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Lv H, Tang L, Jian C, Wei A, Li D, Jiang Y, Yang C, Mo S, Shang J, Li X. Prognostic value of plasma Aβ1-40 for Alzheimer's disease. Am J Transl Res 2024; 16:1962-1968. [PMID: 38883359 PMCID: PMC11170593 DOI: 10.62347/piyv4216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical significance of plasma p-amyloid 1-40 (Aβ1-40) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS In this retrospective study, the clinical data of 305 patients, with or without Alzheimer's disease (AD), who were treated at the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities and the People's Hospital of Baise between January 2018 and December 2021 were analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups: an AD group (n=147) and a non-AD group (without AD, n=158 cases). Blood test indices, including serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine (CRE), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and plasma β-amyloid 1-40 were collected and compared between the two groups. RESULTS The plasma β-amyloid 1-40 in the AD group was (3.71±3.45) mol/L, which was significantly higher than (2.8±1.35) mmol/L in the non-AD group (P<0.05). Similarly, hsCRP expression was significantly higher in the AD group than that in the non-AD group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in AST, ALT, UA, T-tau, NFL or Cr levels between the two groups (all P>0.05). Moreover, univariate regression analysis showed that plasma β-amyloid 1-40 and hsCRP were significantly correlated with AD. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that plasma p-amyloid 1-40 (P<0.0001) and hsCRP (P=0.002) were independent predictors of AD. CONCLUSION Plasma p-amyloid 1-40 and hsCRP are closely related to AD, and may serve as important clinical predictors of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lv
- Modern Industrial College of Biomedicine and Great Health, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
- College of Nursing of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Lingjiao Tang
- College of Nursing of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Chongdong Jian
- Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Anshang Wei
- The Second People's Hospital of Baise Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Dengxing Li
- The People's Hospital of Baise Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Yongming Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Chengmin Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Shenglong Mo
- The Graduate College of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Jingwei Shang
- Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Xinzhou Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
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Schworer EK, Handen BL, Petersen M, O'Bryant S, Peven JC, Tudorascu DL, Lee L, Krinsky‐McHale SJ, Hom CL, Clare ICH, Christian BT, Schupf N, Lee JH, Head E, Mapstone M, Lott I, Ances BM, Zaman S, Brickman AM, Lai F, Rosas HD, Hartley SL. Cognitive and functional performance and plasma biomarkers of early Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 16:e12582. [PMID: 38623384 PMCID: PMC11016818 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People with Down syndrome (DS) have a 75% to 90% lifetime risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD pathology begins a decade or more prior to onset of clinical AD dementia in people with DS. It is not clear if plasma biomarkers of AD pathology are correlated with early cognitive and functional impairments in DS, and if these biomarkers could be used to track the early stages of AD in DS or to inform inclusion criteria for clinical AD treatment trials. METHODS This large cross-sectional cohort study investigated the associations between plasma biomarkers of amyloid beta (Aβ)42/40, total tau, and neurofilament light chain (NfL) and cognitive (episodic memory, visual-motor integration, and visuospatial abilities) and functional (adaptive behavior) impairments in 260 adults with DS without dementia (aged 25-81 years). RESULTS In general linear models lower plasma Aβ42/40 was related to lower visuospatial ability, higher total tau was related to lower episodic memory, and higher NfL was related to lower visuospatial ability and lower episodic memory. DISCUSSION Plasma biomarkers may have utility in tracking AD pathology associated with early stages of cognitive decline in adults with DS, although associations were modest. Highlights Plasma Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers correlate with cognition prior to dementia in Down syndrome.Lower plasma amyloid beta 42/40 was related to lower visuospatial abilities.Higher plasma total tau and neurofilament light chain were associated with lower cognitive performance.Plasma biomarkers show potential for tracking early stages of AD symptomology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin L. Handen
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Melissa Petersen
- Department of Family Medicine and Institute for Translational ResearchUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTexasUSA
| | - Sid O'Bryant
- Department of Family Medicine and Institute for Translational ResearchUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTexasUSA
| | - Jamie C. Peven
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Dana L. Tudorascu
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Laisze Lee
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Sharon J. Krinsky‐McHale
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental DisabilitiesStaten IslandNew YorkUSA
| | - Christy L. Hom
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Nicole Schupf
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainSergievsky Centerand Department of NeurologyVagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Joseph H. Lee
