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Ramli AH, Swain P, Mohd Fahmi MSA, Abas F, Leong SW, Tejo BA, Shaari K, Ali AH, Agustar HK, Awang R, Ng YL, Lau YL, Md Razali MA, Mastuki SN, Mohmad Misnan N, Mohd Faudzi SM, Kim CH. Preliminary insight on diarylpentanoids as potential antimalarials: In silico, in vitro pLDH and in vivo zebrafish toxicity assessment. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27462. [PMID: 38495201 PMCID: PMC10943399 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major public health problem worldwide, including in Southeast Asia. Chemotherapeutic agents such as chloroquine (CQ) are effective, but problems with drug resistance and toxicity have necessitated a continuous search for new effective antimalarial agents. Here we report on a virtual screening of ∼300 diarylpentanoids and derivatives, in search of potential Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH) inhibitors with acceptable drug-like properties. Several molecules with binding affinities comparable to CQ were chosen for in vitro validation of antimalarial efficacy. Among them, MS33A, MS33C and MS34C are the most promising against CQ-sensitive (3D7) with EC50 values of 1.6, 2.5 and 3.1 μM, respectively. Meanwhile, MS87 (EC50 of 1.85 μM) shown the most active against the CQ-resistant Gombak A strain, and MS33A and MS33C the most effective P. knowlesi inhibitors (EC50 of 3.6 and 5.1 μM, respectively). The in vitro cytotoxicity of selected diarylpentanoids (MS33A, MS33C, MS34C and MS87) was tested on Vero mammalian cells to evaluate parasite selectivity (SI), showing moderate to low cytotoxicity (CC50 > 82 μM). In addition, MS87 exhibited a high SI and the lowest resistance index (RI), suggesting that MS87 may exert effective parasite inhibition with low resistance potential in the CQ-resistant P. falciparum strain. Furthermore, the in vivo toxicity of the molecules on early embryonic development, the cardiovascular system, heart rate, motor activity and apoptosis were assessed in a zebrafish animal model. The overall results indicate the preliminary potential of diarylpentanoids, which need further investigation for their development as new antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirah Hani Ramli
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Puspanjali Swain
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Syafiq Akmal Mohd Fahmi
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Abas
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science & Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sze Wei Leong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bimo Ario Tejo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amatul Hamizah Ali
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hani Kartini Agustar
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rusdam Awang
- UPM - MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ling Ng
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Siti Nurulhuda Mastuki
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norazlan Mohmad Misnan
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, 40170, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Siti Munirah Mohd Faudzi
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
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Erdemir A, Mutlu O. Functional and structural characterization of the pentapeptide insertion of Theileria annulata lactate dehydrogenase by site-directed mutagenesis, comparative modeling and molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 74:344-351. [PMID: 28477574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an important metabolic enzyme in glycolysis and it has been considered as the main energy source in many organisms including apicomplexan parasites. Differences at the active site loop of the host and parasite LDH's makes this enzyme an attractive target for drug inhibitors. In this study, five amino acid insertions in the active site pocket of Theileria annulata LDH (TaLDH) were deleted by PCR-based site-directed mutagenesis, expression and activity analysis of mutant and wild type TaLDH enzymes were performed. Removal of the insertion at the active site loop caused production of an inactive enzyme. Furthermore, structures of wild and mutant enzymes were predicted by comparative modeling and the importance of the insertions at the active site loop were also assigned by molecular docking and dynamics simulations in order to evaluate essential role of this loop for the enzymatic activity. Pentapeptide insertion removal resulted in loss of LDH activity due to deletion of Trp96 and conformational change of Arg98 because of loop instability. Analysis of wild type and mutant enzymes with comparative molecular dynamics simulations showed that the fluctuations of the loop residues increase in mutant enzyme. Together with in silico studies, in vitro results revealed that active site loop has a vital role in the enzyme activity and our findings promise hope for the further drug design studies against theileriosis and other apicomplexan parasite diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Erdemir
- Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Davutpasa Campus, 34210 Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ozal Mutlu
- Marmara University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Goztepe Campus, 34722 Goztepe, Istanbul, Turkey
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Nural B, Erdemir A, Mutlu O, Yakarsonmez S, Danis O, Topuzogullari M, Turgut-Balik D. Biochemical and in silico Characterization of Recombinant L-Lactate Dehydrogenase of Theileria annulata. Mol Biotechnol 2016; 58:256-67. [PMID: 26921192 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-016-9924-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Theileria annulata is a parasite that causes theileriosis in cattle. Reports about drug resistance made essential to develop new drug. LDH of Theileria schizonts is the vital enzyme for its anaerobic metabolism. TaLDH gene was first cloned into pGEM-T cloning vector with two introns in our previous study. Here we report cloning of TaLDH without introns into pLATE 31 vector in E. coli BL21(DE3). Protein was in an inactive form. Two mutations were fixed to express the active protein. Protein was purified by affinity chromatography and evaluated by SDS-PAGE and size exclusion chromatography. Optimum pH of enzyme was performed in pH 7.5, and enzyme was stabilized at 20-40 °C. Enzyme kinetics of recombinant TaLDH were found to be in the direction of pyruvate to lactate K m 0.1324 and K i 4.295 mM, k cat, 44.55/s and k cat /K m, 3.3693 × 10(5)/M/s. 3D structure of TaLDH was predicted, and possible drug binding sites were determined by homology modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belma Nural
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosafety, Institute of Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Meselik, 26480, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Erdemir
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, Esenler, 34210, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozal Mutlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus, Goztepe, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sinem Yakarsonmez
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, Esenler, 34210, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozkan Danis
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus, Goztepe, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Topuzogullari
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, Esenler, 34210, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Turgut-Balik
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, Esenler, 34210, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax specific lactate dehydrogenase: genetic polymorphism study from Indian isolates. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 26:313-22. [PMID: 24953504 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Control and eradication of malaria is hindered by the acquisition of drug resistance by Plasmodium species. This has necessitated a persistent search for novel drugs and more efficient targets. Plasmodium species specific lactate dehydrogenase is one of the potential therapeutic and diagnostic targets, because of its indispensable role in endoerythrocytic stage of the parasite. A target molecule that is highly conserved in the parasite population can be more effectively used in diagnostics and therapeutics, hence, in the present study polymorphism in PfLDH (Plasmodiumfalciparum specific LDH) and PvLDH (Plasmodiumvivax specific LDH) genes was analyzed using PCR-single strand confirmation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and sequencing. Forty-six P. falciparum and thirty-five P. vivax samples were screened from different states of India. Our findings have revealed presence of a single PfLDH genotype and six PvLDH genotypes among the studied samples. Interestingly, along with synonymous substitutions, nonsynonymous substitutions were reported to be present for the first time in the PvLDH genotypes. Further, through amino acid sequence alignment and homology modeling studies we observed that the catalytic residues were conserved in all PvLDH genotypes and the nonsynonymous substitutions have not altered the enzyme structure significantly. Evolutionary genetics studies have confirmed that PfLDH and PvLDH loci are under strong purifying selection. Phylogenetic analysis of the pLDH gene sequences revealed that P. falciparum compared to P. vivax, has recent origin. The study therefore supports PfLDH and PvLDH as suitable therapeutic and diagnostic targets as well as phylogenetic markers to understand the genealogy of malaria species.
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