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Coon A, Setzen G, Musah RA. Mass Spectrometric Interrogation of Earwax: Toward the Detection of Ménière's Disease. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:27010-27023. [PMID: 37546591 PMCID: PMC10399190 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Many diseases remain difficult to identify because the occurrence of characteristic biomarkers within traditional matrices such as blood and urine remain unknown. Disease diagnosis could, therefore, benefit from the analysis of readily accessible, non-traditional matrices that have a high chemical content and contain distinguishing biomarkers. One such matrix is cerumen (i.e., earwax), whose chemical complexity can pose challenges when analyzed by conventional methods. A combination of cerumen chemical profiles analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and direct analysis in real time-high-resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS) were investigated to ascertain the possible presence of the rare otolaryngological disorder Ménière's disease. This illness is currently identified via "diagnosis by exclusion" in which the disease is distinguished from others with overlapping symptoms by the process of elimination. GC-MS revealed a chemical profile difference between those with and without a Ménière's disease diagnosis by a visually apparent diminution of the compounds present in the Ménière's disease samples. DART-HRMS revealed that the two classes could be differentiated using three fatty acids: cis-9-hexadecenoic acid, cis-10-heptadecenoic acid, and cis-9-octadecenoic acid. These compounds were subsequently quantified by GC-MS and overall, the amounts of these fatty acids were decreased in Ménière's disease patients. The average levels for non-Ménière's disease samples were 7.89 μg/mg for cis-9-hexadecenoic acid, 0.87 μg/mg for cis-10-heptadecenoic acid, and 4.94 μg/mg for cis-9-octadecenoic acid. The average levels for Ménière's disease samples were 1.70 μg/mg for cis-9-hexadecenoic acid, 0.13 μg/mg for cis-10-heptadecenoic acid, and 2.07 μg/mg for cis-9-octadecenoic acid. The confidence levels for cis-9-hexadecenoic acid, cis-10-heptadecenoic acid, and cis-9-octadecenoic acid were 98.7%, 99.9%, and 95.4%, respectively. The results suggest that assessment of the concentrations of these fatty acids could be a useful clinical tool for the more rapid and accurate detection of Ménière's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allix
Marie Coon
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Albany, State
University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Gavin Setzen
- Albany
ENT and Allergy Services, 123 Everett Rd, Albany, New York 12205, United States
| | - Rabi Ann Musah
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Albany, State
University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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Boronat Ena MDM, Cowan DA, Abbate V. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry applied to new psychoactive substance analysis. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:3-34. [PMID: 34036620 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade a plethora of drugs with similar effects to controlled psychoactive drugs, like cannabis, amfetamine (amphetamine), or lysergic acid diethylamide, have been synthesized. These drugs can collectively be classified under the term new psychoactive substances (NPS) and are used for recreational purposes. The novelty of the substances, alongside the rapid rate of emergence and structural variability, makes their detection as well as their legal control highly challenging, increasing the demand for rapid and easy-to-use analytical techniques for their detection and identification. Therefore, interest in ambient ionization mass spectrometry applied to NPS has grown in recent years, which is largely because it is relatively fast and simple to use and has a low operating cost. This review aims to provide a critique of the suitability of current ambient ionization techniques for the analysis of NPS in the forensic and clinical toxicology fields. Consideration is given to analytical performance and ease of implementation, including ionization efficiency, selectivity, sensitivity, quantification, analyte chemistry, molecular coverage, validation, and practicality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Mar Boronat Ena
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK
| | - David A Cowan
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK
| | - Vincenzo Abbate
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK
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3
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Rankin-Turner S, Heaney LM. Deployable Mass Spectrometry for Rapid On-Site Bioanalysis. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.lt8569n1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Benchtop liquid chromatography (LC)–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and benchtop gas chromatography–MS (GC–MS) have been the gold standard in bioanalysis for decades, employed in clinical, forensic, and anti-doping laboratories worldwide. However, traditional instrumentation is subject to limitations that severely restrict the speed at which samples can be analyzed, the ease with which materials can be prepared, and the location where the analysis must be performed. With the advent of ambient ionization and portable mass spectrometers, the ability to perform rapid, on-site analysis is fast becoming a reality. Without the need for extensive sample preparation, analysis times as low as several seconds, and the ability to perform analysis remote from the laboratory, deployable mass spectrometers have the potential to revolutionize bioanalysis. However, several challenges must be tackled before this innovative technology can be widely adopted.
