1
|
Maurya S, Gupta S, Soni A, Kumari N, Rajwanshi A. High-grade transformation in adenoid cystic carcinoma: Can it be diagnosed on cytology? A cytohistological correlation. Cytojournal 2024; 21:10. [PMID: 38628290 PMCID: PMC11021063 DOI: 10.25259/cytojournal_38_2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinomas (ADCC) are distinctive salivary gland neoplasms with characteristic histomorphology. The diagnosis of dedifferentiation/high-grade transformation (HGT) indicates poor prognosis and is most often made on histopathology. We present a case of ADCC arising from a minor salivary gland tumor exhibiting HGT, reaching up to the submandibular gland and having lymph node metastases, suspected on fine-needle aspiration cytology. The index case highlights the awareness of the entity of the HGT of salivary gland tumors and raises suspicion for cytological diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shailja Maurya
- Department of Pathology, AIIMS, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shruti Gupta
- Department of Pathology, AIIMS, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Annanya Soni
- Department of Otolaryngology, AIIMS, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Niraj Kumari
- Department of Pathology, AIIMS, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saoud C, Bailey GE, Graham A, Bonilla LM, Sanchez SI, Maleki Z. Pitfalls in Salivary Gland Cytology. Acta Cytol 2024; 68:194-205. [PMID: 38417405 DOI: 10.1159/000538069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary gland lesions possess diagnostic challenges on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) material. They are relatively uncommon, yet present with a wide spectrum of cytomorphology. Herein, we review common salivary gland neoplasms, their cytomorphologic features, their diagnostic pitfalls, and ancillary studies helpful in achieving an accurate diagnosis. SUMMARY There are many cytomorphologic overlaps between benign and malignant salivary gland entities. Moreover, metaplasia, cystic changes, and degenerative changes are common findings adding to diagnostic dilemmas. These complicating factors contribute to a minute risk of malignancy in salivary gland lesions that are interpreted as benign on FNA. In rare cases, even malignant salivary gland neoplasms are misinterpreted as benign on aspirated material due to the many cytomorphologic overlaps. For example, benign and malignant neoplasms containing stroma such as myoepithelioma and adenoid cystic carcinoma may be misinterpreted as pleomorphic adenoma. Moreover, diagnosis of salivary gland neoplasms with basal cell features can be confusing on FNA materials; for example, basal cell adenoma can be misinterpreted as adenoid cystic carcinoma. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas have many different appearances on aspirated material due to variable amounts of mucin, degree of nuclear atypia, cellular content, and squamous metaplasia. Acinic cell carcinoma exhibits large cells with abundant cytoplasm on FNA, which can be mistaken for oncocytic cells in oncocytoma or Warthin tumor. Salivary duct carcinoma shows distinct features of malignancy and thus can be mistaken for secondary tumors involving the salivary glands or other malignant salivary gland tumors. The presence of tumor-associated lymphocytes is another underlying cause of misdiagnosis, especially when considering the differential diagnosis of an intraparotid lymph node. Ancillary studies such as immunohistochemistry and molecular studies are gaining more attention to be utilized on FNA cases. PLAG1 immunostaining, CD117, DOG1, mammaglobin, and androgen receptor (AR) are examples of commonly used immunostains in diagnosis of salivary gland lesions. MYB gene fusion, rearrangements of the MAML2 gene, and ERBB2/HER2 are examples of molecular alterations useful in diagnosis of salivary gland neoplasms. In conclusion, the aim of salivary gland cytology is to differentiate benign entities from the malignant ones and to prevent unnecessary aggressive treatments. KEY MESSAGES The diagnostic pitfalls are enormous in salivary gland cytology. Familiarity with cytomorphology of different entities and their cytomorphologic overlaps, and application of ancillary studies improves the diagnostic yield, patient management and prevents unnecessary aggressive procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Saoud
- Division of Cytopathology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gabrielle E Bailey
- Division of Cytopathology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashleigh Graham
- Division of Cytopathology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lorena Marcano Bonilla
- Division of Cytopathology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sandra Ixchel Sanchez
- Division of Cytopathology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zahra Maleki
- Division of Cytopathology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou B, Duan T, Liu X, Peng L. A cytodiagnosis of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the tracheobronchial tree through a systematic clinical case comparison and analysis. BMC Pulm Med 2023; 23:334. [PMID: 37684618 PMCID: PMC10492350 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) of the tracheobronchial tree is very rare with a high risk for recurrence and metastasis. The diagnosis of AdCC by histologic and immunohistochemical means has been well studied clinically. However, the identification of AdCC by cytologic features remains elusive due to the atypical features the cancer presents. This study aimed to describe the cytologic features of AdCC by using bronchial brushing, which could aid in distinguishing AdCC from other pulmonary carcinomas. METHODS The cytopathological features of bronchial brushing smears collected from seven cases were histologically diagnosed as AdCC. The defined cytologic features, which could potentially be diagnostic, were systemically analyzed. RESULTS Four out of the seven cytologic cases were inconcordance with the histologic diagnosis and cytologically classified