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Wang D, Wu Y, Ma J, Xu Z, Tao H, Guan Y, Wang J, Chen K, Chen B, Xie J, Jiang H, Guan M. Logistic regression modeling of cytokines for cerebrospinal fluid evaluation in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 562:119879. [PMID: 39029646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic utility of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology encounters impediments stemming from variability in cell collection techniques and pathologists' morphological acumen, resulting in wide-ranging CSF positivity rates for primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL). Such disparity impacts patient evaluation, treatment stratagem, and prognostication. Thus, this study endeavors to explore liquid biomarkers complementary to CSF cytology or immunophenotype analysis in the diagnosis of CSF involvement. METHODS 398 newly diagnosed PCNSL patients were categorized into CSF involvement and non-involvement groups based on CSF cytology and immunophenotype analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed on 338 patients to investigate factors predicting CSF involvement and to develop a joint prediction model. An additional cohort of 60 PCNSL patients was recruited for model validation. Statistical analyses included the Mann-Whitney U test for comparing various CSF parameters between two groups. ROC curve analyses were performed for each biomarker to identify PCNSL CSF involvement. RESULTS The cytokine IL-10 level in CSF has emerged as the most promising biomarker for CSF evaluation, boasting an ROC AUC of 0.922. C-TNFα and soluble C-IL2R demonstrate efficacy in quantifying tumor burden within the CSF. Logistic regression identified C-IL10lg (OR = 30.103, P < 0.001), C-TNC (OR = 1.126, P < 0.001), C-IL2Rlg (OR = 3.743, P = 0.029) as independent predictors for CSF involvement, contributing to a joint predictive model with an AUC of 0.935, sensitivity of 74.1 %, and specificity of 93.0 %. Validation of the model in an independent cohort confirmed its effectiveness, achieving an AUC of 0.9713. CONCLUSIONS The identification of these feasible biomarkers and the development of an accurate prediction model may facilitate the precise evaluation of CSF status in PCNSL, offering significant advancements in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yejia Wu
- Department of Endoscopy and Interventional Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201801, China; Department of Nursing, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201801, China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201907, China
| | - Zhiyu Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Huicong Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yongjie Guan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Bobin Chen
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201907, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Haoqin Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Ming Guan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
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Nayak L, Bettegowda C, Scherer F, Galldiks N, Ahluwalia M, Baraniskin A, von Baumgarten L, Bromberg JEC, Ferreri AJM, Grommes C, Hoang-Xuan K, Kühn J, Rubenstein JL, Rudà R, Weller M, Chang SM, van den Bent MJ, Wen PY, Soffietti R. Liquid biopsy for improving diagnosis and monitoring of CNS lymphomas: A RANO review. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:993-1011. [PMID: 38598668 PMCID: PMC11145457 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The utility of liquid biopsies is well documented in several extracranial and intracranial (brain/leptomeningeal metastases, gliomas) tumors. METHODS The RANO (Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology) group has set up a multidisciplinary Task Force to critically review the role of blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-liquid biopsy in CNS lymphomas, with a main focus on primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL). RESULTS Several clinical applications are suggested: diagnosis of PCNSL in critical settings (elderly or frail patients, deep locations, and steroid responsiveness), definition of minimal residual disease, early indication of tumor response or relapse following treatments, and prediction of outcome. CONCLUSIONS Thus far, no clinically validated circulating biomarkers for managing both primary and secondary CNS lymphomas exist. There is need of standardization of biofluid collection, choice of analytes, and type of technique to perform the molecular analysis. The various assays should be evaluated through well-organized central testing within clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Nayak
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chetan Bettegowda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Florian Scherer
- Department of Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Galldiks
- Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Manmeet Ahluwalia
- Rose and Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland OH and Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alexander Baraniskin
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hamm, Hamm, Germany
| | - Louisa von Baumgarten
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ludwig-Maximilians—University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Andrés J M Ferreri
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Christian Grommes
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Khê Hoang-Xuan
- APHP, Department of Neuro-oncology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière; Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute ICM, Paris, France
| | - Julia Kühn
- Department of Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - James L Rubenstein
- UCSF Hematology/Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Roberta Rudà
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini,” University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susan M Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Division of Neuro-Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Patrick Y Wen
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini,” University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Riccardo Soffietti
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini,” University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Turin, Italy
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3
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Anane E, Lakhal FB, Salem SF, Ghali O, Feki E, Abdennebi YB, Bahri M, Azza E, Aissaoui L, El Borgi W, Gouider E. Flow cytometry for meningeal infiltration in B acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a low middle income country. CYTOMETRY. PART B, CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2024. [PMID: 38708886 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.22179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Meningeal infiltration in children with B acute lymphoblastic leukemia is one of the most serious complications. Timely diagnosis not only significantly enhances treatment efficacy but also leads to improve patient outcome and reduce risk of relapse. This is particularly crucial in low to middle income countries facing health constraints, where optimizing resources is essential. Conventional cytology (CC) study of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is considered in different countries to be the Gold-standard despite its low sensitivity (< 50%). The study of CSF by multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC) appears to be an alternative. The aim of our study was to assess MFC analytical performance compared with CC. Our cross sectional study was conducted over a six-month period in the biological hematology department. CSF samples underwent analysis for the presence of blasts using both CC and MFC. Cytological slides of the CSF were prepared by cytocentrifugation in a Shandon Cytospin 4™. Flow cytometric analysis was performed on the BD FACSLyric™ flow cytometer. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 21.0 (SPSS Inc.). Agreement between the two methods was made using the Kappa index and χ2 test. This study was approved by the local ethics committee. Sixty CSF samples from 39 children with B acute lymphoblastic leukemia were analyzed. Meningeal infiltration was detected respectively in 20% of cases by MFC and 5% of cases by CC, with a significant difference p = 0.006. Comparing the two methods, the Kappa coefficient was 0.35, indicating weak agreement between the two methods. Moreover, MFC positivity was higher even for hypocellular samples. Of the 51 hypocellular samples, eight were positive by MFC while they were negative by CC. MFC shows better sensitivity while retaining good specificity for the detection of meningeal involvement. MFC could therefore be a complementary method to CC for detecting blast cells in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eya Anane
