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Chen T, Le Bizec B, Dervilly G. Anabolic steroids in livestock production: Background and implications for chemical food safety. Steroids 2024; 206:109420. [PMID: 38580048 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The use of steroids in livestock animals is a source of concern for consumers because of the risks associated with the presence of their residues in foodstuffs of animal origin. Technological advances such as mass spectrometry have made it possible to play a fundamental role in controlling such practices, firstly for the discovery of marker metabolites but also for the monitoring of these compounds under the regulatory framework. Current control strategies rely on the monitoring of either the parent drug or its metabolites in various matrices of interest. As some of these steroids also have an endogenous status specific strategies have to be applied for control purposes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge of analytical strategies, whether targeted or non-targeted, and whether they focus on markers of exposure or effect in the specific context of chemical food safety regarding the use of anabolic steroids in livestock. The role of new approaches in data acquisition (e.g. ion mobility), processing and analysis, (e.g. molecular networking), is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, Nantes 44300, France
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2
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Cools T, Wilson KS, Li D, Vancsok C, Mulot B, Leclerc A, Kok J, Haapakoski M, Bertelsen MF, Ochs A, Girling SJ, Zhou Y, Li R, Vanhaecke L, Wauters J. Development and validation of a versatile non-invasive urinary steroidomics method for wildlife biomonitoring. Talanta 2024; 273:125924. [PMID: 38518717 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Wildlife conservation is often challenged by a lack of knowledge about the reproduction biology and adaptability of endangered species. Although monitoring steroids and related molecules can increase this knowledge, the applicability of current techniques (e.g. immunoassays) is hampered by species-specific steroid metabolism and the requisite to avoid invasive sampling. This study presents a validated steroidomics method for the (un)targeted screening of a wide range of sex and stress steroids and related molecules in urine using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). In total, 50 steroids (conjugated and non-conjugated androgens, estrogens, progestogens and glucocorticoids) and 6 prostaglandins could be uniquely detected. A total of 45 out of 56 compounds demonstrated a detection limit below 0.01 ng μL-1. Excellent linearity (R2 > 0.99), precision (CV < 20 %), and recovery (80-120 %) were observed for 46, 41, and 39 compounds, respectively. Untargeted screening of pooled giant panda and human samples yielded 9691 and 8366 features with CV < 30 %, from which 84.1 % and 83.0 %, respectively, also demonstrated excellent linearity (R2 > 0.90). The biological validity of the method was investigated on male and female giant panda urine (n = 20), as well as pooled human samples (n = 10). A total of 24 different steroids were detected with clear qualitative and quantitative differences between human and giant panda samples. Furthermore, expected differences were revealed between female giant panda samples from different reproductive phases. In contrast to traditional biomonitoring techniques, the developed steroidomics method was able to screen a wide range of compounds and provide information on the putative identities of metabolites potentially important for reproductive monitoring in giant pandas. These results illustrate the advancements steroidomics brings to the field of wildlife biomonitoring in the pursuit to better understand the biology of endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Cools
- Laboratory of Integrative Metabolomics, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Reproduction Biology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirsten S Wilson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Desheng Li
- Key Laboratory of SFGA on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in The Giant Panda National Park, China Conservation and Research Centre for Giant Panda (CCRCGP), People's Republic of China
| | - Catherine Vancsok
- Pairi Daiza Foundation - Pairi Daiza, Domaine de Cambron, 7940, Brugelette, Belgium
| | - Baptiste Mulot
- ZooParc de Beauval and Beauval Nature, Avenue du Blanc, 41110, Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Antoine Leclerc
- ZooParc de Beauval and Beauval Nature, Avenue du Blanc, 41110, Saint-Aignan, France
| | - José Kok
- Ouwehands Dierenpark Rhenen, Grebbeweg 111, 3911, AV Rhenen, the Netherlands
| | - Marko Haapakoski
- Ähtärin Eläinpuisto OY, Karhunkierros 150, FI-63700, Ähtäri, Finland; Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Konnevesi Research Station, University of Jyväskylä, Sirkkamäentie 220, FI-44300, Konnevesi, Finland
| | | | - Andreas Ochs
- Berlin Zoo, Hardenbergplatz 8, 10787, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon J Girling
- Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, 134 Corstorphine Road, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Yingmin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of SFGA on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in The Giant Panda National Park, China Conservation and Research Centre for Giant Panda (CCRCGP), People's Republic of China
| | - Rengui Li
- Key Laboratory of SFGA on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in The Giant Panda National Park, China Conservation and Research Centre for Giant Panda (CCRCGP), People's Republic of China
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Laboratory of Integrative Metabolomics, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium; Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | - Jella Wauters
