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Ho HSM, Farrington AF, Bond AJ, Ho ENM, Wong WT. Doping control of estra-4,9-diene-3,17-dione in horses. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38926502 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Estra-4,9-diene-3,17-dione (dienedione) is an anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) available on the market as a dietary supplement for bodybuilding. It is prohibited in both human and equine sports due to its potential performance-enhancing effect. With the rare presence of the 4,9-diene configuration in endogenous steroids, dienedione has been considered as a synthetic AAS. Nevertheless, the reoccurring detection of dienedione in entire male horse urine samples led to the investigation of its possible endogenous nature in horses, and its endogenous nature in entire male horses has been recently confirmed and reported by the authors' laboratory. While dienedione is not detected in castrated horses (geldings), it is essential to study its elimination and identify its metabolites for its effective control. To study the elimination and biotransformation of dienedione, administration experiments were performed by giving three castrated horses (geldings) each single oral dose of 1500 mg of dienedione powder for seven consecutive days. The postulated in vivo metabolites included 17-hydroxyestra-4,9-dien-3-one (M1a and M1b), hydroxylated dienedione (M2a, M2b, M3a, M3b, M4, M5) and hydroxylated M1 (M6a, M6b, M7a, M7b, M8a and M8b), formed from hydroxylation and reduction of dienedione. To control the misuse of dienedione in geldings, M3a and M3b are the potential targets that gave the longest detection time, which could be detected for up to 2-5 days in urine and 0.4-4 days in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen S M Ho
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Adrian F Farrington
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Services, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Amanda J Bond
- Department of Equestrian Affairs, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Emmie N M Ho
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Tak Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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2
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Garcia Filho SG, de Andrade FSRM, Dos Santos RST, Gonçalves LA, Pereira MAA, de Souza AF, Ambrósio AM, Fantoni DT. Comparison of Hemodynamic Effects of Dobutamine and Ephedrine Infusions in Isoflurane-Anesthetized Horses. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10040278. [PMID: 37104433 PMCID: PMC10146723 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the hemodynamic effects of dobutamine and ephedrine during the management of anesthesia-related hypotension in healthy horses. Thirteen horses underwent general anesthesia with isoflurane and were randomly divided into two different groups, one of which received a dobutamine constant rate infusion (CRI) (1 µg/kg bwt/min) and the other received an ephedrine CRI (20 µg/kg bwt/min) when hypotension (<60 mmHg) was identified, following up to 15 min after the blood pressure reached 70 mmHg. All horses were equipped with a pulmonary artery catheter and a peripheral artery catheter, and multiparameter monitoring commenced as soon as they were under mechanical ventilation. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded, while tissue perfusion markers (peripheral oxygen saturation, arterial oxygen partial pressure, arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure, arterial pH, arterial plasma bicarbonate concentration, arterial oxygen saturation, mixed venous oxygen saturation, mixed venous oxygen content, arterial oxygen content, arteriovenous oxygen difference, oxygen delivery index, oxygen consumption index, and oxygen extraction ratio), serum lactate concentration, and troponin I concentrations were analyzed before the start of infusions (T0), when the blood pressure reached 70 mmHg (T1), and 15 min after T1 (T2). The time to restore the arterial pressure was similar in both groups (p > 0.05); however, the heart rate was higher in the ephedrine group (p = 0.0098), and sinus bradyarrhythmia occurred in the dobutamine group. Furthermore, both experimental protocols increased cardiac output (p = 0.0012), cardiac index (p = 0.0013), systemic vascular resistance (p = 0.008), systemic vascular resistance index (p < 0.001), and ameliorated perfusion markers. In the dobutamine group, the pulmonary artery wedge pressure (p < 0.001) and systolic index (p = 0.003) were elevated, while the arteriovenous oxygen difference was reduced in the ephedrine group (p = 0.02). Troponin I was used as a myocardial injury indicator, and did not differ between moments or between groups (p > 0.05). We concluded that both drugs were effective and safe to treat anesthetic hypotension under the conditions of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Grandisoli Garcia Filho
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87 Professor Orlando Marques Paiva Ave., São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Silveira Rego Monteiro de Andrade
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87 Professor Orlando Marques Paiva Ave., São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosana Souza Thurler Dos Santos
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87 Professor Orlando Marques Paiva Ave., São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Alaião Gonçalves
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87 Professor Orlando Marques Paiva Ave., São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Amador Pereira
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87 Professor Orlando Marques Paiva Ave., São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson Fernando de Souza
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87 Professor Orlando Marques Paiva Ave., São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Magalhães Ambrósio
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87 Professor Orlando Marques Paiva Ave., São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise Tabacchi Fantoni
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87 Professor Orlando Marques Paiva Ave., São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
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3
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Schenk I, Broussou D, Roques B, Lagershausen H, Machnik M, Röttgen H, Toutain PL, Thevis M. Control of a sulfadoxine/trimethoprim combination in the competition horse: Elimination, metabolism and detection following an intravenous administration. Drug Test Anal 2023. [PMID: 36806946 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The combination of sulfadoxine (SDO) with trimethoprim (TMP) is widely used in veterinarian medicine. The aim of the present study was to compare excretion profiles and detection time windows of SDO and TMP in plasma and urine by means of a validated quantitative method. Eight horses received a single intravenous (i.v.) dose of 2.7 mg TMP and 13.4 mg SDO per kg bodyweight. Plasma and urine samples were collected up to 15 and 70 days post-administration, respectively. While urine samples underwent an enzymatic hydrolysis, plasma samples were proteolysed before further analysis. After solid-phase extraction, samples were analysed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry in positive ionisation mode. The applied multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method allowed the detection of SDO and TMP with a lower limit of detection of 0.03 ng/mL in plasma and 0.2 (SDO) and 0.4 ng/mL (TMP) in urine, respectively. In the present study, detection times for SDO were 15 days in plasma and 49 days in urine, respectively. TMP was detected for up to 7 days in plasma and up to 50 days in urine, respectively. The detection via the TMP metabolite 3-desmethyl-trimethoprim was possible for 70 days in urine. Detection times of the other confirmed metabolites N4 -acetylated sulfadoxine, hydroxytrimethoprim, trimethoprim-1-oxide and trimethoprim-3-oxide were significantly lower. In order to postulate reasonable screening limits (SLs) to control specific withdrawal times, a Monte Carlo simulation was performed for SDO. The proposed SL of 10 ng/mL SDO in blood and 300 ng/mL urine corresponds to a detection time of 4 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Schenk
