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Zapata-Linares J, Gervasini G. Contaminants in Dietary Supplements: Toxicity, Doping Risk, and Current Regulation. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024; 34:232-241. [PMID: 38653450 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Athletes, both amateur and professional, often resort to the consumption of nutritional supplements without professional supervision and without being aware of the risks they may entail. We conducted an exhaustive literature search to determine the most common substances found as contaminants in dietary supplements. For each substance, we analyzed its mechanism of action, clinical indication, health risk, and putative use as doping agent. In addition, we evaluated the current regulation of these supplements. Contamination of nutritional supplements (accidental or intentional), especially with steroids and stimulants, is a hazardous situation. The prolonged consumption of these products without being aware of their composition can cause serious health risks and, in the case of professional athletes, a possible sanction for doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Zapata-Linares
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Guillermo Gervasini
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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2
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Determination of Ecdysterone in Dietary Supplements and Spinach by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecdysterone is a naturally occurring steroid hormone of the ecdysteroid class. This group is widely marketed to athletes in dietary supplements as a “natural anabolic agent”, advertised to increase strength and muscle mass during resistance training, reduce fatigue and ease recovery. The aim of the study was to develop and validate a straightforward approach for identifying ecdysterone in dietary supplements by means of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Furthermore, due to the fact that ecdysterone is one of the compounds naturally occurring in spinach, the fit-for-purpose method for extraction and identification of ecdysterone in spinach is proposed. The validity of the developed method was confirmed with the use of a reference standard and the limit of detection (LOD) for ecdysterone was established at 1 mg/g supplement. The presence of ecdysterone was confirmed in all tested supplements at estimated concentrations ranging between 5 mg/g and 383 mg/g.
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3
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Dietary Supplement and Food Contaminations and Their Implications for Doping Controls. Foods 2020; 9:foods9081012. [PMID: 32727139 PMCID: PMC7466328 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A narrative review with an overall aim of indicating the current state of knowledge and the relevance concerning food and supplement contamination and/or adulteration with doping agents and the respective implications for sports drug testing is presented. The identification of a doping agent (or its metabolite) in sports drug testing samples constitutes a violation of the anti-doping rules defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Reasons for such Adverse Analytical Findings (AAFs) include the intentional misuse of performance-enhancing/banned drugs; however, also the scenario of inadvertent administrations of doping agents was proven in the past, caused by, amongst others, the ingestion of contaminated dietary supplements, drugs, or food. Even though controversial positions concerning the effectiveness of dietary supplements in healthy subjects exist, they are frequently used by athletes, anticipating positive effects on health, recovery, and performance. However, most supplement users are unaware of the fact that the administration of such products can be associated with unforeseeable health risks and AAFs in sports. In particular anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and stimulants have been frequently found as undeclared ingredients of dietary supplements, either as a result of cross-contaminations due to substandard manufacturing practices and missing quality controls or an intentional admixture to increase the effectiveness of the preparations. Cross-contaminations were also found to affect therapeutic drug preparations. While the sensitivity of assays employed to test pharmaceuticals for impurities is in accordance with good manufacturing practice guidelines allowing to exclude any physiological effects, minute trace amounts of contaminating compounds can still result in positive doping tests. In addition, food was found to be a potential source of unintentional doping, the most prominent example being meat tainted with the anabolic agent clenbuterol. The athletes’ compliance with anti-doping rules is frequently tested by routine doping controls. Different measures including offers of topical information and education of the athletes as well as the maintenance of databases summarizing low- or high-risk supplements are important cornerstones in preventing unintentional anti-doping rule violations. Further, the collection of additional analytical data has been shown to allow for supporting result management processes.
