1
|
Wang K, Zhong F, Zhang ZD, Li HQ, Tian S. Recent advances in the development of P2Y 14R inhibitors: a patent and literature review (2018-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38889204 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2024.2369634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The P2Y14 receptor (P2Y14R), a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family, is activated by extracellular nucleotides. Due to its involvement in inflammatory, immunological and other associated processes, P2Y14R has emerged as a promising therapeutic target. Despite lacking a determined three-dimensional crystal structure, the homology modeling technique based on closely related P2Y receptors' crystallography has been extensively utilized for developing active compounds targeting P2Y14R. Recent discoveries have unveiled numerous highly effective and subtype-specific P2Y14R inhibitors. This study presents an overview of the latest advancements in P2Y14R inhibitors. AREAS COVERED This review presents an overview of the advancements in P2Y14R inhibitor research over the past five years, encompassing new patents, journal articles, and highlighting the therapeutic prospects inherent in these compounds. EXPERT OPINION The recent revelation of the vast potential of P2Y14R inhibitors has led to the development of novel compounds that exhibit promising capabilities for the treatment of sterile inflammation of the kidney, potentially diabetes, and asthma. Despite being a relatively nascent class of compounds, certain members have already exhibited their capacity to surmount specific challenges posed by conventional P2Y14R inhibitors. Targeting P2Y14R through small molecules may present a promising therapeutic strategy for effectively managing diverse inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fen Zhong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhou-Dong Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huan-Qiu Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sheng Tian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang YH, Zhou MZ, Ye T, Wang PP, Lu R, Wang YL, Liu CX, Xiao W, Li JY, Meng ZB, Xu LL, Hu QH, Jiang C. Discovery of a Series of 5-Amide-1 H-pyrazole-3-carboxyl Derivatives as Potent P2Y 14R Antagonists with Anti-Inflammatory Characters. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15967-15990. [PMID: 36394994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UDPG/P2Y14R signaling pathway has been considered as a potential therapeutic target for innate immune system diseases. Based on the scaffold hopping strategy, a series of pyrazole analogues were designed and synthesized as novel P2Y14R antagonists with improved physicochemical properties, together with potential anti-inflammatory activities. Additionally, we designed and synthesized a fluorescent probe based on highly selective and potent PPTN to study the affinity of synthesized compounds. The optimized compound 16 (1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-5-(4-methylbenzamido)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid, P2Y14R IC50 = 1.93 nM) showed strong binding ability to P2Y14R, high selectivity, notably improved solubility, and more favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. Moreover, compound 16 possessed extremely low cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory effect in vitro. In an acute peritonitis model, compound 16 could effectively reduce the levels of inflammatory factor IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α of mice induced by LPS. Compound 16, with potent in vitro and in vivo efficacy and favorable druggability, can be a promising candidate for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Ze Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Tao Ye
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Ping-Ping Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Ran Lu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Lin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Xiao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Wen Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Bo Meng
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Li-Li Xu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Hua Hu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Lu R, Zhang Z, Jiang C. Recent progress on the discovery of P2Y 14 receptor antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 175:34-39. [PMID: 31071548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The P2Y14 receptor (P2Y14R), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is activated by extracellular nucleotides. P2Y14R is involved in inflammatory, diabetes, immune processes and other related complications, and is therefore an attractive therapeutic target. As the three-dimensional structure of the P2Y14R has not yet been elucidated, homology modeling based on the crystallography of the closely related P2Y12R have been used in the structure-based design of P2Y14R ligands. Several P2Y14R antagonists with excellent potency and high subtype-selectivity have been discovered in recent years. In this review, development of novel small molecules as antagonists of P2Y14R was described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhenguo Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moldovan RP, Wenzel B, Teodoro R, Neumann W, Dukic-Stefanovic S, Kraus W, Rong P, Deuther-Conrad W, Hey-Hawkins E, Krügel U, Brust P. Studies towards the development of a PET radiotracer for imaging of the P2Y 1 receptors in the brain: synthesis, 18F-labeling and preliminary biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 165:142-159. [PMID: 30665144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purine nucleotides such as ATP and ADP are important extracellular signaling molecules in almost all tissues activating various subtypes of purinoreceptors. In the brain, the P2Y1 receptor (P2Y1R) subtype