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Diane Broussou
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Beatrice Roques
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Marc Machnik
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Helma Röttgen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Kośka I, Kubalczyk P. Development of the Chromatographic Method for Simultaneous Determination of Azaperone and Azaperol in Animal Kidneys and Livers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010100. [PMID: 36613536 PMCID: PMC9820613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A precise and accurate method for the simultaneous determination of azaperone and azaperol in meat tissues has been developed. This paper describes the first method to be so fast, simple, and useful, especially for many laboratories that do not have sophisticated equipment. This method is based on LC separation and UV-Vis detection. During the sample preparation, the meat tissue was homogenized in acetonitrile at a ratio of 1:4 (tissue weight:acetonitrile volume). The homogenate was centrifuged, the supernatant was evaporated in a lyophilizator, and then the evaporation residue was dissolved in 20 µL of ethanol. For deproteinization, 15 µL of perchloric acid was added, and the sample prepared in this way was injected into a chromatographic column and analyzed using reversed-phased HPLC. The mobile phase consisted of 0.05 mol/L phosphate buffer pH 3.00 (component A) and acetonitrile (component B). UV detection was conducted at 245 nm. The experimentally determined LOQs were 0.25 µg/kg for azaperone and 0.12 µg/kg for azaperol. For both analytes, the calibration curves showed linearity in the tested concentration range from 50 to 300 µg/kg of tissue. The accuracy of the presented method did not exceed 15%, and the recovery was in the range of 85-115%. A validated analytical procedure was implemented for the analysis of various animal tissues for their content of azaperone and azaperol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Kośka
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (P.K.); Tel.: +48-4263-558-44 (P.K.)
| | - Paweł Kubalczyk
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (P.K.); Tel.: +48-4263-558-44 (P.K.)
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5
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Harding C, Viljanto M, Habershon-Butcher J, Taylor P, Scarth J. Equine metabolism of the selective androgen receptor modulator YK-11 in urine and plasma following oral administration. Drug Test Anal 2022; 15:388-407. [PMID: 36519889 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
YK-11 is a steroidal selective androgen receptor modulator, a compound class prohibited in both equine racing and human sports because of their potentially performance enhancing properties. YK-11 is easily accessible via internet-based supplement vendors making this compound a possible candidate for doping; however, its phases I and II metabolism has not yet been reported in the horse. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo metabolites of YK-11 in urine and plasma following oral administration with three daily doses of 50 mg to two Thoroughbred horses. In vitro incubations with equine liver microsomes/S9 were also performed for use as metabolite reference materials; however, this resulted in the formation of 79 metabolites with little overlap with the in vivo metabolism. In plasma, parent YK-11 and seven phase I metabolites were detected, with five of them also observed in vitro. They were present nonconjugated in plasma, with one metabolite also indicating some glucuronide conjugation. In urine, 11 phase I metabolites were observed, with four of them also observed in vitro and six of them also detected in plasma. Nine metabolites were excreted non-conjugated in urine, with two of them also indicating some sulfate conjugation. Two minor metabolites were detected solely as sulfate conjugates. The most abundant analytes in urine were a mono-O-demethylated breakdown product and di-O-demethylated YK-11. The most abundant analytes in plasma were two isomers of the breakdown product with an additional hydroxylation reaction, which also provided the longest detection time in both matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Harding
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Marjaana Viljanto
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Polly Taylor
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - James Scarth
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
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6
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Fitzgerald CCJ, Bowen C, Elbourne M, Cawley A, McLeod MD. Energy-Resolved Fragmentation Aiding the Structure Elucidation of Steroid Biomarkers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1276-1281. [PMID: 35791638 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The identification and confirmation of steroid sulfate metabolites in biological samples are essential to various fields, including anti-doping analysis and clinical sciences. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) is the leading method for the detection of intact steroid conjugates in biofluids, but because of the inherent complexity of biological samples and the low concentration of many targets of interest, metabolite identification based solely on mass spectrometry remains a major challenge. The confirmation of new metabolites typically depends on a comparison with synthetically derived reference materials that encompass a range of possible conjugation sites and stereochemistries. Herein, energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation (CID) is used as part of UHPLC-HRMS/MS analysis to distinguish between regio- and stereo-isomeric steroid sulfate compounds. This wholly MS-based approach was employed to guide the synthesis of reference materials to unambiguously confirm the identity of an equine steroid sulfate biomarker of testosterone propionate administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C J Fitzgerald
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher Bowen
- Mass Spectrometry Business Unit, Shimadzu Scientific Instruments (Australasia), Rydalmere, New South Wales 2116, Australia
| | - Madysen Elbourne