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainSergievsky Centerand Department of NeurologyVagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaIrvine School of MedicineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mark Mapstone
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvine School of MedicineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ira Lott
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvine School of MedicineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Beau M. Ances
- Department of NeurologyWashington University at St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Shahid Zaman
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Adam M. Brickman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainSergievsky Centerand Department of NeurologyVagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Florence Lai
- Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - H. Diana Rosas
- Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Center for Neuro‐imaging of Aging and Neurodegenerative DiseasesMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sigan L. Hartley
- Waisman CenterUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- School of Human EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
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3
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Grasso M, Fidilio A, L’Episcopo F, Recupero M, Barone C, Bacalini MG, Benatti C, Giambirtone MC, Caruso G, Greco D, Di Nuovo S, Romano C, Ferri R, Buono S, Cuello AC, Blom JMC, Tascedda F, Piazza PV, De La Torre R, Caraci F. Low TGF-β1 plasma levels are associated with cognitive decline in Down syndrome. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1379965. [PMID: 38576478 PMCID: PMC10991739 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1379965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Almost all individuals with Down's syndrome (DS) show the characteristic neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by the age of 40, yet not every individual with DS experiences symptoms of AD later in life. Similar to neurotypical developing subjects, AD in people with DS lasts for a long preclinical phase in which biomarkers follow a predictable order of changes. Hence, a prolonged asymptomatic period precedes the onset of dementia, underscoring the importance of identifying new biomarkers for the early detection and monitoring of cognitive decline in individuals with DS. Blood-based biomarkers may offer an alternative non-invasive strategy for the detection of peripheral biological alterations paralleling nervous system pathology in an early phase of the AD continuum. In the last few years, a strong neurobiological link has been demonstrated between the deficit of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) levels, an anti-inflammatory cytokine endowed with neuroprotective activity, and early pro-inflammatory processes in the AD brain. In this clinical prospective observational study, we found significant lower plasma TGF-β1 concentrations at the first neuropsychological evaluation (baseline = T0) both in young adult DS individuals (19-35 years) and older DS subjects without AD (35-60 years) compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Interestingly, we found that the lower TGF-β1 plasma concentrations at T0 were strongly correlated with the following cognitive decline at 12 months. In addition, in young individuals with DS, we found, for the first time, a negative correlation between low TGF-β1 concentrations and high TNF-α plasma concentrations, a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is known to be associated with cognitive impairment in DS individuals with AD. Finally, adopting an ex vivo approach, we found that TGF-β1 concentrations were reduced in parallel both in the plasma and in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of DS subjects, and interestingly, therapeutic concentrations of fluoxetine (FLX) applied to cultured PBMCs (1 µM for 24 h) were able to rescue TGF-β1 concentrations in the culture media from DS PBMCs, suggesting that FLX, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) endowed with neuroprotective activity, might rescue TGF-β1 concentrations in DS subjects at higher risk to develop cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Cristina Benatti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Santo Di Nuovo
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Corrado Romano
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Johanna M. C. Blom
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Tascedda
- Department of Life Sciences and Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Rafael De La Torre
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital del Mar Research Institute /HMRI, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Zhang F, Petersen M, Johnson L, Hall J, O'Bryant SE. Comorbidities Incorporated to Improve Prediction for Prevalent Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease in the HABS-HD Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:1529-1546. [PMID: 38007662 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood biomarkers have the potential to transform Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis and monitoring, yet their integration with common medical comorbidities remains insufficiently explored. OBJECTIVE This study aims to enhance blood biomarkers' sensitivity, specificity, and predictive performance by incorporating comorbidities. We assess this integration's efficacy in diagnostic classification using machine learning, hypothesizing that it can identify a confident set of predictive features. METHODS We analyzed data from 1,705 participants in the Health and Aging Brain Study-Health Disparities, including 116 AD patients, 261 with mild cognitive impairment, and 1,328 cognitively normal controls. Blood samples were assayed using electrochemiluminescence and single molecule array technology, alongside comorbidity data gathered through clinical interviews and medical records. We visually explored blood biomarker and comorbidity characteristics, developed a Feature Importance and SVM-based Leave-One-Out Recursive Feature Elimination (FI-SVM-RFE-LOO) method to optimize feature selection, and compared four models: Biomarker Only, Comorbidity Only, Biomarker and Comorbidity, and Feature-Selected Biomarker and Comorbidity. RESULTS The combination model incorporating 17 blood biomarkers and 12 comorbidity variables outperformed single-modal models, with NPV12 at 92.78%, AUC at 67.59%, and Sensitivity at 65.70%. Feature selection led to 22 chosen features, resulting in the highest performance, with NPV12 at 93.76%, AUC at 69.22%, and Sensitivity at 70.69%. Additionally, interpretative machine learning highlighted factors contributing to improved prediction performance. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, combining feature-selected biomarkers and comorbidities enhances prediction performance, while feature selection optimizes their integration. These findings hold promise for understanding AD pathophysiology and advancing preventive treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Institute for Translational Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Melissa Petersen
- Institute for Translational Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Leigh Johnson
- Institute for Translational Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - James Hall
- Institute for Translational Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Sid E O'Bryant
- Institute for Translational Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Singh K, Cheung BM, Xu A. Ultrasensitive detection of blood biomarkers of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: a systematic review. Biomark Med 2021; 15:1693-1708. [PMID: 34743546 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2021-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Neurodegenerative disorders are a global health burden with costly and invasive diagnoses relying on brain imaging technology or CSF-based biomarkers. Therefore, considerable efforts to identify blood-biomarkers for Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's diseases (PD) are ongoing. Objectives: This review evaluates the blood biomarkers for AD and PD for their diagnostic value. Methods: This study systematically reviewed articles published between July 1984 and February 2021. Among 1266 papers, we selected 42 studies for a systematic review and 23 studies for meta-analysis. Results & conclusion: Our analysis highlights P-tau181, T-tau and Nfl as promising blood biomarkers for AD diagnosis. Nfl levels were consistently raised in 16 AD and three PD cohorts. P-tau181 and T-tau were also significantly increased in 12 and eight AD cohorts, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Singh
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bernard My Cheung
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Alldred MJ, Martini AC, Patterson D, Hendrix J, Granholm AC. Aging with Down Syndrome-Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going? J Clin Med 2021; 10:4687. [PMID: 34682809 PMCID: PMC8539670 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10204687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a form of accelerated aging, and people with DS are highly prone to aging-related conditions that include vascular and neurological disorders. Due to the overexpression of several genes on Chromosome 21, for example genes encoding amyloid precursor protein (APP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and some of the interferon receptors, those with DS exhibit significant accumulation of amyloid, phospho-tau, oxidative stress, neuronal loss, and neuroinflammation in the brain as they age. In this review, we will summarize the major strides in this research field that have been made in the last few decades, as well as discuss where we are now, and which research areas are considered essential for the field in the future. We examine the scientific history of DS bridging these milestones in research to current efforts in the field. We extrapolate on comorbidities associated with this phenotype and highlight clinical networks in the USA and Europe pursuing clinical research, concluding with funding efforts and recent recommendations to the NIH regarding DS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Alldred
- Nathan Kline Institute, NYU Grossman Medical School, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA;
| | - Alessandra C. Martini
- Department of Pathology and Lab. Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - David Patterson
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA;
| | - James Hendrix
- LuMind IDSC Foundation, 20 Mall Road, Suite 200, Burlington, MA 01801, USA;
| | - Ann-Charlotte Granholm
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA;
- Department of Neurosurgery, CU Anschutz, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Ahmed MM, Johnson NR, Boyd TD, Coughlan C, Chial HJ, Potter H. Innate Immune System Activation and Neuroinflammation in Down Syndrome and Neurodegeneration: Therapeutic Targets or Partners? Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:718426. [PMID: 34603007 PMCID: PMC8481947 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.718426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune system activation and inflammation are associated with and may contribute to clinical outcomes in people with Down syndrome (DS), neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and normal aging. In addition to serving as potential diagnostic biomarkers, innate immune system activation and inflammation may play a contributing or causal role in these conditions, leading to the hypothesis that effective therapies should seek to dampen their effects. However, recent intervention studies with the innate immune system activator granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in animal models of DS, AD, and normal aging, and in an AD clinical trial suggest that activating the innate immune system and inflammation may instead be therapeutic. We consider evidence that DS, AD, and normal aging are accompanied by innate immune system activation and inflammation and discuss whether and when during the disease process it may be therapeutically beneficial to suppress or promote such activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahiuddin Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Noah R. Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Timothy D. Boyd