- Laboratory of Integrative Metabolomics, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Reproduction Biology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Influence of Indomethacin on Steroid Metabolism: Endocrine Disruption and Confounding Effects in Urinary Steroid Profiling of Anti-Doping Analyses. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110463. [PMID: 33202527 PMCID: PMC7698016 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are prohibited as doping substances in sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Concentrations and concentration ratios of endogenous AAS (steroid profile markers) in urine samples collected from athletes are used to detect their administration. Certain (non-prohibited) drugs have been shown to influence the steroid profile and thereby sophisticate anti-doping analysis. It was shown in vitro that the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indomethacin inhibits selected steroid-biotransformations catalyzed by the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) 1C3, which plays a key role in the endogenous steroid metabolism. Kinetic parameters for the indomethacin-mediated inhibition of the AKR1C3 catalyzed reduction in etiocholanolone were determined in vitro using two comparing methods. As NSAIDs are very frequently used (not only) by athletes, the inhibitory impact of indomethacin intake on the steroid metabolism was evaluated, and steroid profile alterations were detected in vivo (one male and one female volunteer). Significant differences between samples collected before, during or after the intake of indomethacin for selected steroid profile markers were observed. The presented results are of relevance for the interpretation of results from doping control analysis. Additionally, the administration of NSAIDs should be carefully reconsidered due to their potential as endocrine disruptors.
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4
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Development and application of analytical procedures for the GC–MS/MS analysis of the sulfates metabolites of anabolic androgenic steroids: The pivotal role of chemical hydrolysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1155:122280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Stoll A, Iannone M, De Gregorio G, de la Torre X, Molaioni F, Botrè F, Kristina Parr M. Influence of Pain Killers on the Urinary Anabolic Steroid Profile. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:871-879. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are prohibited as performance-enhancing drugs in sports. Among them, testosterone and its precursors are often referred to as “pseudoendogenous” AAS, that is, endogenous steroids that are prohibited when administered exogenously. To detect their misuse, among other methods, the World Anti-Doping Agency-accredited laboratories monitor the steroid profile (concentrations and concentration ratios of endogenous steroids, precursors and metabolites) in urine samples collected from athletes in and out of competition. Alterations in steroid profile markers are used as indicators for misuse of anabolic steroids in sports. Therefore, especially their metabolic pathways with possible interactions are crucial to elucidate. As steroid metabolism is very complex, and many enzymes are involved, certain non-prohibited drugs may influence steroid metabolite excretion. One important group of steroid-metabolizing enzymes is aldo–keto reductases (AKRs). An inhibition of them by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are neither prohibited nor monitored, but frequently used drugs in sports, was demonstrated in vitro. Thus, this work aims to investigate the influence of NSAID intake on the urinary steroid profile. Kinetic and inhibitory studies were performed using 5α-dihydrotestosterone as substrate. The results obtained from in vitro experiments show that ibuprofen inhibits AKR1C2 and thus influences steroid biotransformation. For in vivo investigations, urine samples prior, during and postadministration of ibuprofen were analyzed using routine methods to monitor the steroid profile. Changes in markers of the steroid profile of volunteers were observed. The combination of in vitro and in vivo results suggests that monitoring of ibuprofen may be useful in doping control analysis. The presented work illustrates the importance to consider co-administration of (non-prohibited) drugs during antidoping analysis. Intake of multiple substances is likely leading to interfering effects. Divergent results in antidoping analysis may therefore be observed and misinterpretation of analytical data may occur. Similar considerations may be appropriate for other fields of forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stoll
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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6
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Analysis of testosterone-hydroxylated metabolites in human urine by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2020; 597:113670. [PMID: 32119849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone regulates the male reproductive system and acts directly or indirectly on nearly all systems during fetal, pubertal and adult life. Testosterone homeostasis depends on its synthesis and degradation. The major biotransformation reactions are hydroxylation by different cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms. There are no described methods to determine the profile of testosterone-hydroxylated metabolites in human urine. The aim of this study was to develop an analytical method to determine testosterone-hydroxylated metabolites in human urine using UPLC-MS. Seven testosterone-hydroxylated metabolites, androstenedione, and testosterone, were identified by comparison of their tret and positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) data, with those of analytical standards. The method developed is sensitive, specific, repeatable, and precise. Limits of detection and quantitation for all compounds ranged from 1.360 to 13.054 ng/ml and 4.234-39.679 ng/ml, respectively. The percentages of recovery were between 81.2 and 128.8%. The applicability of the analytical method was confirmed by analysis of urine samples obtained from two groups of healthy men (25-30 and 50-75 years old). All analytes were identified with slightly different metabolites profiles in both groups. In conclusion, the UPLC-MS method developed here was validated for the analysis of testosterone-hydroxylated metabolites in human urine.