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Adam Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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Fitzgerald CCJ, Hedman R, Uduwela DR, Paszerbovics B, Carroll AJ, Neeman T, Cawley A, Brooker L, McLeod MD. Profiling Urinary Sulfate Metabolites With Mass Spectrometry. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:829511. [PMID: 35281273 PMCID: PMC8906285 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.829511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of urinary phase II sulfate metabolites is central to understanding the role and fate of endogenous and exogenous compounds in biological systems. This study describes a new workflow for the untargeted metabolic profiling of sulfated metabolites in a urine matrix. Analysis was performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS) with data dependent acquisition (DDA) coupled to an automated script-based data processing pipeline and differential metabolite level analysis. Sulfates were identified through k-means clustering analysis of sulfate ester derived MS/MS fragmentation intensities. The utility of the method was highlighted in two applications. Firstly, the urinary metabolome of a thoroughbred horse was examined before and after administration of the anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) testosterone propionate. The analysis detected elevated levels of ten sulfated steroid metabolites, three of which were identified and confirmed by comparison with synthesised reference materials. This included 5α-androstane-3β,17α-diol 3-sulfate, a previously unreported equine metabolite of testosterone propionate. Secondly, the hydrolytic activity of four sulfatase enzymes on pooled human urine was examined. This revealed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa arylsulfatases (PaS) enzymes possessed higher selectivity for the hydrolysis of sulfated metabolites than the commercially available Helix pomatia arylsulfatase (HpS). This novel method provides a rapid tool for the systematic, untargeted metabolic profiling of sulfated metabolites in a urinary matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rikard Hedman
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Dimanthi R. Uduwela
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Bettina Paszerbovics
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Adam J. Carroll
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Teresa Neeman
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Adam Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lance Brooker
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Malcolm D. McLeod,
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Fessner ND, Grimm C, Srdič M, Weber H, Kroutil W, Schwaneberg U, Glieder A. Natural Product Diversification by One‐Step Biocatalysis using Human P450 3A4. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico D. Fessner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology NAWI Graz Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Christopher Grimm
- Institute of Chemistry NAWI Graz University of Graz Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Matic Srdič
- SeSaM-Biotech GmbH Forckenbeckstraße 50 52074 Aachen Germany
- Bisy GmbH Wuenschendorf 292 Hofstätten an der Raab 8200 Hofstaetten Austria
| | - Hansjörg Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry NAWI Graz Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry NAWI Graz University of Graz Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology NAWI Graz Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
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Xiao RR, Lv T, Tu X, Li P, Wang T, Dong H, Tu P, Ai X. An integrated biomimetic array chip for establishment of collagen-based 3D primary human hepatocyte model for prediction of clinical drug-induced liver injury. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4687-4698. [PMID: 34478150 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of therapy failure in the clinic and also contributes much to acute liver failure cases. Investigations of predictive sensitivity in animal models have limitations due to interspecies differences. Previously reported in vitro models of liver injury based on primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) cannot meet the requirements of high physiological fidelity, low cost, simple operation, and high throughput with improved sensitivity. Herein, we developed an integrated biomimetic array chip (iBAC) for establishing extracellular matrix (ECM)-based models. A collagen-based 3D PHH model was constructed on the iBAC as a case for the prediction of clinical DILI at throughput. The iBAC has a three-layer structure with a core component of 3D implanting holes. At an initial cell seeding numbers of 5000-10,000, the collagen-based 3D PHH model was optimized with improved and stabilized liver functionality, including cell viability, albumin, and urea production. Moreover, basal activities of most metabolic enzymes on the iBAC were maintained for at least 12 days. Next, a small-scale hepatotoxicity screening indicated that the 3D PHH model on the iBAC was more sensitive for predicting hepatotoxicity than the 2D PHH model on the plate. Finally, a large-scale screening of liver toxicity using 122 clinical drugs further demonstrated that the collagen-based 3D PHH model on the iBAC had superior predictive sensitivity compared to all previously reported in vitro models. These results indicated the importance of 3D collagen for liver physiological functionality and hepatotoxicity prediction. We anticipant it being a promising tool for risk assessment of drug-induced hepatotoxicity with a widespread acceptance in drug industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tian Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Tu
- Discovery Biology Unit, WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Peiwen Li
- R&D Department, Beijing Daxiang Biotech, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Discovery Biology Unit, WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Haiheng Dong
- Discovery Biology Unit, WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoni Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Rare and common variant discovery by whole-genome sequencing of 101 Thoroughbred racehorses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16057. [PMID: 34362995 PMCID: PMC8346562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95669-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Thoroughbred breed was formed by crossing Oriental horse breeds and British native horses and is currently used in horseracing worldwide. In this study, we constructed a single-nucleotide variant (SNV) database using data from 101 Thoroughbred racehorses. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) revealed 11,570,312 and 602,756 SNVs in autosomal (1–31) and X chromosomes, respectively, yielding a total of 12,173,068 SNVs. About 6.9% of identified SNVs were rare variants observed only in one allele in 101 horses. The number of SNVs detected in individual horses ranged from 4.8 to 5.3 million. Individual horses had a maximum of 25,554 rare variants; several of these were functional variants, such as non-synonymous substitutions, start-gained, start-lost, stop-gained, and stop-lost variants. Therefore, these rare variants may affect differences in traits and phenotypes among individuals. When observing the distribution of rare variants among horses, one breeding stallion had a smaller number of rare variants compared to other horses, suggesting that the frequency of rare variants in the Japanese Thoroughbred population increases through breeding. In addition, our variant database may provide useful basic information for industrial applications, such as the detection of genetically modified racehorses in gene-doping control and pedigree-registration of racehorses using SNVs as markers.