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Partner Therapeutics, Inc., Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Christina Coughlan
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Heidi J. Chial
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Huntington Potter
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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8
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Do Carmo S, Kannel B, Cuello AC. Nerve Growth Factor Compromise in Down Syndrome. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:719507. [PMID: 34434101 PMCID: PMC8381049 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.719507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal forebrain cholinergic system relies on trophic support by nerve growth factor (NGF) to maintain its phenotype and function. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) undergo progressive atrophy, suggesting a deficit in NGF trophic support. Within the central nervous system, NGF maturation and degradation are tightly regulated by an activity-dependent metabolic cascade. Here, we present a brief overview of the characteristics of Alzheimer's pathology in Down syndrome (DS) with an emphasis on this NGF metabolic pathway's disruption during the evolving Alzheimer's pathology. Such NGF dysmetabolism is well-established in Alzheimer's brains with advanced pathology and has been observed in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and non-demented individuals with elevated brain amyloid levels. As individuals with DS inexorably develop AD, we then review findings that support the existence of a similar NGF dysmetabolism in DS coinciding with atrophy of the basal forebrain cholinergic system. Lastly, we discuss the potential of NGF-related biomarkers as indicators of an evolving Alzheimer's pathology in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Do Carmo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Benjamin Kannel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - A Claudio Cuello
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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9
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Zhang F, Petersen M, Johnson L, Hall J, O'Bryant SE. Recursive Support Vector Machine Biomarker Selection for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:1691-1700. [PMID: 33492292 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for more reliable diagnostic tools for the early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This can be a challenge due to a number of factors and logistics making machine learning a viable option. OBJECTIVE In this paper, we present on a Support Vector Machine Leave-One-Out Recursive Feature Elimination and Cross Validation (SVM-RFE-LOO) algorithm for use in the early detection of AD and show how the SVM-RFE-LOO method can be used for both classification and prediction of AD. METHODS Data were analyzed on n = 300 participants (n = 150 AD; n = 150 cognitively normal controls). Serum samples were assayed via a multi-plex biomarker assay platform using electrochemiluminescence (ECL). RESULTS The SVM-RFE-LOO method reduced the number of features in the model from 21 to 16 biomarkers and achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.980 with a sensitivity of 94.0% and a specificity of 93.3%. When the classification and prediction performance of SVM-RFE-LOO was compared to that of SVM and SVM-RFE, we found similar performance across the models; however, the SVM-RFE-LOO method utilized fewer markers. CONCLUSION We found that 1) the SVM-RFE-LOO is suitable for analyzing noisy high-throughput proteomic data, 2) it outperforms SVM-RFE in the robustness to noise and in the ability to recover informative features, and 3) it can improve the prediction performance. Our recursive feature elimination model can serve as a general model for biomarker discovery in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Institute for Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Melissa Petersen
- Institute for Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Leigh Johnson
- Institute for Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - James Hall
- Institute for Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Sid E O'Bryant
- Institute for Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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10