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Cunsolo V, Foti S, Ner‐Kluza J, Drabik A, Silberring J, Muccilli V, Saletti R, Pawlak K, Harwood E, Yu F, Ciborowski P, Anczkiewicz R, Altweg K, Spoto G, Pawlaczyk A, Szynkowska MI, Smoluch M, Kwiatkowska D. Mass Spectrometry Applications. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119377368.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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5
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Grucza K, Kowalczyk K, Wicka M, Szutowski M, Bulska E, Kwiatkowska D. The use of a valid and straightforward method for the identification of higenamine in dietary supplements in view of anti‐doping rule violation cases. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:912-917. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Grucza
- Department of Applied Toxicology, Faculty of PharmacyMedical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
- Polish Anti‐Doping Laboratory Warsaw Poland
- Department of Anti‐Doping ResearchInstitute of Sport ‐ National Research Institute Warsaw Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kowalczyk
- Polish Anti‐Doping Laboratory Warsaw Poland
- Department of Anti‐Doping ResearchInstitute of Sport ‐ National Research Institute Warsaw Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research CentreUniversity of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - Mariola Wicka
- Polish Anti‐Doping Laboratory Warsaw Poland
- Department of Anti‐Doping ResearchInstitute of Sport ‐ National Research Institute Warsaw Poland
| | - Mirosław Szutowski
- Department of Applied Toxicology, Faculty of PharmacyMedical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - Ewa Bulska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research CentreUniversity of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Polish Anti‐Doping Laboratory Warsaw Poland
- Department of Anti‐Doping ResearchInstitute of Sport ‐ National Research Institute Warsaw Poland
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6
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Grucza K, Kwiatkowska D, Kowalczyk K, Wicka M, Szutowski M, Chołbiński P. Analysis for higenamine in urine by means of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Interpretation of results. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:1017-1024. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Grucza
- Department of Toxicology; Medical University of Warsaw; Poland
- Department of Anti-Doping Research; Institute of Sport - National Research Institute; Warsaw Poland
| | - Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Department of Anti-Doping Research; Institute of Sport - National Research Institute; Warsaw Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kowalczyk
- Department of Anti-Doping Research; Institute of Sport - National Research Institute; Warsaw Poland
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre; University of Warsaw; Poland
| | - Mariola Wicka
- Department of Anti-Doping Research; Institute of Sport - National Research Institute; Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Piotr Chołbiński
- Department of Anti-Doping Research; Institute of Sport - National Research Institute; Warsaw Poland
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7
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Souza Anselmo C, Sardela VF, Matias BF, Carvalho AR, Sousa VP, Pereira HMG, Aquino Neto FR. Is zebrafish
(
Danio rerio
)
a tool for human‐like metabolism study? Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1685-1694. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Souza Anselmo
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Vinicius Figueiredo Sardela
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Bernardo Fonseca Matias
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Amanda Reis Carvalho
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Valeria Pereira Sousa
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Faculty of PharmacyDepartment of Drugs and Pharmaceutics Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, bloco Bss, 36 ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐170 Brazil
| | - Henrique Marcelo Gualberto Pereira
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Francisco Radler Aquino Neto
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
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8
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Cohen PA, Travis JC, Keizers PHJ, Deuster P, Venhuis BJ. Four experimental stimulants found in sports and weight loss supplements: 2-amino-6-methylheptane (octodrine), 1,4-dimethylamylamine (1,4-DMAA), 1,3-dimethylamylamine (1,3-DMAA) and 1,3-dimethylbutylamine (1,3-DMBA). Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2017; 56:421-426. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2017.1398328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter A. Cohen
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Peter H. J. Keizers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Health Protection Center, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Deuster
- United States Department of Defense, Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bastiaan J. Venhuis
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Health Protection Center, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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9
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Intended or Unintended Doping? A Review of the Presence of Doping Substances in Dietary Supplements Used in Sports. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101093. [PMID: 28976928 PMCID: PMC5691710 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The use of dietary supplements is increasing among athletes, year after year. Related to the high rates of use, unintentional doping occurs. Unintentional doping refers to positive anti-doping tests due to the use of any supplement containing unlisted substances banned by anti-doping regulations and organizations, such as the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The objective of this review is to summarize the presence of unlabeled doping substances in dietary supplements that are used in sports. Methodology: A review of substances/metabolites/markers banned by WADA in ergonutritional supplements was completed using PubMed. The inclusion criteria were studies published up until September 2017, which analyzed the content of substances, metabolites and markers banned by WADA. Results: 446 studies were identified, 23 of which fulfilled all the inclusion criteria. In most of the studies, the purpose was to identify doping substances in dietary supplements. Discussion: Substances prohibited by WADA were found in most of the supplements analyzed in this review. Some of them were prohormones and/or stimulants. With rates of contamination between 12 and 58%, non-intentional doping is a point to take into account before establishing a supplementation program. Athletes and coaches must be aware of the problems related to the use of any contaminated supplement and should pay special attention before choosing a supplement, informing themselves fully and confirming the guarantees offered by the supplement.