as positive for malignant cells, small cell carcinoma, or atypical cells. Three cases showed a characteristic adenoid structure and magenta stroma forming globule, which was distinguished from the four cases. Cytologically, the above mentioned three cases were uniform with relatively small bland nuclei and little cytoplasm. In this study, only one case showed atypical polygonal medium-sized cells with conspicuous nucleoli. CONCLUSIONS Unlike fine-needle aspiration cytology, magenta stroma globules might offer an alternate clue for cytodiagnosis of AdCC clinically. Bronchial brushings cytology was more present in bland uniform cells with high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios and background mucoid substance. More cases should be collected and confirmed using histopathology with careful film reading to reduce the rate of misdiagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332005, China
| | - Ting Duan
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 314408, China
| | - Xianwei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Jiujiang No.1 People's Hospital, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
| | - Lizi Peng
- Department of Pathology, Jiujiang No.1 People's Hospital, 48#, Taling Road, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
da Silva FJ, Carvalho de Azevedo J, Ralph ACL, Pinheiro JDJV, Freitas VM, Calcagno DQ. Salivary glands adenoid cystic carcinoma: a molecular profile update and potential implications. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1191218. [PMID: 37476370 PMCID: PMC10354556 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1191218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive tumor with a high propensity for distant metastasis and perineural invasion. This tumor is more commonly found in regions of the head and neck, mainly the salivary glands. In general, the primary treatment modality for ACC is surgical resection and, in some cases, postoperative radiotherapy. However, no effective systemic treatment is available for patients with advanced disease. Furthermore, this tumor type is characterized by recurrent molecular alterations, especially rearrangements involving the MYB, MYBL1, and NFIB genes. In addition, they also reported copy number alterations (CNAs) that impact genes. One of them is C-KIT, mutations that affect signaling pathways such as NOTCH, PI3KCA, and PTEN, as well as alterations in chromatin remodeling genes. The identification of new molecular targets enables the development of specific therapies. Despite ongoing investigations into immunotherapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and anti-angiogenics, no systemic therapy is approved by the FDA for ACC. In this review, we report the genetic and cytogenetic findings on head and neck ACC, highlighting possible targets for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Jardim da Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oncologia e Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Juscelino Carvalho de Azevedo
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oncologia e Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Programa de Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde (Oncologia), Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Lima Ralph
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Faculdade Estácio, Carapicuíba, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - João de Jesus Viana Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Microambiente Tumoral, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Morais Freitas
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Danielle Queiroz Calcagno
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oncologia e Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Programa de Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde (Oncologia), Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Laboratório de Microambiente Tumoral, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ozaki A, Kawata R, Kinoshita I, Higashino M, Terada T, Haginomori SI, Kurisu Y, Hirose Y. Management and outcome of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the major salivary glands: the 22-year experience of a single institution. Acta Otolaryngol 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37326148 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2023.2220371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prognostic factors and survival rate are difficult to determine for adenoid cystic carcinoma(AdCC) of salivary glands. AIMS/OBJECTIVES To clarify the clinical characteristics of AdCC and examine factors associated with recurrence and prognosis by histopathological grade classification. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five patients with AdCC of the parotid gland and 10 patients with AdCC of the submandibular gland were included. We classified AdCC histopathologically by the proportion of solid components. Clinical features, fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), and patient outcomes were examined according to grade. Factors associated with local recurrence and distant metastases were examined. RESULTS Age was significantly higher in the grade III group than in the grade I group. The grade III group had significantly higher proportions of patients with cN+, pN+, and perineural invasion. In FNAC, lower-grade groups showed higher rates of correct histopathological type. Five-year disease-specific survival and disease-free survival rates were significantly lower in the grade III than in the grade I. Distant metastases were more common among patients with high-stage and perineural invasion. CONCLUSIONS Five-year survival is significantly worse in patients with grade III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ozaki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Kawata
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ichita Kinoshita
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaaki Higashino
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Haginomori