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11
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Schenk I, Machnik M, Broussou D, Meuly A, Roques BB, Lallemand E, Düe M, Röttgen H, Lagershausen H, Toutain PL, Thevis M. Kinetic disposition of diazepam and its metabolites after intravenous administration of diazepam in the horse: Relevance for doping control. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:733-744. [PMID: 34115414 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In horses, the benzodiazepine diazepam (DIA) is used as sedative for pre-medication or as an anxiolytic to facilitate horse examinations. As the sedative effects can also be abused for doping purposes, DIA is prohibited in equine sports. DIA is extensively metabolized to several active metabolites such as nordazepam, temazepam and oxazepam (OXA). For veterinarians, taking into account the detection times of DIA and its active metabolites is needed for minimizing the risk of an anti-doping rule violation. Therefore, a pharmacokinetic study on 6 horses was conducted using a single intravenous (IV) dose of 0.2 mg/kg DIA Plasma and urine samples were collected at specified intervals until 16 and 26 days post-administration, respectively. Samples were analysed by a sensitive liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry method. DIA showed a triphasic elimination pattern in the horse. The mean plasma clearance of DIA was 5.9 ml/min/kg, and the plasma elimination half-life in the terminal phase was 19.9 h. Applying the Toutain model approach, an effective plasma concentration of DIA was estimated at 24 ng/ml, and irrelevant plasma concentration (IPC) and irrelevant urine concentration (IUC) were computed to 0.047 and 0.1 ng/ml, respectively. The detection time according to the European Horserace Scientific Liaison Committee (EHSLC), that is the time for which observed DIA plasma concentrations of all investigated horses were below the IPC was 10 days. Using Monte Carlo Simulations, it was estimated that concentrations of DIA in plasma would fall below the IPC 18 days after the DIA administration for 90% of horses. However, in the present study, a single administration of DIA could be detected for 24 days in urine via the presence of OXA, its dominant metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Schenk
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Machnik
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Diane Broussou
- INTHERES, INRAE, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Astrid Meuly
- INTHERES, INRAE, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - Helma Röttgen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- INTHERES, INRAE, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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12
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Ishii H, Shibuya M, Leung GNW, Yamashita S, Yamada M, Kushiro A, Kasashima Y, Okada J, Kawasaki K, Kijima-Suda I. Metabolic study of GW1516 in equine urine using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization Q-Exactive high-resolution mass spectrometry for doping control. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9028. [PMID: 33319421 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The use of GW1516, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPAR δ) agonist, is strictly prohibited in both horseracing and equestrian competitions. However, little is known about its metabolic fate in horses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported metabolic study of GW1516 in equine urine. METHODS Urine samples obtained from a thoroughbred after nasoesophageal administration with GW1516 were protein-precipitated and the supernatants were subsequently analyzed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-HRMS) with a Q-Exactive mass spectrometer. Monoisotopic ions of GW1516 and its metabolites were monitored from the full-scan mass spectral data of pre- and post-administration samples. A quantification method was developed and validated to establish the excretion profiles of GW1516, its sulfoxide, and its sulfone in equine urine. RESULTS GW1516 and its nine metabolites [including GW1516 sulfoxide, GW1516 sulfone, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazole (HMTT), methyl 4-methyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylate (MMTC), 4-methyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid (MTTC), and M1 to M4] were detected in post-administration urine samples. GW1516 sulfoxide and GW1516 sulfone showed the longest detection times in post-administration urine samples and were therefore recommended as potential screening targets for doping control purposes. Quantitative analysis was also conducted to establish the excretion profiles of GW1516 sulfoxide and GW1516 sulfone in urine. CONCLUSIONS For the purposes of doping control of GW1516, the GW1516 sulfoxide and GW1516 sulfone metabolites are recommended as the target analytes to be monitored in equine urine due to their high specificities, long detection times (1 and 4 weeks, respectively), and the ready availability of their reference materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Ishii
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Mariko Shibuya
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - Gary Ngai-Wa Leung
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - Shozo Yamashita
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamada
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - Asuka Kushiro
- Equine Research Institute, Research Planning & Coordination Division, JRA, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kasashima
- Equine Research Institute, Research Planning & Coordination Division, JRA, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Jun Okada
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, JRA, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kawasaki
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, JRA, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan
| | - Isao Kijima-Suda
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
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13
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Keen B, Cawley A, Fouracre C, Pyke J, Fu S. Towards an untargeted mass spectrometric approach for improved screening in equine antidoping. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1001-1007. [PMID: 33629815 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of novel doping agents is a continuous issue for analysts who aim to maintain the integrity of horseracing together with the well-being and safety of the animals and riders involved. Untargeted mass spectrometric analysis presents a potential improvement for antidoping as it enables the detection of compounds being indirectly affected by an administered drug. In this study, liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to investigate a 12-horse administration study of the synthetic opioid, butorphanol. A mass spectrometric workflow capable of detecting metabolic differences for an extended period of time was successfully developed. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the potential of untargeted workflows to provide a list of biomarkers of exposure and effect that are indicative of drug administration which may be implemented into routine testing for improved doping control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Keen
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - James Pyke
- Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, California, USA
| | - Shanlin Fu
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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14