- Biological hematology department, Aziza Othmana University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Ben Lakhal
- Biological hematology department, Aziza Othmana University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sarra Fekih Salem
- Biological hematology department, Aziza Othmana University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ons Ghali
- Biological hematology department, Aziza Othmana University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Emna Feki
- Biological hematology department, Aziza Othmana University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yosr Ben Abdennebi
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Hematology, Aziza Othmana University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Bahri
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Hematology, Aziza Othmana University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Emna Azza
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Hematology, Aziza Othmana University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lamia Aissaoui
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Hematology, Aziza Othmana University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Wijden El Borgi
- Biological hematology department, Aziza Othmana University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Emna Gouider
- Biological hematology department, Aziza Othmana University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Zhong Y, Tan GW, Bult J, Veltmaat N, Plattel W, Kluiver J, Enting R, Diepstra A, van den Berg A, Nijland M. Detection of circulating tumor DNA in plasma of patients with primary CNS lymphoma by digital droplet PCR. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:407. [PMID: 38566053 PMCID: PMC10985975 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12191-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) are rare mature B-cell lymphoproliferative diseases characterized by a high incidence of MYD88 L265P and CD79B Y196 hotspot mutations. Diagnosis of PCNSL can be challenging. The aim of the study was to analyze the detection rate of the MYD88 L265P and CD79B Y196 mutation in cell free DNA (cfDNA) in plasma of patients with PCNSL. METHODS We analyzed by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) to determine presence of the MYD88 L265P and CD79B Y196 hotspot mutations in cfDNA isolated from plasma of 24 PCNSL patients with active disease. Corresponding tumor samples were available for 14 cases. Based on the false positive rate observed in 8 healthy control samples, a stringent cut-off for the MYD88 L265P and CD79B Y196 mutation were set at 0.3% and 0.5%, respectively. RESULTS MYD88 L265P and CD79B Y196 mutations were detected in 9/14 (64%) and 2/13 (15%) tumor biopsies, respectively. In cfDNA samples, the MYD88 L265P mutation was detected in 3/24 (12.5%), while the CD79B Y196 mutation was not detected in any of the 23 tested cfDNA samples. Overall, MYD88 L265P and/or CD79B Y196 were detected in cfDNA in 3/24 cases (12.5%). The detection rate of the combined analysis did not improve the single detection rate for either MYD88 L265P or CD79B Y196. CONCLUSION The low detection rate of MYD88 L265P and CD79B Y196 mutations in cfDNA in the plasma of PCNSL patients argues against its use in routine diagnostics. However, detection of MYD88 L265P by ddPCR in cfDNA in the plasma could be considered in challenging cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhong
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geok Wee Tan
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Johanna Bult
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nick Veltmaat
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Plattel
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Kluiver
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roelien Enting
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Diepstra
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anke van den Berg
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Nijland
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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5
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Chua BJG, Low CE, Yau CE, Tan YH, Chiang J, Chang EWY, Chan JY, Poon EYL, Somasundaram N, Rashid MFBH, Tao M, Lim ST, Yang VS. Recent updates on central nervous system prophylaxis in patients with high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Exp Hematol Oncol 2024; 13:1. [PMID: 38173015 PMCID: PMC10765685 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-023-00467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains controversial. Although uncommon, CNS relapses are invariably fatal in this otherwise curable disease. Accurate identification of patients at risk and the optimal approach to CNS prophylaxis therefore remains an area of unmet need. The existing literature, largely retrospective in nature, provides mixed conclusions regarding the efficacy of CNS prophylaxis. The utility of CNS prophylaxis has itself been challenged. In this review, we dissect the issues which render the value of CNS prophylaxis uncertain. We first compare international clinical guidelines for CNS prophylaxis. We then interrogate the factors that should be used to identify high-risk patients accurately. We also explore how clinical patterns of CNS relapse have changed in the pre-rituximab and rituximab era. We then discuss the efficacy of CNS-directed approaches, intensification of systemic treatment and other novel approaches in CNS prophylaxis. Improved diagnostics for early detection of CNS relapses and newer therapeutics for CNS prophylaxis are areas of active investigation. In an area where prospective, randomized studies are impracticable and lacking, guidance for the use of CNS prophylaxis will depend on rigorous statistical review of retrospective data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Ji Guang Chua
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Chen Ee Low
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Dr, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Chun En Yau
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Dr, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Ya Hwee Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Jianbang Chiang
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Esther Wei Yin Chang
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Jason Yongsheng Chan
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Oncology Academic Clinical Program, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Eileen Yi Ling Poon
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Nagavalli Somasundaram
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Oncology Academic Clinical Program, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Mohamed Farid Bin Harunal Rashid
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Oncology Academic Clinical Program, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Miriam Tao
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Oncology Academic Clinical Program, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Soon Thye Lim
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Oncology Academic Clinical Program, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Valerie Shiwen Yang
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Oncology Academic Clinical Program, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
- Translational Precision Oncology Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), 61 Biopolis Dr Proteos, Singapore, 138673, A*STAR, Singapore.