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kurisu
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Hirose
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Expression Helps Distinguish Pleomorphic Adenoma from Histologic Mimics. Head Neck Pathol 2022; 16:695-702. [PMID: 35064902 PMCID: PMC9424439 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-021-01409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common biphasic type of salivary gland tumour to arise in adults. It is a biphasic tumour composed of both luminal (ductal) cells and abluminal (basal and myoepithelial) cells. Other biphasic salivary gland type tumours, both benign and malignant, can mimic PA, especially on small biopsies. Previous studies have shown that glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is preferentially expressed in PA and can be useful in the distinction from other salivary gland tumours. However, most of these studies were performed on a small subset of tumour types at a time when the classification of salivary gland type tumours was less refined. The purpose of this study was to assess the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in a broad group of both benign and malignant salivary gland tumours. The expression of GFAP was assessed in 99 tumours including 54 PAs, 5 basal cell adenomas, 1 myoepitheliomas, 5 adenoid cystic carcinomas, 6 epithelial-myoepithelial carcinomas (EMCA), 6 mucoepidermoid carcinomas, 7 salivary duct carcinomas, 1 adenocarcinomas NOS, 2 myoepithelial carcinomas, 4 basal cell adenocarcinomas, 5 acinic cell carcinomas and 3 polymorphous adenocarcinomas. Of the malignant cases, 8 were classified as carcinomas ex PA. GFAP was also assessed in 19 concurrent biopsy specimens. GFAP was expressed in the resections of 51 PAs examined (94%). Expression was predominantly strong and diffusely seen in myoepithelial cells. Strong and diffuse GFAP expression was also seen in two EMCAs (33%) and one myoepithelial carcinoma (50%). On biopsy specimens, 100% of PAs and basal cell adenomas expressed GFAP. GFAP was also seen in 1 out of 3 carcinomas ex PAs on biopsies. Almost all PAs show strong and diffuse expression of GFAP. In contrast, most malignant neoplasms that can mimic PA on biopsies show only rare, focal expression. Other benign tumours composed of abluminal/myoepithelial cells also show focal expression of GFAP, highlighting the spectrum these tumours share with PA. Overall, the presence of strong and diffuse GFAP expression can favour a benign neoplasm, specifically a PA, on limited biopsy specimens.
Collapse
|
7
|
Rani U, Tanwar P, Jain SL, Verma N, Dahiya S, Lal P. Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of anal canal with adenoid cystic pattern and liver metastasis: A rare case report. Diagn Cytopathol 2021; 50:E114-E118. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.24918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Usha Rani
- Departments of Pathology Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated Lok Nayak Hospital New Delhi India
| | - Parul Tanwar
- Departments of Pathology Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated Lok Nayak Hospital New Delhi India
| | - Shyam Lata Jain
- Departments of Pathology Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated Lok Nayak Hospital New Delhi India
| | - Nidhi Verma
- Departments of Pathology Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated Lok Nayak Hospital New Delhi India
| | - Sakshi Dahiya
- Departments of Pathology Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated Lok Nayak Hospital New Delhi India
| | - Pawanindra Lal
- Department of Surgery Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated Lok Nayak Hospital New Delhi India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Manucha V, Gonzalez MF, Akhtar I. Analysis of the risk of malignancy associated with the basaloid and oncocytic subtypes of the salivary gland neoplasm of unknown malignant potential (SUMP) category in the Milan system. Cancer Cytopathol 2021; 129:603-611. [PMID: 33788998 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The salivary gland neoplasm of unknown malignant potential (SUMP) category reflects the cytomorphologic overlap and complexity of reporting salivary gland cytology in the Milan system. It includes neoplasms for which a diagnosis of a specific entity cannot be made and, more importantly, for which a carcinoma cannot be entirely excluded. For risk stratification, the subcategorization of SUMP based on the predominant cell type is recommended. This study was aimed at evaluating the risk of neoplasm (RON) and the risk of malignancy (ROM) of the basaloid and oncocytic subtypes of the SUMP category. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 482 salivary gland fine-needle aspirations from 2012 to 2019 resulted in 48 SUMP cases. The cytology of these cases was reviewed and reclassified as the basaloid or oncocytic subtype. Surgical follow-up was available for 36 cases. The RON and ROM for each subtype were calculated. RESULTS The RON and ROM were 100% and 23%, respectively, for monomorphic basaloid tumors and 88% and 58.8%, respectively, for monomorphic oncocytic tumors. The ROM for basaloid tumors was 8.3% without matrix/with minimal matrix and 60% with an nonfibrillary matrix. The ROM for oncocytic tumors was 50% without a cystic background and 60% with a cystic or mucinous background. The difference was not statistically significant for either of the subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Even though statistically not significant in our study, the differential ROMs within the oncocytic and basaloid subgroups help in the risk stratification of SUMP cases. Further subcategorization based on the stroma and background helps in limiting the differential diagnosis but does not necessarily add to the value of the risk stratification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Manucha
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Maria F Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Israh Akhtar
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| |
Collapse
|