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Gupta S, Samal N. Application of direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) in forensic science: a comprehensive review. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-022-00276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
As the rate of crime is constantly increasing, the workload on the forensic analyst also piles up. The availability of a limited number of seized samples makes it crucial to directly analyze the sample, thereby preventing wastage in the prior steps of sample preparation. Due to such needs, the forensic community is consistently working on broadening the usage of direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS). DART-MS is a relatively new technique for rapid mass spectral analysis. Its use for chemical analysis credits its ability to analyze the sample at atmospheric pressure.
Main body
This article gives insight into the ionization mechanisms, data analysis tools, and the use of hyphenated techniques like thermal-desorption-DART-MS, infrared-thermal-desorption-DART-MS, Joule-heating thermal-desorption-DART-MS, etc. This review summarizes the applications of DART-MS in the field of Forensic Science reported from 2005 to 2021. The applications include analysis of drugs, warfare agents, gun-shot residues, ink differentiation, and other forensically relevant samples. The paper also presents the relation between the type of DART-MS technique and the ionization mode used for a particular class of compounds.
Conclusion
The review follows that the high-resolution mass-spectrometers or low-resolution mass-spectrometers systems in the positive or negative mode were highly dependent on the type of analyte under investigation. Drugs, inks, dyes, and paints were mainly analyzed using the positive ionization mode in the HRMS technique. The examinations of fire accelerants predominantly used the positive ionization mode in the LRMS technique. Moreover, the limit of detection values obtained from the qualitative screening of street drugs were of ppb level, indicating high sensitivity of DART-MS. Considering the work done in the past years, there are potential future research needs of this technology, especially in forensic science.
Graphical Abstract
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Davidson JT, Sasiene ZJ, Jackson GP. Comparison of in-source collision-induced dissociation and beam-type collision-induced dissociation of emerging synthetic drugs using a high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4679. [PMID: 33410270 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In-source collision-induced dissociation (CID) is commonly used with single-stage high-resolution mass spectrometers to gather both a molecular formula and structural information through the collisional activation of analytes with residual background gas in the source region of the mass spectrometer. However, unlike tandem mass spectrometry, in-source CID does not involve an isolation step prior to collisional activation leading to a product ion spectrum composed of fragment ions from any analyte present during the activation event. This work provides the first comparison of in-source CID and beam-type CID spectra of emerging synthetic drugs on the same instrument to understand the fragmentation differences between the two techniques and to contribute to the scientific foundations of in-source CID. Electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight (ESI-Q-TOF) mass spectrometry was used to generate product ion spectra from in-source CID and beam-type CID for a series of well-characterized fentanyl analogs and synthetic cathinones. A comparison between the fragmentation patterns and relative ion abundances for each technique was performed over a range of fragmentor offset voltages for in-source CID and a range of collision energies for beam-type CID. The results indicate that large fragmentor potentials for in-source CID tend to favor higher energy fragmentation pathways that result in both kinetically favored pathways and consecutive neutral losses, both of which produce more abundant lower mass product ions relative to beam-type CID. Although conditions can be found in which in-source CID and beam-type CID provide similar overall spectra, the in-source CID spectra tend to contain elevated noise and additional chemical background peaks relative to beam-type CID.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tyler Davidson
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Department of Forensic Science, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas, USA
| | - Zachary J Sasiene
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Glen P Jackson