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Kozlova AO, Kamenskikh EM, Konovalov RN, Chekanova EO, Alifirova VM, Zakharova MN. [«Masks» of CNS demyelinating diseases. Primary lymphoma]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2024; 124:101-108. [PMID: 39175248 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2024124072101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare neoplasm that can affect the brain, eyes, and, rarely, the spinal cord. Clinical presentation and MRI findings can mimic a variety of diseases, including high-grade gliomas, infectious and granulomatous diseases, and demyelinating diseases. We describe three cases where the diagnosis of PCNSL was difficult due to an ambiguous clinical, radiological and laboratory results. The role of stereotactic biopsy remains leading in differential diagnosis; however, the invasiveness and frequent limitations of this method determine the search for additional biological markers of the disease. New evidence suggests a potential role for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokine profiles and proteomic analysis in differential diagnosis, disease progression, and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Kozlova
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
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7
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Balikov DA, Conway K, Brown NA, Camelo-Piragua S, Rao RC. Molecular Analysis of Liquid Vitreous Biopsy Reveals Occult Lymphoma Following Cytology-Negative Biopsies of the Brain and Vitreous. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2023:1-9. [PMID: 38109211 PMCID: PMC11182886 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2023.2287061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare but deadly malignancy that principally affects adults in the fifth and sixth decades of life. Despite diagnostic advances in analyses of cerebral spinal fluid and neuroimaging, definitive diagnosis of PCNSL requires primary brain tissue biopsy. While small neurosurgical biopsy volumes are pursued to minimize removal of normal brain tissue, the spatial margins to precisely biopsy pathologic tissue are narrow and can result in missed diagnoses. Furthermore, prior steroid treatment can significantly reduce tumor burden increasing the likelihood of a non-diagnostic biopsy. METHODS A retrospective case report from a tertiary referral center using a combination of neuroradiological studies, sterotactic tissue biopsy, and molecular testing for genome mutations. RESULTS A 72-year-old woman with strong suspicion for PCNSL clinically and radiologically, but cerebral spinal fluid and primary brain tissue biopsy were negative for tumor. However, vitreous liquid biopsy molecular testing for a MYD88 mutation as well as B-cell clonality (IGH/IGK rearrangement) were positive, indicating the presence of secondary vitreoretinal lymphoma from PCNSL. Only after autopsy of her brain was histopathological and immunohistochemical evidence of PCNSL confirmed. CONCLUSION This case illustrates the unique contribution of liquid biopsy neuropathology-oriented molecular testing in a challenging case with high clinical suspicion of PCNSL in which gold-standard diagnostic testing failed to yield a diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Balikov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kyle Conway
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Noah A. Brown
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Rajesh C. Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for RNA Biomedicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Ophthalmology, Surgical Service, Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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8
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Bravetti C, Degaud M, Armand M, Sourdeau E, Mokhtari K, Maloum K, Osman J, Verrier P, Houillier C, Roos-Weil D, Soussain C, Choquet S, Hoang-Xuan K, Le Garff-Tavernier M, Denis JA, Davi F. Combining MYD88 L265P mutation detection and clonality determination on CSF cellular and cell-free DNA improves diagnosis of primary CNS lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2023. [PMID: 36941788 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is challenging, and although brain biopsy remains the gold standard, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) constitutes a less invasive source of lymphomatous biomarkers. In a retrospective cohort of 54 PCNSL cases tested at diagnosis or relapse, we evaluated the contribution of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) gene clonality and MYD88 L265P detection on both CSF cell pellets and supernatants, in comparison with cytology, flow cytometry, interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6 quantification. Clonality assessment included a new assay to detect partial IGH-DJ rearrangements. Clonal IGH rearrangements and/or MYD88 L265P mutation were detected in 27 (50%) cell pellets and 24 (44%) supernatant cell-free (cf) DNA. Combining analyses on both compartments, 36 (66%) cases had at least one detectable molecular marker, present only in cfDNA for 9 (16%) of them. While cytology and flow cytometry were positive in only 7 (13.0%) and 9 (17.3%) cases respectively, high IL-10 levels were observed in 36 (66.7%) cases. Overall, taking into account molecular and cytokine results, 46/54 (85%) cases had at least one lymphomatous biomarker detectable in the CSF. These results show that this combination of biomarkers evaluated on both cell pellet and supernatant CSF fractions improves significantly the biological diagnosis of PCNSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Bravetti
- Department of Biological Hematology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Michaël Degaud
- Department of Biological Hematology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Marine Armand
- Department of Biological Hematology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Elise Sourdeau
- Department of Biological Hematology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Karima Mokhtari
- Department of Neuropathology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Karim Maloum
- Department of Biological Hematology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Osman
- Department of Biological Hematology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Verrier
- Department of Biological Hematology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Houillier
- Department of Neurology-2, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), IHU, ICM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Damien Roos-Weil
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Carole Soussain
- Division of Hematology, Institut Curie, Site Saint-Cloud, and INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Choquet
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Khe Hoang-Xuan
- Department of Neurology-2, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), IHU, ICM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Magali Le Garff-Tavernier
- Department of Biological Hematology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Alexandre Denis
- Department of Endocrine and Oncological Biochemistry, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) and Sorbonne Université, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (UMR_S 938), Biologie et thérapeutiques du cancer, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Davi
- Department of Biological Hematology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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9
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Chen X, Huang M, Zhang Z, Jing H, Zou Y, Bu H. Primary meningeal central nervous system lymphoma: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e32567. [PMID: 36596043 PMCID: PMC9803511 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and isolated meningeal PCNSL, without evidence of parenchymal involvement, is even less common, occurring in only 10% to 15% of cases. PATIENT CONCERNS A 65-years-old female presented to our hospital with progressive lower extremity motor dysfunction and blurred vision. The initial neurological examination revealed decreased muscle strength in both lower extremities and sensory dysfunction of lower extremities, saddle area, and buttocks. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed no abnormalities. Lumbar enhanced magnetic resonance imaging showed T11 to L3 horizontal meningeal enhancement. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology revealed lymphoma cells. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry of the CSF were performed as auxiliary methods to establish the diagnosis of lymphoma. DIAGNOSES The patient was diagnosed primary meningeal central nervous system lymphoma. INTERVENTIONS During hospitalization, the patient was treated with 2 courses of high-dose intrathecal methotrexate and rituximab combined with intrathecal chemotherapy and supportive treatment. OUTCOMES After 2 years of follow-up, the patient was able to walk and take care of herself. LESSONS Cases of PCNSL involving only the meninges are rare. Multimodal analysis of the CSF comprises an important component of the diagnostic work-up for patients with primary meningeal central nervous system lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Neurology, Yuncheng Central Hospital of Shanxi Province, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhenyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huilan Jing