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Moreira F, Carmo H, Guedes de Pinho P, Bastos MDL. Doping detection in animals: A review of analytical methodologies published from 1990 to 2019. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:474-504. [PMID: 33440053 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the impressive innate physical abilities of horses, camels, greyhounds, or pigeons, doping agents might be administered to these animals to improve their performance. To control these illegal practices, anti-doping analytical methodologies have been developed. This review compiles the analytical methods that have been published for the detection of prohibited substances administered to animals involved in sports over 30 years. Relevant papers meeting the search criteria that discussed analytical methods aiming to detect and/or quantify doping substances in animal biological matrices published from 1990 to 2019 were considered. A total of 317 studies were included, of which 298 were related to horses, demonstrating significant advances toward the development of doping detection methods for equine sports. However, analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in sports involving other species are lacking. Due to enhanced accuracy and specificity, chromatographic analysis coupled to mass spectrometry detection is preferred over immunoassays. Regarding biological matrices, blood and urine remain the first choice, although alternative biological matrices, such as hair and feces, have been considered. With the increasing number and type of drugs used as doping agents, the analytes addressed in the published papers are diverse. It is very important to continue to detect and quantify these drugs, recognizing those that are most frequently used, in order to punish the abusers, protect animals' health, and ensure a healthier and genuine competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Moreira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Área Técnico-Científica de Farmácia, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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15
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Rosa B. Equine Drug Transporters: A Mini-Review and Veterinary Perspective. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111064. [PMID: 33171593 PMCID: PMC7695171 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic transport proteins play an important role in determining drug disposition and pharmacokinetics. Our understanding of the role of these important proteins in humans and pre-clinical animal species has increased substantially over the past few decades, and has had an important impact on human medicine; however, veterinary medicine has not benefitted from the same quantity of research into drug transporters in species of veterinary interest. Differences in transporter expression cause difficulties in extrapolation of drug pharmacokinetic parameters between species, and lack of knowledge of species-specific transporter distribution and function can lead to drug–drug interactions and adverse effects. Horses are one species in which little is known about drug transport and transporter protein expression. The purpose of this mini-review is to stimulate interest in equine drug transport proteins and comparative transporter physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brielle Rosa
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, TRW 2D01, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
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16
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Delcourt V, Barnabé A, Loup B, Garcia P, André F, Chabot B, Trévisiol S, Moulard Y, Popot MA, Bailly-Chouriberry L. MetIDfyR: An Open-Source R Package to Decipher Small-Molecule Drug Metabolism through High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13155-13162. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Delcourt
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Agnès Barnabé
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Benoit Loup
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Patrice Garcia
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - François André
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Benjamin Chabot
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Stéphane Trévisiol
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Yves Moulard
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Popot
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
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17
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Waraksa E, Woźniak MK, Banaszkiewicz L, Kłodzińska E, Ozimek M, Wrzesień R, Bobrowska-Korczak B, Namieśnik J. Quantification of unconjugated and total ibuprofen and its metabolites in equine urine samples by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: Application to the excretion study. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Elghandour MM, Kanth Reddy PR, Salem AZ, Ranga Reddy PP, Hyder I, Barbabosa-Pliego A, Yasaswini D. Plant Bioactives and Extracts as Feed Additives in Horse Nutrition. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Soma LR, You Y, Robinson MA, Boston RC. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous, subcutaneous, and topical administration of lidocaine hydrochloride and metabolites 3-hydroxylidocaine, monoethylglycinexylidide, and 4-hydroxylidocaine in horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 41:825-837. [PMID: 30028024 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous (iv), subcutaneous (sq), and topical (tp) lidocaine was administered to six horses in a cross-over, randomized design study. Samples were collected for up to 72 hr. Compartmental models were used to investigate the pharmacokinetics of (LD) and its metabolites 3-hydroxylidocaine (3-OH), 4-hydroxylidocaine (4-OH), and monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX). Metabolites 3-OH and 4-OH were present in conjugated forms, whereas LD and metabolite MEXG were present primarily in the un-conjugated form. Plasma concentrations of LD after iv administration (100 mg) were described by three-compartment model with an additional three compartments to describe the elimination of metabolites. Median (range) elimination micro-constants (Ke ) for LD, 3-OH, 4-OH, and MEXG were 4.12 (2.62-6.23), 1.25 (1.10-2.15), 1.79 (1.22-2.39), and 1.69 (1.03-1.99)/hr, respectively. Median (range) values of alpha (t½α ), beta (t½β ), and gamma (t½γ ) half-lives were 0.08 (0.07-0.13), 0.57 (0.15-1.25), and 4.11 (0.52-7.36) hr. Plasma concentrations of LD after sq (200 mg) administration were described by absorption and two-compartment elimination model. The median (range) of the LD absorption half-life (t½ab ) was 0.47 (0.29-0.61) hr. The Ke for LD, 3-OH, 4-OH, and MEXG was 3.91 (1.48-9.25), 1.00 (0.78-1.08), 1.76 (0.96-2.11), and 1.13 (0.69-1.33)/hr. The median (range) of t½α and t½β was 0.15 (0.06-0.27) and 3.04 (2.53-6.39) hr. Plasma concentrations of LD after tp (400 mg) application were described by one-compartment model with a t½ab of 8.49 (5.16-11.80) hr. The Ke for LD, 3-OH, and MEXG was 0.24 (0.10-0.81), 0.41 (0.08-0.93), and 0.38 (0.26-1.14)/hr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence R Soma
- School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
| | - Youwen You
- School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology & Research Center, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary A Robinson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology & Research Center, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania
| | - Raymond C Boston
- School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
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20
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Waraksa E, Wójtowicz-Zawadka M, Kwiatkowska D, Jarek A, Małkowska A, Wrzesień R, Namieśnik J. Simultaneous determination of ibuprofen and its metabolites in complex equine urine matrices by GC-EI-MS in excretion study in view of doping control. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 152:279-288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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21