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Zhang N, Lu M, Duan X, Liu CC, Wang H. In situ calibration of Direct Analysis in Real Time-mass spectrometry for direct quantification: Urine excretion rate index creatinine as an example. Talanta 2019; 201:134-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zaremba I, Frański R, Kasperkowiak M. Differentiation of isomeric heptylamines by in-source collision-induced dissociation of [M + H] + ions. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:848-856. [PMID: 30801857 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE 1,3-Dimethylamylamine (1,3-DMAA), 1,4-dimethylamylamine (1,4-DMAA) and 2-aminoheptane are isomeric heptylamines commonly used as stimulants. The fragmentations of their [M + H]+ ions (m/z 116) are almost identical and consist of the formation of a fragment ion C4 H9 + at m/z 57. It is interesting to check if analysis of electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra of these three amines enables their differentiation. In order to better understand the fragmentation of isomeric heptylamines, 1-, 3- and 4-aminoheptane were also included in the study. METHODS ESI in-source collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectra were obtained with a Waters/Micromass ZQ2000 mass spectrometer (single quadrupole-type instrument) at a cone voltage of 12-34 V. The influence of three commonly used solvents on the fragmentation of [M + H]+ ions was tested, namely methanol, methanol/water (1/1) and acetonitrile/water (1/1). RESULTS Only one quantitative difference was observed in the mass spectra of 1,3-DMAA, 1,4-DMAA and 2-aminoheptane, namely formation of a product ion at m/z 57 from the [M + H]+ ion of 1,3-DMAA is more efficient than the formation of this ion from [M + H]+ ions of 2-aminoheptane and 1,4-DMAA. In-source CID of 3- and 4-aminoheptane consists of (besides the formation of ion C4 H9 + ) the formation of a low-abundance, but clearly seen, fragment ion at m/z 114 (loss of H2 ). CONCLUSIONS Differentiation of 1,3-DMAA from 1,4-DMAA and 2-aminoheptane seems to be possible by in-source CID of their [M + H]+ ions. However, comparison of the mass spectrum obtained for the analysed sample with that of a standard seems to be necessary. Only 3- and 4-aminoheptane may be easily differentiated from the other heptylamines by the presence of fragment ions at m/z 114.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iga Zaremba
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89B, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Rafał Frański
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89B, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kasperkowiak
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89c, 61-614, Poznán, Poland
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Drury N, Ramotowski R, Moini M. A comparison between DART-MS and DSA-MS in the forensic analysis of writing inks. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 289:27-32. [PMID: 29803143 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ambient ionization mass spectrometry is gaining momentum in forensic science laboratories because of its high speed of analysis, minimal sample preparation, and information-rich results. One such application of ambient ionization methodology includes the analysis of writing inks from questioned documents where colorants of interest may not be soluble in common solvents, rendering thin layer chromatography (TLC) and separation-mass spectrometry methods such as LC/MS (-MS) impractical. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry uses a variety of ionization techniques such as penning ionization in Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART), and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in Direct Sample Analysis (DSA), and electrospray ionization in Desorption Electrospray Ionization (DESI). In this manuscript, two of the commonly used ambient ionization techniques are compared: Perkin Elmer DSA-MS and IonSense DART in conjunction with a JEOL AccuTOF MS. Both technologies were equally successful in analyzing writing inks and produced similar spectra. DSA-MS produced less background signal likely because of its closed source configuration; however, the open source configuration of DART-MS provided more flexibility for sample positioning for optimum sensitivity and thereby allowing smaller piece of paper containing writing ink to be analyzed. Under these conditions, the minimum sample required for DART-MS was 1mm strokes of ink on paper, whereas DSA-MS required a minimum of 3mm. Moreover, both techniques showed comparable repeatability. Evaluation of the analytical figures of merit, including sensitivity, linear dynamic range, and repeatability, for DSA-MS and DART-MS analysis is provided. To the forensic context of the technique, DART-MS was applied to the analysis of United States Secret Service ink samples directly on a sampling mesh, and the results were compared with DSA-MS of the same inks on paper. Unlike analysis using separation mass spectrometry, which requires sample preparation, both DART-MS and DSA-MS successfully analyzed writing inks with minimal sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Drury
- Department of Forensic Sciences, George Washington University, 2100 Foxhall Rd, Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Robert Ramotowski
- U.S. Secret Service, Forensic Services Division, 950 H Street, NW Suite 4200, Washington, D.C. 20223, United States
| | - Mehdi Moini
- Department of Forensic Sciences, George Washington University, 2100 Foxhall Rd, Washington, D.C., United States.