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yueli Zou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hui Bu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- * Correspondence: Hui Bu, Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China (e-mail: )
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10
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Bernier R, Gavoille A, Chirpaz N, Jamilloux Y, Kodjikian L, Mathis T, Sève P. Diagnostic value of lumbar puncture for the etiological assessment of uveitis: a retrospective cohort of 188 patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 260:1651-1662. [PMID: 34988612 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the relevance of lumbar puncture (LP) for the etiological diagnosis of uveitis and to establish predictive factors associated with its contributory use. METHODS We performed a retrospective study of patients with de novo uveitis who were referred to our tertiary hospital for etiological diagnosis of uveitis, between January 2003 and July 2018. We included patients who underwent a LP as part of the etiological assessment of uveitis. LP was considered as contributory if it led to the etiological diagnosis or to correct the initially suspected diagnosis. RESULTS One hundred eighty eight of the 1211 patients referred for evaluation (16%) had an LP, among these patients, 93 (49.4%) had abnormal results including 69 (36.7%) patients with hypercellularity, 69 (36.7%) with hyperproteinorachia, and 28 (14.9%) with oligoclonal bands and/or increased IgG index. LP was considered as contributing to the diagnosis in only 31 (16.4%) cases, among which there were 10 (5.3%) contributions to the etiological diagnosis and 21 (11.2%) modifications in the diagnosis classification. Multivariate analysis established that African ethnicity (p < 0.001), bilateral uveitis (p = 0.01), presence of macular edema or retinal serous detachment (p = 0.048), presence of retinal vasculitis (p < 0.001), presence of neurological signs or symptoms (p = 0.01), and contributing cerebral MRI (p < 0.001) were all significantly associated with a contributory LP. LP did not lead to any therapeutic modification. CONCLUSION LP direct contribution to the diagnosis was rare and most often detected non-specific abnormalities. LP should be performed only in cases of neurological clinical signs or symptoms, suspicion of multiple sclerosis, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada, or syphilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bernier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 103 grande rue de la Croix-Rousse, F-69004, Lyon, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse Teaching Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, , Lyon, France
| | - A Gavoille
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 103 grande rue de la Croix-Rousse, F-69004, Lyon, France
| | - N Chirpaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse Teaching Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, , Lyon, France
| | - Y Jamilloux
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 103 grande rue de la Croix-Rousse, F-69004, Lyon, France
| | - L Kodjikian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse Teaching Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, , Lyon, France.,UMR-CNRS 5510 Matéis, Villeurbanne, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Universités de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - T Mathis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse Teaching Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, , Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Sève
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 103 grande rue de la Croix-Rousse, F-69004, Lyon, France. .,Research on Healthcare Performance (RESHAPE), INSERM U1290, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
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11
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Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Cytometry: Utility in Central Nervous System Lymphoma Diagnosis. Can J Neurol Sci 2021; 47:382-388. [PMID: 32228724 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2020.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flow cytometry of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is used in isolation or as an adjunct to cytology to increase the sensitivity of detecting central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma. We aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of CSF flow cytometry as a diagnostic screening tool for primary CNS lymphoma in patients presenting with undifferentiated neurologic symptoms. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all CSF samples received by the Calgary Laboratory Services Flow Cytometry Laboratory from 2012 to 2015. Clinical data, laboratory investigations, radiologic imaging studies, and pathological data were analyzed. Clinical review extended to 2 years post-CSF flow cytometric testing. RESULTS Only 43/763 (5.6%) samples of CSF flow cytometry in 28/573 (4.9%) patients were found to be positive for a hematological malignancy in patients with undifferentiated neurologic symptoms. The overall sensitivity of the test was 13.8% with 25 patients with negative CSF flow cytometry later having a positive biopsy for CNS lymphoma. CSF flow cytometry was negative in all cases when at the time of CSF examination the patient did not have a previous hematological malignancy or findings of abnormal enhancement on MRI (n = 249). CONCLUSION CSF flow cytometry has low utility in screening for primary CNS lymphoma in the absence of a previous history of hematologic malignancy or findings of abnormal enhancement on MRI.
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12
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Liquid Biopsy and Other Non-Invasive Diagnostic Measures in PCNSL. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112665. [PMID: 34071407 PMCID: PMC8198992 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is an uncommon disease accounting for around 3% of primary CNS tumors. PCNSL exhibits aggressive clinical behavior and has an overall poor prognosis. The clinical presentation is variable, and there are no specific symptoms. Despite progress in radiographic neuroimaging, stereotactic brain biopsy remains obligatory for definitive diagnosis. Advanced standard diagnostics, including CSF cytology and flow cytometry, have limited sensitivity. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to improve the diagnostic tools for PCNSL, including novel non-invasive procedures. The aim of this review is to present and discuss modern methods that have the potential to contribute standard clinical diagnostics within the next few years. Abstract Primary central nervous system lymphoma is a rare but highly aggressive form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that remains confined to the CNS neuroaxis. The diagnosis of PCNSL requires a high level of suspicion as clinical presentation varies depending on the involved CNS areas. Neurological symptoms and MRI findings may mimic gliomas, demyelinating lesions, or infectious and granulomatous diseases. Almost all PCNSL patients undergo invasive surgical procedures for definite diagnosis. Stereotactic biopsy is still the gold standard in achieving a diagnostic accuracy of 73–97%. Both the potential procedural morbidity and mortality, as well as the time to definite histopathologic diagnosis resulting in delays of treatment initiation, have to be considered. On the contrary, minimally invasive procedures, such as MRI, CSF cytology, and flow cytometry, still have limited value due to inferior specificity and sensitivity. Hence, novel diagnostic approaches, including mutation analyses (MYD88) in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and the determination of microRNAs (miR-21, miR-19b, and miR-92) as well as cytokine levels (IL10 and IL6) in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and vitreous fluid (VRF), move into the focus of investigation to facilitate the diagnosis of PCNSL. In this review, we outline the most promising approaches that are currently under clinical consideration.