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Iqbal G, Braidy N, Ahmed T. Blood-Based Biomarkers for Predictive Diagnosis of Cognitive Impairment in a Pakistani Population. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:223. [PMID: 32848704 PMCID: PMC7396488 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have identified an association between age-related cognitive impairment (CI) and oxidative damage, accumulation of metals, amyloid levels, tau, and deranged lipid profile. There is a concerted effort to establish the reliability of these blood-based biomarkers for predictive diagnosis of CI and its progression. We assessed the serum levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, total cholesterol, selected metals (Cu, Al, Zn, Pb, Mn, Cad), and total-tau and amyloid beta-42 protein in mild (n = 71), moderate (n = 86) and severe (n = 25) cognitively impaired patients and compared them with age-matched healthy controls (n = 90) from Pakistan. We found that a decrease in HDL cholesterol (correlation coefficient r = 0.467) and amyloid beta-42 (r = 0.451) were associated with increased severity of CI. On the other hand, an increase in cholesterol ratio (r = -0.562), LDL cholesterol (r = -0.428), triglycerides, and total-tau (r = -0.443) were associated with increased severity of CI. Increases in cholesterol ratio showed the strongest association and correlated with increases in tau concentration (r = 0.368), and increased triglycerides were associated with decreased amyloid beta-42 (r = -0.345). Increased Cu levels showed the strongest association with tau increase and increased Zn and Pb levels showed the strongest association with reduced amyloid beta-42 levels. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) showed the cutoff values of blood metals (Al, Pb, Cu, Cad, Zn, and Mn), total-tau, and amyloid beta-42 with sensitivity and specificity. Our data show for the first time that blood lipids, metals (particularly Cu, Zn, Pb, and Al), serum amyloid-beta-42/tau proteins modulate each other's levels and can be collectively used as a predictive marker for CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazala Iqbal
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Touqeer Ahmed
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW People with Down syndrome represent the world's largest population with a genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease. This review will provide a short summary of what is known and will include recent findings from the field. RECENT FINDINGS There has been an increasing focus on biomarker research in this population, with a number of studies presenting findings on promising new markers - Neurofilament Light (NfL) appears to be one such promising marker that has emerged. Imaging studies have increased our knowledge on the progression of Alzheimer's disease in this population. SUMMARY The inclusion of people with Down syndrome in dementia research is vital from a scientific and an equity perspective. Recent advances in the field can have further impact with multisite, cross country collaborative efforts. For this to happen, instruments need to be validated across language and cultures.
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Mapstone M, Gross TJ, Macciardi F, Cheema AK, Petersen M, Head E, Handen BL, Klunk WE, Christian BT, Silverman W, Lott IT, Schupf N. Metabolic correlates of prevalent mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease in adults with Down syndrome. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 12:e12028. [PMID: 32258359 PMCID: PMC7131985 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disruption of metabolic function is a recognized feature of late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). We sought to determine whether similar metabolic pathways are implicated in adults with Down syndrome (DS) who have increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS We examined peripheral blood from 292 participants with DS who completed baseline assessments in the Alzheimer's Biomarkers Consortium-Down Syndrome (ABC-DS) using untargeted mass spectrometry (MS). Our sample included 38 individuals who met consensus criteria for AD (DS-AD), 43 who met criteria for mild cognitive impairment (DS-MCI), and 211 who were cognitively unaffected and stable (CS). RESULTS We measured relative abundance of 8,805 features using MS and 180 putative metabolites were differentially expressed (DE) among the groups at false discovery rate-corrected q< 0.05. From the DE features, a nine-feature classifier model classified the CS and DS-AD groups with receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (ROC AUC) of 0.86 and a two-feature model classified the DS-MCI and DS-AD groups with ROC AUC of 0.88. Metabolite set enrichment analysis across the three groups suggested alterations in fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism. DISCUSSION Our results reveal metabolic alterations in DS-AD that are similar to those seen in LOAD. The pattern of results in this cross-sectional DS cohort suggests a dynamic time course of metabolic dysregulation which evolves with clinical progression from non-demented, to MCI, to AD. Metabolomic markers may be useful for staging progression of DS-AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mapstone
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California‐IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Thomas J Gross
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California‐IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorUniversity of California‐IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Amrita K Cheema
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular BiologyGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Melissa Petersen
- Institute for Translational ResearchUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTexasUSA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of California‐IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Benjamin L Handen
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - William E Klunk
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Bradley T Christian
- Departments of Medical Physics and PsychiatryWaisman CenterUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Wayne Silverman
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California‐ IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ira T Lott
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California‐ IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nicole Schupf