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9
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Marić M, Marano J, Cody RB, Bridge C. DART-MS: A New Analytical Technique for Forensic Paint Analysis. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6877-6884. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Marić
- National Center for Forensic Science, University of Central Florida, PO Box 162367, Orlando, Florida 32816-2367, United States
| | - James Marano
- Florida Department of Law Enforcement, Orlando Regional Operations Center, 500 West Robinson Street, Orlando, Florida 32801, United States
| | - Robert B. Cody
- JEOL USA, Inc., 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, Massachusetts 01960, United States
| | - Candice Bridge
- National Center for Forensic Science, University of Central Florida, PO Box 162367, Orlando, Florida 32816-2367, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
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10
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Kerpel dos Santos M, Gleco E, Davidson JT, Jackson GP, Pereira Limberger R, Arroyo LE. DART-MS/MS screening for the determination of 1,3-dimethylamylamine and undeclared stimulants in seized dietary supplements from Brazil. Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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11
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Pavlovich MJ, Musselman B, Hall AB. Direct analysis in real time-Mass spectrometry (DART-MS) in forensic and security applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:171-187. [PMID: 27271453 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, direct analysis in real time (DART) has emerged as a viable method for fast, easy, and reliable "ambient ionization" for forensic analysis. The ability of DART to generate ions from chemicals that might be present at the scene of a criminal activity, whether they are in the gas, liquid, or solid phase, with limited sample preparation has made the technology a useful analytical tool in numerous forensic applications. This review paper summarizes many of those applications, ranging from the analysis of trace evidence to security applications, with a focus on providing the forensic scientist with a resource for developing their own applications. The most common uses for DART in forensics are in studying seized drugs, drugs of abuse and their metabolites, bulk and detonated explosives, toxic chemicals, chemical warfare agents, inks and dyes, and commercial plant and animal products that have been adulterated for economic gain. This review is meant to complement recent reviews that have described the fundamentals of the ionization mechanism and the general use of DART. We describe a wide range of forensic applications beyond the field of analyzing drugs of abuse, which dominates the literature, including common experimental and data analysis methods. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:171-187, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Pavlovich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute for Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, Massachusetts
| | | | - Adam B Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute for Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, Massachusetts
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Sugie KI, Kurakami D, Akutsu M, Saito K. Rapid detection of tert-butoxycarbonyl-methamphetamine by direct analysis in real time time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2018; 36:261-269. [PMID: 29963202 PMCID: PMC6002434 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-017-0400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Phenethylamines constitute the majority of drug-related arrests in Japan. Recently, the smuggling of tert-butoxycarbonyl (t-Boc)-protected phenethylamines has become of increasing concern, because of the difficult identification of these masked substances. Methods In this study, a rapid and accurate method for the detection of t-Boc-methamphetamine (t-Boc-MP) by direct analysis in real time-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (DART-TOF-MS) was developed. The efficiency of the method was evaluated by comparison with conventional gas chromatography-MS (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-TOF-MS (LC-TOF-MS) techniques. Results During GC-MS analysis of t-Boc-MP, MP was generated in the injection port, which can lead to an analytical error. In the LC-TOF-MS spectrum, fragment ions were detected, which were generated by McLafferty rearrangement in the ion source. On the other hand, in the DART-TOF-MS analysis of t-Boc-MP, pyrolysis could be suppressed by using a micro-syringe injection method, and the fragment ions generated by McLafferty rearrangement were still observed. Moreover, protonated t-Boc-MP could be detected. Conclusions Hence, DART-TOF-MS provides a rapid and accurate method for the detection of t-Boc-MP, allowing suppression of the pyrolysis reaction and identification of both fragment ions and protonated t-Boc-MP. To our knowledge, this is the first report for detecting t-Boc-MP by MS techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Sugie
- 1Narcotics Control Department, Kanto-Shin'etsu Regional Bureau of Health and Welfare Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 1-2-1 Kudan-Minami, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8309 Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurakami
- Narcotics Control Department, Tohoku Regional Bureau of Health and Welfare Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 3-2-23 Honchou, Aoba, Sendai, 980-0014 Japan
| | - Mamoru Akutsu
- 1Narcotics Control Department, Kanto-Shin'etsu Regional Bureau of Health and Welfare Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 1-2-1 Kudan-Minami, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8309 Japan
| | - Koichi Saito
- 3Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501 Japan
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Liu ZF, Xu B, Sun ZW, Sun YY, Zhou H, Zhu J, Xu JZ, Duan XK, Liu CC. Identification of Nitro Explosives by Direct Analysis in Real-Time Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1282503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Fang Liu
- Trace Evidence Department, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Technical Department, ASPEC Technologies Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Wen Sun
- Trace Evidence Department, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-You Sun
- Trace Evidence Department, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Trace Evidence Department, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Trace Evidence Department, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Xu
- Trace Evidence Department, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Duan
- Technical Department, ASPEC Technologies Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Charles C. Liu
- Technical Department, ASPEC Technologies Limited, Beijing, China
