associations were more sensitive than those of serum alkaline phosphatase. Conclusions Serum-based circulating miR-25-3p may serve as a non-invasive blood-based biomarker for tumor monitoring and prognostic prediction in osteosarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Fujiwara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Center of Innovative Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan.,Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Uotani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Aki Yoshida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takuya Morita
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nezu
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshida
- Division of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takenori Uehara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshinori Omori
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sugiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Komatsubara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ken Takeda
- Department of Intelligent Orthopaedic System, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kunisada
- Department of Medical Materials for Musculoskeletal Reconstruction, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Akira Kawai
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ozaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Abstract
Monitoring of circulating tumor cells' (CTCs) presence has the potential to improve therapeutic management of oncological diseases at an early stage and also to identify patients with increased risk of tumor progression or recurrence before the onset of clinically detected metastasis. Here we describe a new simplified efficient methodology for the separation and in vitro culturing of viable CTCs from peripheral blood by size-based filtration (MetaCell®). The isolation protocol yields preferentially cells bigger than 8 μm enabling further cytomorphological and molecular analysis.
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Zhang L, Wu C, Hoffman RM. Prostate Cancer Heterogeneous High-Metastatic Multi-Organ-Colonizing Chemo-Resistant Variants Selected by Serial Metastatic Passage in Nude Mice Are Highly Enriched for Multinucleate Giant Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140721. [PMID: 26536025 PMCID: PMC4633180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to further understand the role of tumor heterogeneity in metastasis and chemo-resistance, high metastatic PC-3 human prostate cancer variants were selected by injecting parental PC-3 cells, expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the footpad of nude mice, which then metastasize to inguinal lymph nodes. The PC-3-GFP cells which metastasized to the inguinal lymph nodes were collected and were re-injected to the footpad. After 6 such cycles, the PC-3-GFP cells collected from inguinal lymph nodes (PC-3-GFP-LN) were again injected to the footpad. PC-3-GFP-LN showed 100% metastasis to major lymph nodes (popliteal, inguinal, axillary, and cervical), and 100% metastasis to bone and lung. The percent of giant cell variants was enriched in PC-3-GFP-LN-6 compared to parental cells and increased with each cycle of selection, which in turn had increased metastasis. PC-3-GFP-LN-6 cells were resistant to 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin and cisplatinum, compared to parental PC-3. However, PC-3-GFP-LN-6 was sensitive to the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbal mixture LQ, similar to the parental cells. These results suggest that PC-3 tumors are heterogenous and that subpopulations of highly metastatic, drug-resistant cells can be step-wise selected using a mouse model of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Chengyu Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- * E-mail: (CW); (RMH)
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CW); (RMH)
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Reardon ES, Hong JA, Straughan DM, Azoury SC, Zhang M, Schrump DS. Pulmonary Metastases Exhibit Epigenetic Clonality: Implications for Precision Cancer Therapy. Ann Thorac Surg 2015; 100:1839-48; discussion 1848. [PMID: 26298164 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of effective cancer therapies may be limited by intratumoral heterogeneity, which facilitates outgrowth and organ-specific dissemination of treatment resistant clones. At present, limited information is available regarding epigenetic landscapes of pulmonary metastases. This study was undertaken to characterize epigenetic signatures of pulmonary metastases and to identify potential therapeutic targets. METHODS RNA and DNA were extracted from 65 pulmonary metastases resected from 12 patients (5 with sarcoma, 7 with adrenocortical carcinoma). Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction techniques were used to evaluate expression levels of cancer-testis (CT) genes (NY-ESO-1, MAGE-A3, MAGE-A9, MAGE-A12, GAGE1, CT-45, SSX-1, and SSX-2), tumor suppressor (TS) genes (p16 and RASSF1A), and genes encoding epigenetic modifiers (DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, EZH2, EED, and SUZ12), aberrantly expressed in human malignant diseases. Pyrosequencing techniques were used to quantitate DNA methylation levels in LINE1, NBL2, and D4Z4 repetitive sequences and promoter methylation status of differentially regulated genes. Results of these analyses were compared with a standardized panel of normal lung tissues. RESULTS Pulmonary metastases exhibited histologically related and patient-specific global DNA demethylation. Significant interpatient heterogeneity of gene expression was observed even among patients with similar tumor histologic features. Epigenetic signatures appeared consistent among metastases from the same patient, irrespective of the time of resection (synchronous/metachronous) or the anatomic location. EZH2, EED, and SUZ12 (core components of Polycomb repressive complex-2 [PRC-2]) were upregulated in the majority of metastases. CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary metastases exhibit patient-specific epigenetic clonality, which may be exploited for precision therapies targeting aberrant CT or TS gene expression. PRC-2 may be a shared target for epigenetic therapy of pulmonary metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Reardon
- Thoracic Epigenetics Laboratory, Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Julie A Hong
- Thoracic Epigenetics Laboratory, Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David M Straughan
- Thoracic Epigenetics Laboratory, Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Saïd C Azoury
- Thoracic Epigenetics Laboratory, Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mary Zhang
- Thoracic Epigenetics Laboratory, Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David S Schrump
- Thoracic Epigenetics Laboratory, Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Cifuentes FF, Valenzuela RH, Contreras HR, Castellón EA. Development of an orthotopic model of human metastatic prostate cancer in the NOD-SCIDγ mouse ( Mus musculus) anterior prostate. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:2142-2148. [PMID: 26622809 PMCID: PMC4579829 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent oncological diseases in males worldwide, and the mortalities resulting from this type of cancer are mainly due to metastasis. The most common models for the study of metastasis are transgenic and immunocompromised mice, which enable the study of the metastatic process in a controlled way by the injection of prostate cancer cells into the mice. In the present study, NOD-SCIDγ mice were injected orthotopically with PC3 cells in the anterior prostate in order to establish a metastatic model. The results demonstrated the development and growth of a primary tumor that preceded the formation of micrometastases in the lung, liver and pancreas, followed by macrometastases in the liver. This model adequately represents the dynamics of the metastatic process, and may be useful for novel therapeutic assays and post-surgical relapse studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico F Cifuentes