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13
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A Rapid Genotyping Panel for Detection of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma. Blood 2021; 138:382-386. [PMID: 33735913 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosing primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) frequently requires neurosurgical biopsy due to nonspecific radiologic features and the low yield of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies. We characterized the clinical evaluation of suspected PCNSL (N=1007 patients) and designed a rapid multiplexed genotyping assay for MYD88, TERT promoter, IDH1/2, H3F3A, and BRAF mutations to facilitate the diagnosis of PCNSL from CSF and detect other neoplasms in the differential diagnosis. Among 159 patients with confirmed PCNSL, the median time to secure a diagnosis of PCNSL was 10 days, with a range of 0-617 days. Permanent histopathology confirmed PCNSL in 142/152 biopsies (93.4%), whereas CSF analyses were diagnostic in only 15/113 samplings (13.3%). Among 86 archived clinical specimens, our targeted genotyping assay accurately detected hematologic malignancies with 57.6% sensitivity and 100% specificity (95% CI: 44.1-70.4% and 87.2-100%, respectively). MYD88 and TERT promoter mutations were prospectively identified in DNA extracts of CSF obtained from patients with PCNSL and glioblastoma, respectively, within 80 minutes. Across 132 specimens, hallmark mutations indicating the presence of malignancy were detected with 65.8% sensitivity and 100% specificity (95% CI: 56.2-74.5% and 83.9-100%, respectively). This targeted genotyping approach offers a rapid, scalable adjunct to reduce diagnostic and treatment delays in PCNSL.
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14
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Bobillo S, Crespo M, Escudero L, Mayor R, Raheja P, Carpio C, Rubio-Perez C, Tazón-Vega B, Palacio C, Carabia J, Jiménez I, Nieto JC, Montoro J, Martínez-Ricarte F, Castellvi J, Simó M, Puigdefàbregas L, Abrisqueta P, Bosch F, Seoane J. Cell free circulating tumor DNA in cerebrospinal fluid detects and monitors central nervous system involvement of B-cell lymphomas. Haematologica 2021; 106:513-521. [PMID: 32079701 PMCID: PMC7849551 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.241208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of cell free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in plasma correlate with treatment response and outcome in systemic lymphomas. Notably, in brain tumors, the levels of ctDNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are higher than in plasma. Nevertheless, their role in central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas remains elusive. We evaluated the CSF and plasma from 19 patients: 6 restricted CNS lymphomas, 1 systemic and CNS lymphoma, and 12 systemic lymphomas. We performed whole exome sequencing or targeted sequencing to identify somatic mutations of the primary tumor, then variant-specific droplet digital polymerase chain reaction was designed for each mutation. At time of enrollment, we found ctDNA in the CSF of all patients with restricted CNS lymphoma but not in patients with systemic lymphoma without CNS involvement. Conversely, plasma ctDNA was detected in only 2 out of 6 patients with restricted CNS lymphoma with lower variant allele frequencies than CSF ctDNA. Moreover, we detected CSF ctDNA in one patient with CNS lymphoma in complete remission and in one patient with systemic lymphoma, 3 and 8 months before CNS relapse was confirmed, indicating that CSF ctDNA might detect CNS relapse earlier than conventional methods. Finally, in two cases with CNS lymphoma, CSF ctDNA was still detected after treatment even though no tumoral cells were observed by flow cytometry (FC), indicating that CSF ctDNA detected residual disease better than FC. In conclusion, CSF ctDNA can detect CNS lesions better than plasma ctDNA and FC. In addition, CSF ctDNA predicted CNS relapse in CNS and systemic lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabela Bobillo
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine
| | - Marta Crespo
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine
| | - Laura Escudero
- Translational Research Program, Vall Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)
| | - Regina Mayor
- Translational Research Program, Vall Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)
| | - Priyanka Raheja
- Vall Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine
| | - Cecilia Carpio
- Vall Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Bárbara Tazón-Vega
- Vall Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine
| | - Carlos Palacio
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine
| | - Júlia Carabia
- Vall Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine
| | - Isabel Jiménez
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine
| | - Juan C Nieto
- Vall Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine
| | - Julia Montoro
- Vall Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | - Marc Simó
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Vall Hebron University Hospital
| | - Lluis Puigdefàbregas
- Vall Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine
| | - Pau Abrisqueta
- Vall Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine
| | - Francesc Bosch
- Vall Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine
| | - Joan Seoane
- Translational Research Program, Vall Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)
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15
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Vallat JM, Duchesne M, Corcia P, Richard L, Ghorab K, Magy L, Mathis S. The Wide Spectrum of Pathophysiologic Mechanisms of Paraproteinemic Neuropathy. Neurology 2020; 96:214-225. [PMID: 33277411 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal gammopathy is encountered quite frequently in the general population. This type of hematologic abnormality may be mild, referred to as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance or related to different types of hematologic malignancies. The association of a peripheral neuropathy with monoclonal gammopathy is also fairly common, and hemopathy may be discovered in an investigation of peripheral neuropathy. In such a situation, it is essential to determine the exact nature of the hematologic process in order not to miss a malignant disease and thus initiate the appropriate treatment (in conjunction with hematologists and oncologists). In this respect, nerve biopsy (discussed on a case-by-case basis) is of great value in the management of such patients. We therefore propose to present the objectives and main interests of nerve biopsy in this situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Vallat
- From the Department of Neurology (J.-M.V., M.D., L.R., K.G., L.M.), National Reference Center for "Rare Peripheral Neuropathies," Dupuytren University Hospital (CHU Limoges), University of Limoges; Department of Pathology (M.D.), Limoges University Hospital (CHU Limoges), University of Limoges; Department of Neurology and ALS Reference Center (P.C.), Bretonneau University Hospital (CHU Tours), University of Tours; and Department of Neurology (S.M.), Nerve-Muscle Unit, 4 Pellegrin University Hospital (CHU Bordeaux), University of Bordeaux, France.