mediates trophic functions like differentiation and proliferation, and modulates fast synaptic transmission, both suggested to be affected in diseases of the central nervous system. Research on P2Y1R is limited because suitable brain-penetrating P2Y1R-selective tracers are not yet available. Here, we describe the first efforts to develop an 18F-labeled PET tracer based on the structure of the highly affine and selective, non-nucleotidic P2Y1R allosteric modulator 1-(2-[2-(tert-butyl)phenoxy]pyridin-3-yl)-3-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]urea (7). A small series of fluorinated compounds was developed by systematic modification of the p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl, the urea and the 2-pyridyl subunits of the lead compound 7. Additionally, the p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl subunit was substituted by carborane, a boron-rich cluster with potential applicability in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). By functional assays, the new fluorinated derivative 1-{2-[2-(tert-butyl)phenoxy]pyridin-3-yl}-3-[4-(2-fluoroethyl)phenyl]urea (18) was identified with a high P2Y1R antagonistic potency (IC50 = 10 nM). Compound [18F]18 was radiosynthesized by using tetra-n-butyl ammonium [18F]fluoride with high radiochemical purity, radiochemical yield and molar activities. Investigation of brain homogenates using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) revealed [18F]fluoride as major radiometabolite. Although [18F]18 showed fast in vivo metabolization, the high potency and unique allosteric binding mode makes this class of compounds interesting for further optimizations and investigation of the theranostic potential as PET tracer and BNCT agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rareş-Petru Moldovan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Barbara Wenzel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Teodoro
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wilma Neumann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sladjana Dukic-Stefanovic
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Werner Kraus
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peijing Rong
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ute Krügel
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Universität Leipzig, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Brust
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dhawan R, Chaney MA. Commentary: DAMPen ischemia-reperfusion injury? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018; 158:791. [PMID: 30685173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richa Dhawan
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Ill.
| | - Mark A Chaney
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Ill
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 2-(phenoxyaryl)-3-urea derivatives as novel P2Y1 receptor antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 158:302-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
8
|
Conroy S, Kindon N, Kellam B, Stocks MJ. Drug-like Antagonists of P2Y Receptors-From Lead Identification to Drug Development. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9981-10005. [PMID: 27413802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
P2Y receptors are expressed in virtually all cells and tissue types and mediate an astonishing array of biological functions, including platelet aggregation, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and immune regulation. The P2Y receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and are composed of eight members encoded by distinct genes that can be subdivided into two groups on the basis of their coupling to specific G-proteins. Extensive research has been undertaken to find modulators of P2Y receptors, although to date only a limited number of small-molecule P2Y receptor antagonists have been approved by drug/medicines agencies. This Perspective reviews the known P2Y receptor antagonists, highlighting oral drug-like receptor antagonists, and considers future opportunities for the development of small molecules for clinical evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Conroy
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Nicholas Kindon
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Barrie Kellam
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Michael J Stocks
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chao H, Turdi H, Herpin TF, Roberge JY, Liu Y, Schnur DM, Poss MA, Rehfuss R, Hua J, Wu Q, Price LA, Abell LM, Schumacher WA, Bostwick JS, Steinbacher TE, Stewart AB, Ogletree ML, Huang CS, Chang M, Cacace AM, Arcuri MJ, Celani D, Wexler RR, Lawrence RM. Discovery of 2-(phenoxypyridine)-3-phenylureas as small molecule P2Y1 antagonists. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1704-14. [PMID: 23368907 DOI: 10.1021/jm301708u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Two distinct G protein-coupled purinergic receptors, P2Y1 and P2Y12, mediate ADP-driven platelet activation. The clinical effectiveness of P2Y12 blockade is well established. Recent preclinical data suggest that P2Y1 and P2Y12 inhibition provide equivalent antithrombotic efficacy, while targeting P2Y1 has the potential for reduced bleeding liability. In this account, the discovery of a 2-(phenoxypyridine)-3-phenylurea chemotype that inhibited ADP-mediated platelet aggregation in human blood samples is described. Optimization of this series led to the identification of compound 16, 1-(2-(2-tert-butylphenoxy)pyridin-3-yl)-3-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylurea, which demonstrated a 68 ± 7% thrombus weight reduction in an established rat arterial thrombosis model (10 mg/kg plus 10 mg/kg/h) while only prolonging cuticle and mesenteric bleeding times by 3.3- and 3.1-fold, respectively, in provoked rat bleeding time models. These results suggest that a P2Y1 antagonist could