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10
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Pawar RS, Grundel E. Overview of regulation of dietary supplements in the USA and issues of adulteration with phenethylamines (PEAs). Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:500-517. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S. Pawar
- Office of Regulatory Science; Center for Food Safety Applied Nutrition; College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Erich Grundel
- Office of Regulatory Science; Center for Food Safety Applied Nutrition; College Park MD 20740 USA
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Wójtowicz M, Jarek A, Chajewska K, Kwiatkowska D. N,N-dimethyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine quantification in urine: application to excretion study following single oral dietary supplement dose. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5041-7. [PMID: 27178556 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
N,N-dimethyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine (NN-DMPPA) is a new designer stimulant prohibited in sport in-competition according to the List of Prohibited Substances and Methods published by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The first published data on the excretion study of NN-DMPPA to support the knowledge of NN-DMPPA in routine anti-doping control have been presented. The reliable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry quantitative method (GC-MS) has been validated and applied to the excretion study of NN-DMPPA. The validation parameters of the GC-MS method for determination of NN-DMPPA in human urine were the linear calibration range of 100 to 7500 ng/mL, the LOD of 13.9 ng/mL and the LOQ of 42.2 ng/mL. According to the obtained repeatability, intermediate precision, and trueness, the applied GC-MS method was precise and accurate. Urine samples from three volunteers in the excretion study were collected for 5 days after single oral administration of the supplement NOXPUMP containing NN-DMPPA. The obtained results showed the maximum concentration of NN-DMPPA (189-303 ng/mL) in urine samples at a time of 2-3 h post-administration. The NN-DMPPA concentration in urine samples was higher than 50 ng/mL until 22-23 h after the dietary supplement ingestion. This means that according to the WADA rules the use of a supplement containing NN-DMPPA may be related to a positive case when athletes took this supplement in-competition. Moreover, excretion results demonstrate also that NN-DMPPA may be detected in urine samples by the applied GC-MS method till 46 h after supplement administration. Additionally, the excretion study of β-methylphenethylamine as the second prohibited substance present in the supplement NOXPUMP has been investigated. Graphical Abstract Excretion study of new designer stimulant, N,N-dimethyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine, and β-methylphenethylamine following single oral NOXPUMP supplement dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Wójtowicz
- Department of Anti-Doping Research, Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Trylogii 2/16 Street, 01-982, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Jarek
- Department of Anti-Doping Research, Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Trylogii 2/16 Street, 01-982, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chajewska
- Department of Anti-Doping Research, Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Trylogii 2/16 Street, 01-982, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Department of Anti-Doping Research, Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Trylogii 2/16 Street, 01-982, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Cohen PA, Avula B, Venhuis B, Travis JC, Wang YH, Khan IA. Pharmaceutical doses of the banned stimulant oxilofrine found in dietary supplements sold in the USA. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:135-142. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter A. Cohen
- Department of Medicine; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA 02115 USA
- Cambridge Health Alliance; Somerville MA 02143 USA
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University; MS 38677 USA
| | - Bastiaan Venhuis
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven Netherlands
| | | | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University; MS 38677 USA
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University; MS 38677 USA
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13
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Walpurgis K, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:7-29. [PMID: 26767774 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of improving anti-doping efforts is predicated on several different pillars, including, amongst others, optimized analytical methods. These commonly result from exploiting most recent developments in analytical instrumentation as well as research data on elite athletes' physiology in general, and pharmacology, metabolism, elimination, and downstream effects of prohibited substances and methods of doping, in particular. The need for frequent and adequate adaptations of sports drug testing procedures has been incessant, largely due to the uninterrupted emergence of new chemical entities but also due to the apparent use of established or even obsolete drugs for reasons other than therapeutic means, such as assumed beneficial effects on endurance, strength, and regeneration capacities. Continuing the series of annual banned-substance reviews, literature concerning human sports drug testing published between October 2014 and September 2015 is summarized and reviewed in reference to the content of the 2015 Prohibited List as issued by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), with particular emphasis on analytical approaches and their contribution to enhanced doping controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory, United Medix Laboratories, Höyläämötie 14, 00380, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
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Rasmussen N, Keizers PHJ. History full circle: 'Novel' sympathomimetics in supplements. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:283-6. [PMID: 27072841 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Since the banning of ephedrine in over-the-counter nutritional supplements a decade ago, a plethora of untested and/or unsafe sympathomimetic stimulants have taken its place. This paper argues that these 'novel' stimulants in supplements recapitulate the work of synthetic chemists at commercial pharmaceutical firms during the 1930s and 1940s, all seeking substitutes for recently successful products based on ephedrine and amphetamine. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rasmussen
- School of Humanities & Languages, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Peter H J Keizers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan, 9, 3721, MA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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15
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Wójtowicz M, Jarek A, Chajewska K, Turek-Lepa E, Kwiatkowska D. Determination of designer doping agent – 2-ethylamino-1-phenylbutane – in dietary supplements and excretion study following single oral supplement dose. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:523-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Brown DH, Hansson R, Oosthuizen F, Sumner N. β
‐Methylphenylethylamines: common fragmentation pathways with amphetamines in electrospray ionization collision‐induced dissociation. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:344-50. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David H. Brown
- Forensic Toxicology Section, Forensic Science LaboratoryChemCentre Western Australia
- Department of ChemistryCurtin University GPO Box U1987 Perth WA 6845 Australia
| | - Robert Hansson
- Forensic Toxicology Section, Forensic Science LaboratoryChemCentre Western Australia
| | - Francois Oosthuizen
- Forensic Toxicology Section, Forensic Science LaboratoryChemCentre Western Australia
| | - Nathan Sumner
- Forensic Toxicology Section, Forensic Science LaboratoryChemCentre Western Australia
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17
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Cohen PA, Bloszies C, Yee C, Gerona R. An amphetamine isomer whose efficacy and safety in humans has never been studied, β‐methylphenylethylamine (BMPEA), is found in multiple dietary supplements. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:328-33. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter A. Cohen
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Cambridge Health Alliance Somerville MA 02143 USA
| | | | - Caleb Yee
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of California San Francisco CA 94143 USA
| | - Roy Gerona
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of California San Francisco CA 94143 USA
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