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Equine in vivo -derived metabolites of the SARM LGD-4033 and comparison with human and fungal metabolites. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1074-1075:91-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Garg N, Hansson A, Knych HK, Stanley SD, Thevis M, Bondesson U, Hedeland M, Globisch D. Structural elucidation of major selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) metabolites for doping control. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:698-702. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob03030d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Elucidated and validated structure of the major SARM doping drug metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Garg
- Science for Life Laboratory
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - Annelie Hansson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - Heather K. Knych
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory
- School of Veterinary Medicine
- University of California
- Davis
- USA
| | - Scott D. Stanley
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory
- School of Veterinary Medicine
- University of California
- Davis
- USA
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research
- German Sport University
- Cologne
- Germany
| | - Ulf Bondesson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - Daniel Globisch
- Science for Life Laboratory
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
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23
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Shin HD, Suh JH, Kim J, Cho HD, Lee SD, Han KS, Wang Y, Han SB. Online turbulent flow extraction coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for high throughput screening of anabolic steroids in horse urine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Weththasinghe SA, Waller CC, Fam HL, Stevenson BJ, Cawley AT, McLeod MD. Replacing PAPS: In vitro phase II sulfation of steroids with the liver S9 fraction employing ATP and sodium sulfate. Drug Test Anal 2017. [PMID: 28635171 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In vitro technologies provide the capacity to study drug metabolism where in vivo studies are precluded due to ethical or financial constraints. The metabolites generated by in vitro studies can assist anti-doping laboratories to develop protocols for the detection of novel substances that would otherwise evade routine screening efforts. In addition, professional bodies such as the Association of Official Racing Chemists (AORC) currently permit the use of in-vitro-derived reference materials for confirmation purposes providing additional impetus for the development of cost effective in vitro metabolism platforms. In this work, alternative conditions for in vitro phase II sulfation using human, equine or canine liver S9 fraction were developed, with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and sodium sulfate in place of the expensive and unstable co-factor 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), and employed for the generation of six representative steroidal sulfates. Using these conditions, the equine in vitro phase II metabolism of the synthetic or so-called designer steroid furazadrol ([1',2']isoxazolo[4',5':2,3]-5α-androstan-17β-ol) was investigated, with ATP and Na2 SO4 providing comparable metabolism to reactions using PAPS. The major in vitro metabolites of furazadrol matched those observed in a previously reported equine in vivo study. Finally, the equine in vitro phase II metabolism of the synthetic steroid superdrol (methasterone, 17β-hydroxy-2α,17α-dimethyl-5α-androstan-3-one) was performed as a prediction of the in vivo metabolic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumudu A Weththasinghe
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Christopher C Waller
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Han Ling Fam
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Bradley J Stevenson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Adam T Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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25
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Anneleen D, Anita VL, Lynn V. Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Endogenous Steroids and Steroid Abuse in (Race) Horses and Human Athletes. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.68593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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26
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Vimercati S, Büchi M, Zielinski J, Peduto N, Mevissen M. Testosterone metabolism of equine single CYPs of the 3A subfamily compared to the human CYP3A4. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 41:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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27
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Fragkaki AG, Kioukia-Fougia N, Kiousi P, Kioussi M, Tsivou M. Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti-doping. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1291-1303. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - N. Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - P. Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - M. Kioussi
- Laboratory of Pesticides Residues, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy; Benaki Phytopathological Institute; 8 St. Delta str., 14561 Kifissia Athens Greece
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Athens; 15771 Panepistimiopolis-Zographou Athens Greece
| | - M. Tsivou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
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28
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Decloedt A, Damen S, Vanhaecke L. Revealing the influence of glucocorticoid treatment on the excretion of anabolic-androgenic steroids in horses through in vitro digestive simulations and an in vivo case study. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:132-137. [PMID: 28342428 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are strictly forbidden in equine sports because of their stimulating effect on muscle growth and performance. Nevertheless, low levels of AAS have been found in some horses, untreated with AAS. Glucocorticoids (GC), used as an anti-inflammatory therapy and structurally related to AAS, might play a role in this phenomenon. In order to unravel this possible correlation the influence of glucocorticoid treatment on the excretion of AAS was studied both in vivo and in vitro. In vivo effects were investigated by analysing urine samples collected from a gelding treated with betamethasone. Additionally, multiple in vitro digestion simulations were set up, according to a previously validated protocol, to study the possibility of a direct biotransformation of glucocorticoids to AAS, by the microbiota of the equine hindgut. Urine and in vitro digestion samples were extracted and analysed with UHPLC-MS/MS and UHPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS analytical methods. A significant influence on the urinary excretion of α-testosterone (αT), β-testosterone (βT) and androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) was seen. αT-concentrations up to 20ng/mL were detected. ADD was not found before treatment but could be detected post-treatment. Cortisone and cortisol also peaked (>30ng/mL) between day 37 and 48 post-treatment. The in vitro digestion results however revealed no direct biotransformation of glucocorticoids to AAS by the microbiota of the equine hindgut. This study shows that a glucocorticoid treatment can disrupt the synthesis and excretion of AAS, not by direct biotransformation upon gastrointestinal digestion, but more likely by influencing the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Decloedt
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, 133 Salisburylaan, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Ghent University, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Brewing, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Applied Biosciences, 1 Valentin Vaerwyckweg, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sander Damen