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7
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Velasco-Bejarano B, Mercado K, Camacho E, Rodríguez L, Gómez-Pliego R, Méndez EA. Development of in-house materials for the verification of specific gravity measurements: Homogeneity, stability, and proficiency studies. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1302-1307. [PMID: 31243893 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We developed and evaluated the properties of in-house urine reference materials for the verification of laboratory refractometers, which are frequently used in clinical chemistry and doping testing laboratories. Urine was gathered from 26 healthy volunteers (16 male 30 ± 5 years old and 10 female 29 ± 4 years old), from which two urine batches were obtained: one with a low specific gravity (1.012± 0.003) and the other with a high specific gravity (1.027 ± 0.003). Homogeneity studies were conducted over 20 consecutive days. For short-term stability studies, aliquots of both urine batches were stored at -20 ± 2°C; 3 ± 2°C; 20 ± 2°C; 45 ± 2°C for 0, 2, 7, 14 and 35 days, under both light and dark conditions. Similarly, another study was conducted to measure the long-term stability of urine at -20 ± 2°C, over a 24-month evaluation period. Our data showed that the urine was homogeneous and stable at -20 ± 2°C, 3 ± 2°C, 20 ± 2°C, and 45 ± 2°C under both light and dark conditions. In all cases, the urine was evaluated by specific gravity and no statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were recorded. Additionally, a proficiency test was conducted in collaboration with 15 ISO/IEC 17025 accredited laboratories, and z-scores and performance factors were evaluated. These data indicate that this material could be used for the verification of refractometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Velasco-Bejarano
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje-CONADE, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14060, Mexico.,Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Sección de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán-UNAM, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, C.P. 54740, Mexico
| | - Karina Mercado
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje-CONADE, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14060, Mexico
| | - Evangelina Camacho
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje-CONADE, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14060, Mexico
| | - Leonardo Rodríguez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje-CONADE, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14060, Mexico
| | - Raquel Gómez-Pliego
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Sección de Ciencias de la Salud Humana, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán-UNAM, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, C.P. 54740, Mexico
| | - Eradio A Méndez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje-CONADE, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14060, Mexico
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8
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Martín-Escudero P, Muñoz-Guerra JA, García-Tenorio SV, Garde ES, Soldevilla-Navarro AB, Galindo-Canales M, Prado N, Fuentes-Ferrer ME, Fernández-Pérez C. Impact of the UGT2B17 polymorphism on the steroid profile. Results of a crossover clinical trial in athletes submitted to testosterone administration. Steroids 2019; 141:104-113. [PMID: 30503386 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This article studies the genetic influence of polymorphism of the UGT2B17 gen on the urinary steroid profile and its implications for the anti-doping field. The study presents the results of a triple-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial with healthy athletes submitted to a single dose of 250 mg of testosterone cypionate. Forty urine samples were collected from each participant. Mass spectrometry-based techniques commonly used in Anti-Doping laboratories, were employed to measure the urinary concentration and the Δδ13C values of a selection of target compounds for testosterone (T) administration together with LH. Twelve volunteers were included in the study; the polymorphism was evenly distributed among them. After T administration, the most meaningful change affected the Testosterone/Epitestosterone ratio (T/E) and the urinary concentration of LH. In relation with T/E, the wild type homozygous (ins/ins) group there was a mean relative increase of 30 (CI 95%: 25.2 to 36.7); in the heterozygous mutant (del/ins) group it was 19.8 (CI 95%:15.9 to 24.7); and in the homozygous mutant (del/del) group it was 19.7 (CI 95% 14.9 to 26.2). In the case of LH, it́s observed how LH values decrease significantly after the administration of Testex homogeneously among the three groups. The main outcome was related to the (del/del) group (homozygous mutant), where due to the depressed basal level of the steroid profile, if the longitudinal steroid profile of the athlete was not available, the analysis by GC/MS would not produce an "atypical" result according to the WADA TD2016EAAS despite the T administration. However, the genotyping of the UGT2B17 polymorphism, the follow up of LH and the use of GC-C-IRMS makes it possible to identify most of these samples as Adverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Martín-Escudero
- Professional School of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | - Ester Serrano Garde
- Doping Control Laboratory of Madrid and Anti-Doping State Agency, AEPSAD, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mercedes Galindo-Canales
- Professional School of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nayade Prado
- Preventive Medicine Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel E Fuentes-Ferrer
- Preventive Medicine Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Fernández-Pérez
- Preventive Medicine Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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Cyclodextrin based polymer sorbents for micro-solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in determination of endogenous steroids. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1543:23-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Pizzato EC, Filonzi M, Rosa HSD, de Bairros AV. Pretreatment of different biological matrices for exogenous testosterone analysis: a review. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 27:641-656. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2017.1351015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo Filonzi
- Setor de Química Especial, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hemerson Silva da Rosa
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - André Valle de Bairros
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
- Núcleo Aplicado a Toxicologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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11
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Determination of reference intervals for urinary steroid profiling using a newly validated GC-MS/MS method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 56:103-112. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2016-1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background:
Urinary steroid profiling (USP) is a powerful diagnostic tool to asses disorders of steroidogenesis. Pre-analytical factors such as age, sex and use of oral contraceptive pills (OCP) may affect steroid hormone synthesis and metabolism. In general, USP reference intervals are not adjusted for these variables. In this study we aimed to establish such reference intervals using a newly-developed and validated gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection method (GC-MS/MS).