| | - Mathilde Duchesne
- From the Department of Neurology (J.-M.V., M.D., L.R., K.G., L.M.), National Reference Center for "Rare Peripheral Neuropathies," Dupuytren University Hospital (CHU Limoges), University of Limoges; Department of Pathology (M.D.), Limoges University Hospital (CHU Limoges), University of Limoges; Department of Neurology and ALS Reference Center (P.C.), Bretonneau University Hospital (CHU Tours), University of Tours; and Department of Neurology (S.M.), Nerve-Muscle Unit, 4 Pellegrin University Hospital (CHU Bordeaux), University of Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Corcia
- From the Department of Neurology (J.-M.V., M.D., L.R., K.G., L.M.), National Reference Center for "Rare Peripheral Neuropathies," Dupuytren University Hospital (CHU Limoges), University of Limoges; Department of Pathology (M.D.), Limoges University Hospital (CHU Limoges), University of Limoges; Department of Neurology and ALS Reference Center (P.C.), Bretonneau University Hospital (CHU Tours), University of Tours; and Department of Neurology (S.M.), Nerve-Muscle Unit, 4 Pellegrin University Hospital (CHU Bordeaux), University of Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurence Richard
- From the Department of Neurology (J.-M.V., M.D., L.R., K.G., L.M.), National Reference Center for "Rare Peripheral Neuropathies," Dupuytren University Hospital (CHU Limoges), University of Limoges; Department of Pathology (M.D.), Limoges University Hospital (CHU Limoges), University of Limoges; Department of Neurology and ALS Reference Center (P.C.), Bretonneau University Hospital (CHU Tours), University of Tours; and Department of Neurology (S.M.), Nerve-Muscle Unit, 4 Pellegrin University Hospital (CHU Bordeaux), University of Bordeaux, France
| | - Karima Ghorab
- From the Department of Neurology (J.-M.V., M.D., L.R., K.G., L.M.), National Reference Center for "Rare Peripheral Neuropathies," Dupuytren University Hospital (CHU Limoges), University of Limoges; Department of Pathology (M.D.), Limoges University Hospital (CHU Limoges), University of Limoges; Department of Neurology and ALS Reference Center (P.C.), Bretonneau University Hospital (CHU Tours), University of Tours; and Department of Neurology (S.M.), Nerve-Muscle Unit, 4 Pellegrin University Hospital (CHU Bordeaux), University of Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurent Magy
- From the Department of Neurology (J.-M.V., M.D., L.R., K.G., L.M.), National Reference Center for "Rare Peripheral Neuropathies," Dupuytren University Hospital (CHU Limoges), University of Limoges; Department of Pathology (M.D.), Limoges University Hospital (CHU Limoges), University of Limoges; Department of Neurology and ALS Reference Center (P.C.), Bretonneau University Hospital (CHU Tours), University of Tours; and Department of Neurology (S.M.), Nerve-Muscle Unit, 4 Pellegrin University Hospital (CHU Bordeaux), University of Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane Mathis
- From the Department of Neurology (J.-M.V., M.D., L.R., K.G., L.M.), National Reference Center for "Rare Peripheral Neuropathies," Dupuytren University Hospital (CHU Limoges), University of Limoges; Department of Pathology (M.D.), Limoges University Hospital (CHU Limoges), University of Limoges; Department of Neurology and ALS Reference Center (P.C.), Bretonneau University Hospital (CHU Tours), University of Tours; and Department of Neurology (S.M.), Nerve-Muscle Unit, 4 Pellegrin University Hospital (CHU Bordeaux), University of Bordeaux, France
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16
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Kim D, Alperstein SA, Siddiqui MT. Standardizing a volume benchmark for cerebrospinal fluids for optimal diagnostic accuracy. Diagn Cytopathol 2020; 49:258-266. [PMID: 33044797 DOI: 10.1002/dc.24635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) cytomorphologic analysis remains the gold standard in the evaluation of malignant leptomeningeal involvement. However, collection of optimal volumes for adequate cytomorphologic evaluation is not standardized. Our study investigated optimal CSF volumes that result in a significant diagnostic result. METHODS A total of 4114 samples were retrospectively identified from 2014 to 2018, and 2557 samples had concurrent flow cytometry (FC) study. Each specimen was grouped as unsatisfactory, negative, atypical, or positive. Positive samples were grouped as either solid tumors, leukemia, or lymphoma by the type of malignancy detected. Demographic data as well as CSF source was recorded. Specimens with FC were separated by detection on cytology and/or FC. A t-test and ANOVA test were used to compare the average volumes for each group. RESULTS Average volumes for negative, atypical, and positive samples are 7.48 mL (95% CI: 7.33, 7.63), 7.97 mL (95% CI: 7.37, 8.57), and 8.44 mL (95% CI: 7.46, 9.43), respectively. Average volumes for solid tumors, leukemia, and lymphoma positive samples are 12.0 mL (95% CI: 9.11, 14.89), 6.73 mL (95% CI: 5.94, 7.53), and 8.44 mL (95% CI: 6.78, 10.09). For cases with FC, the volumes are 10.11 mL (95% CI: 9.28, 10.96), 7.28 mL (95% CI: 6.87, 7.70), and 6.86 mL (95% CI: 6.25, 7.49) for positive cytology only, positive cytology/FC, and negative for both, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that higher volumes produce better results for analysis. We recommend an optimal volume of 8.44 mL for cytologic work-up of malignancies. However, optimal volumes may differ based upon malignancy type and utilization of flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan A Alperstein
- Department of Cytopathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Momin T Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM Lymphomatosis cerebri (LC) and cauda equina lymphoma are both rare forms of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). LC is characterized by diffuse bilateral non-enhancing (or partially enhancing) inltrative lesions without mass effect, which can be easily confused with other forms of leukoencephalopathy and, thus, lead to delays in diagnosis. CASE REPORT For the first time, a case of LC concomitant with cauda equina involvement confirmed by brain stereotactic biopsy is presented. CONCLUSIONS This case highlights the necessity of using a multimodal strategy in diagnosing PCNSL, including multimodal magnetic resonance, cerebral spinal fluid cytology, flow cytometry and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Deng