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, 133 Salisburylaan, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, 133 Salisburylaan, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Waller CC, McLeod MD. A review of designer anabolic steroids in equine sports. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1304-1319. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C. Waller
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
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Chan SH, Lee W, Asmawi MZ, Tan SC. Chiral liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method development for the detection of salbutamol in urine samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1025:83-91. [PMID: 27232053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A sequential solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was developed and validated using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) for the detection and quantification of salbutamol enantiomers in porcine urine. Porcine urine samples were hydrolysed with β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase from Helix pomatia and then subjected to a double solid-phase extraction (SPE) first using the Abs-Elut Nexus SPE and then followed by the Bond Elut Phenylboronic Acid (PBA) SPE. The salbutamol enantiomers were separated using the Astec CHIROBIOTIC™ T HPLC column (3.0mm×100mm; 5μm) maintained at 15°C with a 15min isocratic run at a flow rate of 0.4mL/min. The mobile phase constituted of 5mM ammonium formate in methanol. Salbutamol and salbutamol-tert-butyl-d9 (internal standard, IS) was monitored and quantified with the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The method showed good linearity for the range of 0.1-10ng/mL with limit of quantification at 0.3ng/mL. Analysis of the QC samples showed intra- and inter-assay precisions to be less than 5.04%, and recovery ranging from 83.82 to 102.33%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Hay Chan
- Usains Biomics Laboratory Testing Services Sdn. Bhd., Universiti Sains Malaysia, Suite 016 Ground Floor, Eureka Complex, 11800 USM Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Warren Lee
- Institute for Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Zaini Asmawi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Soo Choon Tan
- Usains Biomics Laboratory Testing Services Sdn. Bhd., Universiti Sains Malaysia, Suite 016 Ground Floor, Eureka Complex, 11800 USM Minden, Penang, Malaysia; Institute for Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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Waller CC, Cawley AT, Suann CJ, Ma P, McLeod MD. In vivo and in vitro metabolism of the designer anabolic steroid furazadrol in thoroughbred racehorses. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 124:198-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wong JKY, Chan GHM, Leung DKK, Tang FPW, Wan TSM. Generation of phase IIin vitrometabolites using homogenized horse liver. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:241-7. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny K. Y. Wong
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin N.T. Hong Kong China
| | - George H. M. Chan
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin N.T. Hong Kong China
| | - David K. K. Leung
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin N.T. Hong Kong China
| | - Francis P. W. Tang
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin N.T. Hong Kong China
| | - Terence S. M. Wan
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin N.T. Hong Kong China
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33
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Metabolic studies of oxyguno in horses. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 891:190-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Zielinski J, Mevissen M. Inhibition of in vitro metabolism of testosterone in human, dog and horse liver microsomes to investigate species differences. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:468-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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35
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Decloedt A, Bailly-Chouriberry L, Vanden Bussche J, Garcia P, Popot MA, Bonnaire Y, Vanhaecke L. A validated UHPLC-MS/MS method to quantify low levels of anabolic-androgenic steroids naturally present in urine of untreated horses. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4385-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Tydén E, Tjälve H, Larsson P. Gene and protein expression and cellular localisation of cytochrome P450 enzymes of the 1A, 2A, 2C, 2D and 2E subfamilies in equine intestine and liver. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:69. [PMID: 25288196 PMCID: PMC4192735 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-014-0069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP), families 1-3 constitute almost half of total CYPs in mammals and play a central role in metabolism of a wide range of pharmaceuticals. This study investigated gene and protein expression and cellular localisation of CYP1A, CYP2A, CYP2C, CYP2D and CYP2E in equine intestine and liver. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to analyse gene expression, western blot to examine protein expression and immunohistochemical analyses to investigate cellular localisation. RESULTS CYP1A and CYP2C were the CYPs with the highest gene expression in the intestine and also showed considerable gene expression in the liver. CYP2E and CYP2A showed the highest gene expression in the liver. CYP2E showed moderate intestinal gene expression, whereas that of CYP2A was very low or undetectable. For CYP2D, rather low gene expression levels were found in both intestine and the liver. In the intestine, CYP gene expression levels, except for CYP2E, exhibited patterns resembling those of the proteins, indicating that intestinal protein expression of these CYPs is regulated at the transcriptional level. For CYP2E, the results showed that the intestinal gene expression did not correlate to any visible protein expression, indicating that intestinal protein expression of this CYP is regulated at the post-transcriptional level. Immunostaining of intestine tissue samples showed preferential CYP staining in enterocytes at the tips of intestinal villi in the small intestine. In the liver, all CYPs showed preferential localisation in the centrilobular hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS Overall, different gene expression profiles were displayed by the CYPs examined in equine intestine and liver. The CYPs present in the intestine may act in concert with those in the liver to affect the oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency of substrate drugs. In addition, they may play a role in first-pass metabolism of feed constituents and of herbal supplements used in equine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tydén
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hans Tjälve
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pia Larsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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37
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A generic screening methodology for horse doping control by LC–TOF-MS, GC–HRMS and GC–MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 941:69-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Stefanski A, Mevissen M, Möller AM, Kuehni-Boghenbor K, Schmitz A. Induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes in primary equine hepatocyte culture. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2023-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Peters L, Demmel S, Pusch G, Buters J, Thormann W, Zielinski J, Leeb T, Mevissen M, Schmitz A. Equine cytochrome P450 2B6 — Genomic identification, expression and functional characterization with ketamine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 266:101-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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40