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Andrology, Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile ; Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile
| | - Rodrigo H Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Andrology, Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Héctor R Contreras
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Andrology, Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Enrique A Castellón
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Andrology, Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
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Chen JF, Ho H, Lichterman J, Lu YT, Zhang Y, Garcia MA, Chen SF, Liang AJ, Hodara E, Zhau HE, Hou S, Ahmed RS, Luthringer DJ, Huang J, Li KC, Chung LWK, Ke Z, Tseng HR, Posadas EM. Subclassification of prostate cancer circulating tumor cells by nuclear size reveals very small nuclear circulating tumor cells in patients with visceral metastases. Cancer 2015; 121:3240-51. [PMID: 25975562 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has shown some clinical value, the pool of CTCs contains a mixture of cells that contains additional information that can be extracted. The authors subclassified CTCs by shape features focusing on nuclear size and related this with clinical information. METHODS A total of 148 blood samples were obtained from 57 patients with prostate cancer across the spectrum of metastatic states: no metastasis, nonvisceral metastasis, and visceral metastasis. CTCs captured and enumerated on NanoVelcro Chips (CytoLumina, Los Angeles, Calif) were subjected to pathologic review including nuclear size. The distribution of nuclear size was analyzed using a Gaussian mixture model. Correlations were made between CTC subpopulations and metastatic status. RESULTS Statistical modeling of nuclear size distribution revealed 3 distinct subpopulations: large nuclear CTCs, small nuclear CTCs, and very small nuclear CTCs (vsnCTCs). Small nuclear CTCs and vsnCTC identified those patients with metastatic disease. However, vsnCTC counts alone were found to be elevated in patients with visceral metastases when compared with those without (0.36 ± 0.69 vs 1.95 ± 3.77 cells/mL blood; P<.001). Serial enumeration studies suggested the emergence of vsnCTCs occurred before the detection of visceral metastases. CONCLUSIONS There are morphologic subsets of CTCs that can be identified by fundamental pathologic approaches, such as nuclear size measurement. The results of this observational study strongly suggest that CTCs contain relevant information regarding disease status. In particular, the detection of vsnCTCs was found to be correlated with the presence of visceral metastases and should be formally explored as a putative blood-borne biomarker to identify patients at risk of developing this clinical evolution of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Fu Chen
- Urologic Oncology Program and Uro-Oncology Research Laboratories, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hao Ho
- Department of Statistics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Institute of Statistical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jake Lichterman
- Urologic Oncology Program and Uro-Oncology Research Laboratories, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yi-Tsung Lu
- Urologic Oncology Program and Uro-Oncology Research Laboratories, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mitch A Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shang-Fu Chen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - An-Jou Liang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elisabeth Hodara
- Urologic Oncology Program and Uro-Oncology Research Laboratories, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Haiyen E Zhau
- Urologic Oncology Program and Uro-Oncology Research Laboratories, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shuang Hou
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rafi S Ahmed
- Urologic Oncology Program and Uro-Oncology Research Laboratories, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel J Luthringer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ker-Chau Li
- Department of Statistics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Institute of Statistical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Urologic Oncology Program and Uro-Oncology Research Laboratories, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zunfu Ke
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hsian-Rong Tseng
- Institute of Statistical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Edwin M Posadas
- Urologic Oncology Program and Uro-Oncology Research Laboratories, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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Valta M, Fagerlund K, Suominen M, Halleen J, Tuomela J. Importance of microenvironment in preclinical models of breast and prostate cancer. World J Pharmacol 2015; 4:47-57. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v4.i1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of cancer drugs entering clinical trials fail to reach the market due to poor efficacy. Preclinical efficacy has been traditionally tested using subcutaneous xenograft models that are cheap, fast and easy to perform. However, these models lack the correct tumor microenvironment, leading to poor clinical predictivity. Selecting compounds for clinical trials based on efficacy results obtained from subcutaneous xenograft models may therefore be one important reason for the high failure rates. In this review we concentrate in describing the role and importance of the tumor microenvironment in progression of breast and prostate cancer, and describe some breast and prostate cancer cell lines that are widely used in preclinical studies. We go through different preclinical efficacy models that incorporate the tissue microenvironment and should therefore be clinically more predictive than subcutaneous xenografts. These include three-dimensional cell culture models, orthotopic and metastasis models, humanized and transgenic mouse models, and patient-derived xenografts. Different endpoint measurements and applicable imaging techniques are also discussed. We conclude that models that incorporate the tissue microenvironment should be increasingly used in preclinical efficacy studies to reduce the current high attrition rates of cancer drugs in clinical trials.
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Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) derived from primary tumors are believed to facilitate circulating tumor cell (CTC) seeding of distant metastases, but the mechanisms of these processes are poorly understood. Although many studies have focused on the migration of CTCs, less attention has been given to TAMs that, like CTCs, derive from tumor sites. Using precision microfilters under low-flow conditions, we isolated circulating cancer-associated macrophage-like cells (CAMLs) from the peripheral blood of patients with breast, pancreatic, or prostate cancer. CAMLs, which are not found in healthy individuals, were found to express epithelial, monocytic, and endothelial protein markers and were observed bound to CTCs in circulation. These data support the hypothesis that disseminated TAMs can be used as a biomarker of advanced disease and suggest that they have a participatory role in tumor cell migration.
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