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of NeurologyColumbia University and the New York Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyJoseph P. Mailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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Mengel D, Liu W, Glynn RJ, Selkoe DJ, Strydom A, Lai F, Rosas HD, Torres A, Patsiogiannis V, Skotko B, Walsh DM. Dynamics of plasma biomarkers in Down syndrome: the relative levels of Aβ42 decrease with age, whereas NT1 tau and NfL increase. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:27. [PMID: 32192521 PMCID: PMC7081580 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00593-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but diagnosis of AD in DS is challenging due to the intellectual disability which accompanies DS. When disease-modifying agents for AD are approved, reliable biomarkers will be required to identify when and how long people with DS should undergo treatment. Three cardinal neuropathological features characterize AD, and AD in DS—Aβ amyloid plaques, tau neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal loss. Here, we quantified plasma biomarkers of all 3 neuropathological features in a large cohort of people with DS aged from 3 months to 68 years. Our primary aims were (1) to assess changes in the selected plasma biomarkers in DS across age, and (2) to compare biomarkers measured in DS plasma versus age- and sex-matched controls. Methods Using ultra-sensitive single molecule array (Simoa) assays, we measured 3 analytes (Aβ42, NfL, and tau) in plasmas of 100 individuals with DS and 100 age- and sex-matched controls. Tau was measured using an assay (NT1) which detects forms of tau containing at least residues 6–198. The stability of the 3 analytes was established using plasma from ten healthy volunteers collected at 6 intervals over a 5-day period. Results High Aβ42 and NT1 tau and low NfL were observed in infants. Across all ages, Aβ42 levels were higher in DS than controls. Levels of Aβ42 decreased with age in both DS and controls, but this decrease was greater in DS than controls and became prominent in the third decade of life. NT1 tau fell in adolescents and young adults, but increased in older individuals with DS. NfL levels were low in infants, children, adolescents, and young adults, but thereafter increased in DS compared to controls. Conclusions High levels of Aβ42 and tau in both young controls and DS suggest these proteins are produced by normal physiological processes, whereas the changes seen in later life are consistent with emergence of pathological alterations. These plasma biomarker results are in good agreement with prior neuropathology studies and indicate that the third and fourth decades (i.e., 20 to 40 years of age) of life are pivotal periods during which AD processes manifest in DS. Application of the assays used here to longitudinal studies of individuals with DS aged 20 to 50 years of age should further validate the use of these biomarkers, and in time may allow identification and monitoring of people with DS best suited for treatment with AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mengel
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Wen Liu
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Robert J Glynn
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Andre Strydom
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Florence Lai
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and McLean Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Diana Rosas
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and McLean Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Amy Torres
- Down Syndrome Program, Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vasiliki Patsiogiannis
- Down Syndrome Program, Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Skotko
- Down Syndrome Program, Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dominic M Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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14
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Dong X, Nao J, Shi J, Zheng D. Predictive Value of Routine Peripheral Blood Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:332. [PMID: 31866854 PMCID: PMC6906180 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biomarker screening is of major significance for the early diagnosis and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Routine peripheral blood parameters are easy to collect and detect, making them ideal potential biomarkers. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the parameters from routine blood as potential biomarkers for AD. Methods We enrolled 56 AD patients, 57 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, and 59 healthy elderly controls. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the diagnostic values of routine blood biomarkers in patients with cognitive impairment. Results There were significant differences in eight parameters between the groups. Logistic regression revealed that the neutrophil% (odds ratio (OR) 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–1.75, p = 0.031) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR; OR 6.27, 95% CI 3.98–9.82, p = 0.003) differentiated AD patients and controls (areas under the curve [AUCs], 0.728 and 0.721) and that the NLR (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.07–3.47, p = 0.028) and mean platelet volume (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.04–2.70, p = 0.036) differentiated MCI patients and controls (AUCs, 0.60 and 0.638). There were no effective diagnostic biomarkers to distinguish AD from MCI. Conclusion Some routine blood biomarkers may correlate with cognitive impairment. Analysis of these biomarkers, such as the NLR, may be useful for the identification of patients with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Dong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianfei Nao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jile Shi
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongming Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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