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dai-Shi Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun-Li Liu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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de Haas V, Ismaila N, Advani A, Arber DA, Dabney RS, Patel-Donelly D, Kitlas E, Pieters R, Pui CH, Sweet K, Zhang L. Initial Diagnostic Work-Up of Acute Leukemia: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Endorsement of the College of American Pathologists and American Society of Hematology Guideline. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:239-253. [PMID: 30523709 PMCID: PMC6338392 DOI: 10.1200/jco.18.01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The College of American Pathologists (CAP) and the American Society of Hematology (ASH) developed an evidence-based guideline on the initial diagnostic work-up of acute leukemia (AL). Because of the relevance of this topic to the ASCO membership, ASCO reviewed the guideline and applied a set of procedures and policies for endorsing clinical practice guidelines that have been developed by other professional organizations. METHODS The CAP-ASH guideline on initial diagnostic work-up of AL was reviewed for developmental rigor by methodologists. Then, an ASCO Endorsement Expert Panel updated the literature search and reviewed the content and recommendations. RESULTS The ASCO Expert Panel determined that the recommendations from the guideline, published in 2016, are clear, thorough, and based on the most relevant scientific evidence. ASCO fully endorsed the CAP-ASH guideline on initial diagnostic work-up of AL and included some discussion points according to clinical practice and updated literature. CONCLUSION Twenty-seven guideline statements were reviewed. Some discussion points were included to better assess CNS involvement in leukemia and to provide novel insights into molecular diagnosis and potential markers for risk stratification and target therapy. These discussions are categorized into four sections: (1) initial diagnosis focusing on basic diagnostics and determination of risk parameters, (2) molecular markers and minimal residual disease detection, (3) context of referral to another institution with expertise in the management of AL, and (4) reporting and record keeping for better outlining and follow-up discussion. Additional information is available at: www.asco.org/hematologic-malignancies-guidelines .
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie de Haas
- 1 Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rob Pieters
- 1 Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Primary CNS Lymphomas: Challenges in Diagnosis and Monitoring. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3606970. [PMID: 30035121 PMCID: PMC6033255 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3606970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare neoplasm that can involve brain, eye, leptomeninges, and rarely spinal cord. PCNSL lesions most typically enhance homogeneously on T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and appear T2-hypointense, but high variability in MRI features is commonly encountered. Neurological symptoms and MRI findings may mimic high grade gliomas (HGGs), tumefactive demyelinating lesions (TDLs), or infectious and granulomatous diseases. Advanced MRI techniques (MR diffusion, spectroscopy, and perfusion) and metabolic imaging, such as Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG-PET) or amino acid PET (usually employing methionine), may be useful in distinguishing these different entities and monitoring the disease course. Moreover, emerging data suggest a role for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers in predicting prognosis and response to treatments. In this review, we will address the challenges in PCNSL diagnosis, assessment of response to treatments, and evaluation of potential neurotoxicity related to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
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Hollyfield JM, O'Connor SM, Maygarden SJ, Greene KG, Scanga LR, Tang S, Dodd LG, Wobker SE. Northern Italy in the American South: Assessing interobserver reliability within the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology. Cancer Cytopathol 2018; 126:390-396. [PMID: 29579353 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) has been proposed to standardize salivary gland fine-needle aspiration (FNA) diagnoses. This study assessed salivary gland FNA results and risk of malignancy (ROM) rates at the University of North Carolina as well as the interobserver reliability (IOR) of the atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) and salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (SUMP) categories. METHODS The electronic medical record was searched for FNA cases from 2010 to 2017 with subsequent surgical resections. Histologic diagnosis was used for gold-standard comparison. The original cytologic results were then converted into MSRSGC categories (nondiagnostic, nonneoplastic, AUS, benign neoplasm, SUMP, suspicious, and malignant). For the assessment of IOR, 23 cases were selected with enrichment for cases diagnosed as AUS (n = 11) or SUMP (n = 9). Six boarded cytopathologists and 1 cytopathology fellow assessed representative slides and provided an MSRSGC diagnosis for each case. Fleiss' κ coefficients were calculated to determine IOR. RESULTS The ROM was 33% for both AUS and SUMP cases; however, the risk of neoplasia was 56% for AUS cases and 100% for SUMP cases. Fleiss' κ for the AUS category was 0.217 (P < .05), and Fleiss' κ for the SUMP category was 0.024 (P = .74). CONCLUSIONS In this study assessing the IOR of MSRSGC categories, fair agreement and slight agreement were found for the AUS and SUMP categories, respectively. Observers preferentially used the AUS or benign neoplasm category for SUMP cases, perhaps because of unfamiliarity with SUMP as a diagnostic option. The initial adoption of a new reporting system will require a quality assessment to ensure that the system is reliable and useful for clinicians. Cancer Cytopathol 2018;126:390-6. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan M Hollyfield
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Siobhan M O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Susan J Maygarden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kevin G Greene
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lori R Scanga
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sherry Tang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Leslie G Dodd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sara E Wobker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Wang H, Malik A, Maleki Z, Rossi ED, Ping B, Chandra A, Ali SZ, Fadda G, Wang J, Arab SE, Zhao H, Jhala N. “Atypical” salivary gland fine needle aspiration: Risk of malignancy and interinstitutional variability. Diagn Cytopathol 2017; 45:1088-1094. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.23826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; Temple University Hospital; Pennsylvania
| | - Aatika Malik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; Temple University Hospital; Pennsylvania
| | - Zahra Maleki
- Department of Pathology; The Johns Hopkins Hospital; Maryland
| | - Esther Diana Rossi
- The Department of Anatomic Pathology and Histology; the Catholic University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Bo Ping
- Department of Pathology; Fudan University Cancer Hospital; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Ashish Chandra
- Department of Cellular Pathology; Guy's & St Thomas's Hospital NHSfT; London United Kingdom
| | - Syed Z. Ali
- Department of Pathology; The Johns Hopkins Hospital; Maryland
| | - Guido Fadda
- The Department of Anatomic Pathology and Histology; the Catholic University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Jindong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; Temple University Hospital; Pennsylvania
| | - Seyedeh Elham Arab