Methods:
Two hundred and forty healthy subjects aged 20–79 years, stratified into six consecutive decade groups each containing 20 males and 20 females, were included. None of the subjects used medications. In addition, 40 women aged 20–39 years using OCP were selected. A GC-MS/MS assay, using hydrolysis, solid phase extraction and double derivatization, was extensively validated and applied for determining USP reference intervals.
Results:
Androgen metabolite excretion declined with age in both men and women. Cortisol metabolite excretion remained constant during life in both sexes but increased in women 70–79 years of age. Progesterone metabolite excretion peaked in 30–39-year-old women and declined afterwards. Women using OCP had lower excretions of androgen metabolites, progesterone metabolites and cortisol metabolites. Method validation results met prerequisites and revealed the robustness of the GC-MS/MS method.
Conclusions:
We developed a new GC-MS/MS method for USP which is applicable for high throughput analysis. Widely applicable age and sex specific reference intervals for 33 metabolites and their diagnostic ratios have been defined. In addition to age and gender, USP reference intervals should be adjusted for OCP use.
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12
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Anneleen D, Anita VL, Lynn V. Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Endogenous Steroids and Steroid Abuse in (Race) Horses and Human Athletes. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.68593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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13
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Decloedt A, Bailly-Chouriberry L, Vanden Bussche J, Garcia P, Popot MA, Bonnaire Y, Vanhaecke L. A validated UHPLC-MS/MS method to quantify low levels of anabolic-androgenic steroids naturally present in urine of untreated horses. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4385-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Moon JY, Kwon W, Suh S, Cheong JC, In MK, Chung BC, Kim JY, Choi MH. Reference ranges for urinary levels of testosterone and epitestosterone, which may reveal gonadal function, in a Korean male population. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 140:100-5. [PMID: 24333796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis, or marijuana, the most commonly used illicit drug in the world, has been shown to be responsible for suppressing the production and secretion of androgens, particularly testosterone. However, despite such findings in animals, the chronic effects of marijuana use on human endocrine systems have proved to be inconsistent. Here, we investigated the reference ranges of urinary levels of testosterone (T) and epitestosterone (E) as well as their metabolic ratio of T/E in a Korean male population (n=337), which would enable an evaluation of abnormal changes in steroid metabolism induced by habitually administered cannabis. The T/E ratio was significantly decreased in the marijuana group (n=18), while the urinary testosterone concentrations were also tended to decrease. This study is the first to provide data for the reference values of two urinary androgens and T/E values among control Korean males, and, furthermore, suggests that the T/E ratio, though not testosterone levels, might be used to understand the suppression of human male gonadal function affected by smoking marijuana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yeon Moon
- Future Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, South Korea
| | - Woonyong Kwon
- Forensic Science Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office, Seoul 137-730, South Korea
| | - Sungill Suh
- Forensic Science Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office, Seoul 137-730, South Korea
| | - Jae Chul Cheong
- Forensic Science Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office, Seoul 137-730, South Korea
| | - Moon Kyo In
- Forensic Science Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office, Seoul 137-730, South Korea
| | - Bong Chul Chung
- Future Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Forensic Science Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office, Seoul 137-730, South Korea.
| | - Man Ho Choi
- Future Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, South Korea.
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15
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:164-84. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory; United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14 00380 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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