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Sugimura N, Furuya A, Yatsu T, Igarashi Y, Aoyama R, Izutani C, Yamamoto Y, Shibue T. Observed adducts on positive mode direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry - Proton/ammonium adduct selectivities of 600-sample in-house chemical library. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2017; 23:4-10. [PMID: 28657446 DOI: 10.1177/1469066717693851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, direct analysis in real time adduct selectivities of a 558 in-house high-resolution mass spectrometry sample library was evaluated. The protonated molecular ion ([M + H]+) was detected in 462 samples. The ammonium adduct ion ([M + NH4]+) was also detected in 262 samples. [M + H]+ and [M + NH4]+ molecular ions were observed simultaneously in 166 samples. These adduct selectivities were related to the elemental compositions of the sample compounds. [M + NH4]+ selectivity correlated with the number of oxygen atom(s), whereas [M + H]+ selectivity correlated with the number of nitrogen atom(s) in the elemental compositions. For compounds including a nitrogen atom and an oxygen atom [M + H]+ was detected; [M + NH4]+ was detected for compounds including an oxygen atom only. Density functional theory calculations were performed for selected library samples and model compounds. Energy differences were observed between compounds detected as [M + H]+ and [M + NH4]+, and between compounds including a nitrogen atom and an oxygen atom in their elemental compositions. The results suggested that the presence of oxygen atoms stabilizes [M + NH4]+, but not every oxygen atom has enough energy for detection of [M + NH4]+. It was concluded that the nitrogen atom(s) and oxygen atom(s) in the elemental compositions play important roles in the adduct formation in direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuhiko Sugimura
- 1 Materials Characterization Central Laboratory, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asami Furuya
- 1 Materials Characterization Central Laboratory, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yatsu
- 1 Materials Characterization Central Laboratory, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Igarashi
- 1 Materials Characterization Central Laboratory, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Aoyama
- 1 Materials Characterization Central Laboratory, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chisato Izutani
- 1 Materials Characterization Central Laboratory, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yorihiro Yamamoto
- 2 School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Toshimichi Shibue
- 1 Materials Characterization Central Laboratory, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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Maric M, Bridge C. Characterizing and classifying water-based lubricants using direct analysis in real time®time of flight mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:73-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Duvivier WF, van Putten MR, van Beek TA, Nielen MWF. (Un)targeted Scanning of Locks of Hair for Drugs of Abuse by Direct Analysis in Real Time-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2489-96. [PMID: 26813807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Forensic hair evidence can be used to obtain retrospective timelines of drug use by analysis of hair segments. However, this is a laborious and time-consuming process, and mass spectrometric (MS) imaging techniques, which show great potential for single-hair targeted analysis, are less useful due to differences in hair growth rate between individual hairs. As an alternative, a fast untargeted analysis method was developed that uses direct analysis in real time-high-resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS) to longitudinally scan intact locks of hair without extensive sample preparation or segmentation. The hair scan method was validated for cocaine against an accredited liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method. The detection limit for cocaine in hair was found to comply with the cutoff value of 0.5 ng/mg recommended by the Society of Hair Testing; that is, the DART hair scan method is amenable to forensic cases. Under DART conditions, no significant thermal degradation of cocaine occurred. The standard DART spot size of 5.1 ± 1.1 mm could be improved to 3.3 ± 1.0 mm, corresponding to approximately 10 days of hair growth, by using a high spatial resolution exit cone. By use of data-dependent product ion scans, multiple drugs of abuse could be detected in a single drug user hair scan with confirmation of identity by both exact mass and MS/HRMS fragmentation patterns. Furthermore, full-scan high-resolution data were retrospectively interrogated versus a list of more than 100 compounds and revealed additional hits and temporal profiles in good correlation with reported drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilco F Duvivier
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc R van Putten
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Teris A van Beek
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel W F Nielen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands.,RIKILT Wageningen UR , Post Office Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Ferreira CR, Yannell KE, Jarmusch AK, Pirro V, Ouyang Z, Cooks RG. Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Point-of-Care Diagnostics and Other Clinical Measurements. Clin Chem 2016; 62:99-110. [PMID: 26467505 PMCID: PMC6367930 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2014.237164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One driving motivation in the development of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics is to conveniently and immediately provide information upon which healthcare decisions can be based, while the patient is on site. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry (MS) allows direct chemical analysis of unmodified and complex biological samples. This suite of ionization techniques was introduced a decade ago and now includes a number of techniques, all seeking to minimize or eliminate sample preparation. Such approaches provide new opportunities for POC diagnostics and rapid measurements of exogenous and endogenous molecules (e.g., drugs, proteins, hormones) in small volumes of biological samples, especially when coupled with miniature mass spectrometers. CONTENT Ambient MS-based techniques are applied in diverse fields such as forensics, pharmaceutical development, reaction monitoring, and food analysis. Clinical applications of ambient MS are at an early stage but show promise for POC diagnostics. This review provides a brief overview of various ambient ionization techniques providing background, examples of applications, and the current state of translation to clinical practice. The primary focus is on paper spray (PS) ionization, which allows quantification of analytes in complex biofluids. Current developments in the miniaturization of mass spectrometers are discussed. SUMMARY Ambient ionization MS is an emerging technology in analytical and clinical chemistry. With appropriate MS instrumentation and user-friendly interfaces for automated analysis, ambient ionization techniques can provide quantitative POC measurements. Most significantly, the implementation of PS could improve the quality and lower the cost of POC testing in a variety of clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development (CAID), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Karen E Yannell