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; Temple University Hospital; Pennsylvania
| | - Huaqing Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; Temple University Hospital; Pennsylvania
| | - Nirag Jhala
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; Temple University Hospital; Pennsylvania
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Zeynalova PA, Tumyan GS, Dolgushin MB, Akhmedov MI. Work-up and management of a high-risk patient with primary central nervous system lymphoma. Cancer Biol Med 2017; 13:514-518. [PMID: 28154784 PMCID: PMC5250610 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2016.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare disorder that, in 95% of cases, represents diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. As such, making an accurate diagnosis is important. At present, stereotactic-guided biopsy is a recognized method of choice for tissue analysis. However, the diagnostic work-up for high-risk patients is determined by their performance status. Here, we report a case of PCNSL in a high-risk patient, for whom diagnosis was established by cerebrospinal fluid cytology and flow cytometry, which significantly shortened a diagnostic work-up period and allowed for the immediate treatment of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mikhail B Dolgushin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow 115478, Russia
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Buonocore DJ, McCash SI, Roshal M, Mazzella AL, Lin O. Cerebrospinal fluid from patients with hematopoietic neoplasms: the need for an integrated approach. J Am Soc Cytopathol 2017; 6:198-204. [PMID: 31043243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evaluation plays an increasing role in the diagnosis and staging of hematopoietic neoplasms. The evaluation is based on the cytomorphologic evaluation (CE) of the specimen and flow cytometry study (FCS). The impact of the increased sensitivity of multicolor FCS and its correlation with the morphological analysis of CSF needs to be evaluated to better guide clinical management. MATERIALS AND METHODS CSF specimens sent for CE and FCS obtained over a 9-month period were retrospectively analyzed. Cases were considered completely discordant if one method detected an abnormal hematologic population and the corresponding method was negative and partially discordant if FCS detected an abnormal hematologic population and the CE was atypical or suspicious. Root cause analysis of these discrepancies was performed. RESULTS A total of 78 of 361 cases (22%) had discordant results; 72 cases were from patients with hematopoietic neoplasms-22 cases were completely discordant and 50 were partially discordant. FCS had a sensitivity of 95.3% and a specificity of 98.1% for detecting abnormal hematopoietic populations. CE rendered a positive diagnosis in 17.6% of cases with a specificity of 100%. CONCLUSIONS Our series demonstrates evaluation of CSF involvement by hematopoietic malignancy with FCS is more sensitive than and equally specific as CE. Nonetheless, CE remains one of the mainstays in the evaluation of CSF specimens. Optimizing cytologic evaluation through process modifications including decreasing screening area and evaluation of multiple preparations increased the detection rate of malignant cells. As such, optimal CSF evaluation and integration FCS is critical in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Buonocore
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Samuel I McCash
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mikhail Roshal
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Allix L Mazzella
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Oscar Lin
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Cordone I, Masi S, Carosi M, Vidiri A, Marchesi F, Marino M, Telera S, Pasquale A, Mengarelli A, Conti L, Pescarmona E, Pace A, Carapella CM. Brain stereotactic biopsy flow cytometry for central nervous system lymphoma characterization: advantages and pitfalls. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:128. [PMID: 27567676 PMCID: PMC5002320 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0404-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain stereotactic biopsy (SB) followed by conventional histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the gold standard approach for primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) diagnosis. Flow cytometry (FCM) characterization of fine-needle aspiration cytology and core needle biopsies are increasingly utilized to diagnose lymphomas however, no biological data have been published on FCM characterization of fresh single cell suspension from PCNSL SB. The aim of this study was to establish the feasibility and utility of FCM for the diagnosis and characterization of brain lymphomas from a tissue samples obtained by a single SB disaggregation. METHODS Twenty-nine patients with a magnetic resonance suggestive for PCNSL entered the study. A median of 6 SB were performed for each patient. A cell suspension generated from manual tissue disaggregation of a single, unfixed, brain SB, was characterized by FCM. The FCM versus standard approach was prospectively compared. RESULTS FCM and IHC showed an high degree of agreement (89 %) in brain lymphoma identification. By FCM, 16 out of 18 PCNSL were identified within 2 h from biopsy. All were of B cell type, with a heterogeneous CD20 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI), CD10 positive in 3 cases (19 %) with surface Ig light chain restriction documented in 11 cases (69 %). No false positive lymphomas cases were observed. Up to 38 % of the brain leukocyte population consisted of CD8 reactive T cells, in contrast with the CD4 positive lymphocytes of the peripheral blood samples (P < 0.001). By histopathology, 18 B-PCNSL, only one CD10 positive (5 %), 1 primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) and 10 gliomas were diagnosed. A median of 6 days was required for IHC diagnosis. CONCLUSION Complementary to histopathology FCM can contribute to a better characterization of PCNSL, although necrosis and previous steroid treatment can represent a pitfall of this approach. A single brain SB is a valid source for accurate FCM characterization of both lymphoma and reactive lymphocyte population, routinely applicable for antigen intensity quantification and consistently documenting an active mechanism of reactive CD8 T-lymphocytes migration in brain lymphomas. Moreover, FCM confirmed to be more sensitive than IHC for the identification of selected markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iole Cordone
- Clinical Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Masi
- Clinical Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Marchesi
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirella Marino
- Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Telera
- Neurosurgery, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Pasquale
- Clinical Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Mengarelli
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Conti
- Clinical Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Pace
- Neuroncology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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