potentially provide a safe and efficacious antithrombotic profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannguang Chao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zylberg J, Ecke D, Fischer B, Reiser G. Structure and ligand-binding site characteristics of the human P2Y11 nucleotide receptor deduced from computational modelling and mutational analysis. Biochem J 2007; 405:277-86. [PMID: 17338680 PMCID: PMC1904521 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The P2Y11-R (P2Y11 receptor) is a less explored drug target. We computed an hP2Y11-R (human P2Y11) homology model with two templates, bovine-rhodopsin (2.6 A resolution; 1 A=0.1 nm) and a hP2Y1-ATP complex model. The hP2Y11-R model was refined using molecular dynamics calculations and validated by virtual screening methods, with an enrichment factor of 5. Furthermore, mutational analyses of Arg106, Glu186, Arg268, Arg307 and Ala313 confirmed the adequacy of our hP2Y11-R model and the computed ligand recognition mode. The E186A and R268A mutants reduced the potency of ATP by one and three orders of magnitude respectively. The R106A and R307A mutants were functionally inactive. We propose that residues Arg106, Arg268, Arg307 and Glu186 are involved in ionic interactions with the phosphate moiety of ATP. Arg307 is possibly also H-bonded to N6 of ATP via the backbone carbonyl. Activity of ATP at the F109I mutant revealed that the proposed p-stacking of Phe109 with the adenine ring is a minor interaction. The mutation A313N, which is part of a hydrophobic pocket in the vicinity of the ATP C-2 position, partially explains the high activity of 2-MeS-ATP at P2Y1-R as compared with the negligible activity at the P2Y11-R. Inactivity of ATP at the Y261A mutant implies that Tyr261 acts as a molecular switch, as in other G-protein-coupled receptors. Moreover, analysis of cAMP responses seen with the mutants showed that the efficacy of coupling of the P2Y11-R with Gs is more variable than coupling with Gq. Our model also indicates that Ser206 forms an H-bond with Pgamma (the gamma-phosphate of the triphosphate chain of ATP) and Met310 interacts with the adenine moiety.
Collapse
Key Words
- ligand binding
- molecular dynamics
- mutagenesis
- nucleotide receptor
- p2y receptor
- virtual screening
- atp[s], adenosine 5′-[γ-thio]triphosphate
- b-rhodopsin, bovine-rhodopsin
- [ca2+]i, intracellular ca2+ concentration
- ef, enrichment factor
- eia, enzyme-linked immunoassay
- el, extracellular loop
- fura 2/am, fura 2 acetoxymethyl ester
- gfp, green fluorescent protein
- gpcr, g-protein-coupled receptor
- p2y-r, p2y receptor
- hp2y-r, human p2y-r
- p2y11-r, p2y11 receptor
- hp2y11-r, human p2y11 receptor
- md, molecular dynamics
- tm, transmembrane
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Zylberg
- *Gonda-Goldschmied Medical Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Denise Ecke
- †Institut für Neurobiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bilha Fischer
- *Gonda-Goldschmied Medical Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Georg Reiser
- †Institut für Neurobiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abbracchio MP, Burnstock G, Boeynaems JM, Barnard EA, Boyer JL, Kennedy C, Knight GE, Fumagalli M, Gachet C, Jacobson KA, Weisman GA. International Union of Pharmacology LVIII: update on the P2Y G protein-coupled nucleotide receptors: from molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology to therapy. Pharmacol Rev 2006; 58:281-341. [PMID: 16968944 PMCID: PMC3471216 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 979] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been many advances in our knowledge about different aspects of P2Y receptor signaling since the last review published by our International Union of Pharmacology subcommittee. More receptor subtypes have been cloned and characterized and most orphan receptors de-orphanized, so that it is now possible to provide a basis for a future subdivision of P2Y receptor subtypes. More is known about the functional elements of the P2Y receptor molecules and the signaling pathways involved, including interactions with ion channels. There have been substantial developments in the design of selective agonists and antagonists to some of the P2Y receptor subtypes. There are new findings about the mechanisms underlying nucleotide release and ectoenzymatic nucleotide breakdown. Interactions between P2Y receptors and receptors to other signaling molecules have been explored as well as P2Y-mediated control of gene transcription. The distribution and roles of P2Y receptor subtypes in many different cell types are better understood and P2Y receptor-related compounds are being explored for therapeutic purposes. These and other advances are discussed in the present review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Abbracchio
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The concept of a purinergic signaling system, using purine nucleotides and nucleosides as extracellular messengers, was first proposed over 30 years ago. After a brief introduction and update of purinoceptor subtypes, this article focuses on the diverse pathophysiological roles of purines and pyrimidines as signaling molecules. These molecules mediate short-term (acute) signaling functions in neurotransmission, mechanosensory transduction, secretion and vasodilatation, and long-term (chronic) signaling functions in cell proliferation, differentiation, and death involved in development and regeneration. Plasticity of purinoceptor expression in pathological conditions is frequently observed, including an increase in the purinergic component of autonomic cotransmission. Recent advances in therapies using purinergic-related drugs in a wide range of pathological conditions will be addressed with speculation on future developments in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London NW3 2PF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|