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Krug O, Thomas A, Beuck S, Schenk I, Machnik M, Schänzer W, Bondesson U, Hedeland M, Thevis M. Characterization of In Vitro Synthesized Equine Metabolites of the Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators S24 and S4. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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Scarth JP, Kay J, Teale P, Akre C, Le Bizec B, De Brabander HF, Vanhaecke L, Van Ginkel L, Points J. A review of analytical strategies for the detection of ‘endogenous’ steroid abuse in food production. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4 Suppl 1:40-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Scarth
- HFL Sport Science (an LGC company); Fordham; Cambridgeshire; UK
| | - J. Kay
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate; Addlestone; Surrey; UK
| | - P. Teale
- HFL Sport Science (an LGC company); Fordham; Cambridgeshire; UK
| | - C. Akre
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Saskatoon; Canada
| | | | | | - L. Vanhaecke
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke; Belgium
| | | | - J. Points
- Veterinary Drugs Group, LGC; Teddington; Middlesex; UK
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42
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Kwok WH, Ho ENM, Leung GNW, Tang FPW, Wan TSM, Wong HNC, Yeung JHK. Metabolic studies of 1-testosterone in horses. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:81-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. H. Kwok
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse; Sha Tin, N.T.; Hong Kong; China
| | - Emmie N. M. Ho
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse; Sha Tin, N.T.; Hong Kong; China
| | - Gary N. W. Leung
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse; Sha Tin, N.T.; Hong Kong; China
| | - Francis P. W. Tang
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse; Sha Tin, N.T.; Hong Kong; China
| | - Terence S. M. Wan
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse; Sha Tin, N.T.; Hong Kong; China
| | - Henry N. C. Wong
- Department of Chemistry; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Sha Tin, N.T.; Hong Kong; China
| | - John H. K. Yeung
- School of Biomedical Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Sha Tin, N.T.; Hong Kong; China
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Abstract
Historically, dope-testing methods have been developed to target specific and known threats to the integrity of sport. Traditionally, the source of new analytical targets for which testing was required were derived almost exclusively from the pharmaceutical industry. More recently, the emergence of designer drugs, such as tetrahydrogestrinone that are specifically intended to evade detection, or novel chemicals intended to circumvent laws controlling the sale and distribution of recreational drugs, such as anabolic steroids, stimulants and cannabinoids, have become a significant issue. In this review, we shall consider the emergence of designer drugs and the response of dope-testing laboratories to these new threats, in particular developments in analytical methods, instrumentation and research intended to detect their abuse, and we consider the likely future impact of these approaches.
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Gray BP, Biddle S, Pearce CM, Hillyer L. Detection of fluticasone propionate in horse plasma and urine following inhaled administration. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:306-14. [PMID: 22514113 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fluticasone propionate (FP) is an anti-inflammatory agent with topical and inhaled applications commonly used in the treatment of asthma in steroid-dependent individuals. The drug is used in racehorses to treat Inflammatory Airway Disease; this work was performed in order to advise on its use and detect potential misuse close to racing. Methods were developed for the extraction and analysis of FP from horse plasma and a carboxylic acid metabolite (FP-17βCOOH) from horse urine. The methods utilize ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) in order to detect the extremely low concentrations of analyte present in both matrices. The developed methods were used to analyse plasma and urine samples collected following inhaled administration of FP to six thoroughbred horses. FP was detected in plasma for a minimum of 72 h post-administration and FP-17βCOOH was detected in urine for approximately 18 h post-administration. The results show that it is possible to detect FP in the horse following inhaled administration.
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45
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Recent developments in MS for small molecules: application to human doping control analysis. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:197-212. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in MS for the detection of small molecules in the context of doping control analysis are reviewed. Doping control analysis is evolving together with MS, which is the technique of choice in order to accomplish the analytical requirements in this field. Since these analytical requirements for the detection of a doping agent depend on the substance, in the first section we review the different scenarios. The commonly established approaches, together with their achievements and drawbacks are described. New developments in hyphenated MS techniques (both GC–MS/MS and LC–MS/MS) concerning interfaces and analyzers are mentioned. The use (or potential use) of these developments in order to minimize the limitations of the commonly established approaches in the doping control field is discussed. Finally, a brief discussion about trends and remaining limitations is presented.
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Fenwick SJ, Scarth JP. In vitro metabolism of tiletamine, zolazepam and nonbenzodiazepine sedatives: Identification of target metabolites for equine doping control. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:705-16. [PMID: 21916022 DOI: 10.1002/dta.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Within horseracing, the detection of prohibited substance doping often requires urine analysis; hence, it is necessary to understand the metabolism of the drugs in question. Here, the previously unknown equine metabolism of eight sedatives is reported in order to provide information on target metabolites for use in doping control. Phase I metabolite information was provided by incubation with equine liver S9 fraction. In vitro techniques were chosen in order to reduce the ethical and financial issues surrounding the study of so many compounds, none of which are licensed for use in horses in the UK. Several metabolites of each drug were identified using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometric (LC-HRMS) analysis on an LTQ-Orbitrap. Further structural information was obtained by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis; allowing postulation of the structure of some of the most abundant in vitro metabolites. The most abundant metabolites of alpidem, etifoxine, indiplon, tiletamine, zaleplon, zolazepam, zolpidem, and zopiclone related to hydroxylation/N-oxidation, deethylation, demethylation, deethylation, hydroxylation/N-oxidation, demethylation, hydroxylation/N-oxidation and hydroxylation/N-oxidation, respectively. In many cases, further work would be required to fully elucidate the precise positioning of the functional groups involved. The results of this study provide metabolite information that can be used to enhance equine anti-doping screening methods. However, the in vitro metabolites identified are at present only a prediction of those that may occur in vivo. In the future, any positive findings of these drugs and/or their metabolites in horse urine samples could help validate these findings and/or refine the choice of target metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna J Fenwick
- HFL Sport Science Ltd, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, CB7 5WW, UK.
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