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development (CAID), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Alan K Jarmusch
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development (CAID), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Valentina Pirro
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development (CAID), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development (CAID), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development (CAID), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN;
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18
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Smoluch M, Mielczarek P, Silberring J. Plasma-based ambient ionization mass spectrometry in bioanalytical sciences. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:22-34. [PMID: 25988731 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plasma-based ambient ionization mass spectrometry techniques are gaining growing interest due to their specific features, such as the need for little or no sample preparation, its high analysis speed, and the ambient experimental conditions. Samples can be analyzed in gas, liquid, or solid forms. These techniques allow for a wide range of applications, like warfare agent detection, chemical reaction control, mass spectrometry imaging, polymer identification, and food safety monitoring, as well as applications in biomedical science, e.g., drug and pharmaceutical analysis, medical diagnostics, biochemical analysis, etc. Until now, the main drawback of plasma-based techniques is their quantitative aspect, but a lot of efforts have been done to improve this obstacle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Smoluch
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Mielczarek
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Silberring
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Curie-Sklodowskiej St. 34, 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
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19
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Nicoli R, Guillarme D, Leuenberger N, Baume N, Robinson N, Saugy M, Veuthey JL. Analytical Strategies for Doping Control Purposes: Needs, Challenges, and Perspectives. Anal Chem 2015; 88:508-23. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Nicoli
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Leuenberger
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Baume
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Neil Robinson
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Martial Saugy
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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20
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Přibylka A, Švidrnoch M, Ševčík J, Maier V. Enantiomeric separation of 1,3-dimethylamylamine by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection using a dual-selector system. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2866-73. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Přibylka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Palacký University in Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Martin Švidrnoch
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Palacký University in Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Ševčík
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Palacký University in Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Maier
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Palacký University in Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
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21
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Abstract
Ambient ionization MS has become very popular in analytical science and has now evolved as an effective analytical tool in metabolomics, biological tissue imaging, protein and small molecule drug analysis, where biological samples are probed in a rapid and direct fashion with minimal sample preparation at ambient conditions. However, certain inherent challenges continue to hinder the vibrant prospects of these methods for in situ analyses or to replace conventional methods in bioanalysis. This review provides an introduction to the field and its application in bioanalysis, with an emphasis on the most recent developments and applications. Furthermore, ongoing challenges or limitations related to quantitation, sensitivity, selectivity, instrumentation and mass range of these ambient methods will also be discussed.
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22
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LaPointe J, Musselman B, O'Neill T, Shepard JRE. Detection of "bath salt" synthetic cathinones and metabolites in urine via DART-MS and solid phase microextraction. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:159-165. [PMID: 25315459 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-1006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method, direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) was applied to the characterization and semiquantitative analysis of synthetic cathinones and their metabolites in urine. DART-MS was capable of detecting three different cathinones and three metabolites down to sub-clinical levels directly without any sample preparations. The process produced a spectrum within seconds because no extraction or derivatization was required for analysis and the high mass accuracy of the instrumentation allowed analysis without the need for lengthy chromatographic separations. The use of solid phase microextration demonstrated a relative increase in the detectability of both drugs and metabolites, improving the detection signal on average more than an order of magnitude over direct detection, while providing cleaner spectra devoid of the major peaks associated with urine that oftentimes dominate such samples.
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23
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:1-20. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory; United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14 00380 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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24
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Musah RA, Cody RB, Domin MA, Lesiak AD, Dane AJ, Shepard JR. DART–MS in-source collision induced dissociation and high mass accuracy for new psychoactive substance determinations. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 244:42-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Brandt SD, King LA, Evans-Brown M. The new drug phenomenon. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:587-97. [PMID: 24995418 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
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