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Ho HSM, Farrington AF, Bond AJ, Ho ENM, Wong WT. Doping control of estra-4,9-diene-3,17-dione in horses. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38926502 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Estra-4,9-diene-3,17-dione (dienedione) is an anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) available on the market as a dietary supplement for bodybuilding. It is prohibited in both human and equine sports due to its potential performance-enhancing effect. With the rare presence of the 4,9-diene configuration in endogenous steroids, dienedione has been considered as a synthetic AAS. Nevertheless, the reoccurring detection of dienedione in entire male horse urine samples led to the investigation of its possible endogenous nature in horses, and its endogenous nature in entire male horses has been recently confirmed and reported by the authors' laboratory. While dienedione is not detected in castrated horses (geldings), it is essential to study its elimination and identify its metabolites for its effective control. To study the elimination and biotransformation of dienedione, administration experiments were performed by giving three castrated horses (geldings) each single oral dose of 1500 mg of dienedione powder for seven consecutive days. The postulated in vivo metabolites included 17-hydroxyestra-4,9-dien-3-one (M1a and M1b), hydroxylated dienedione (M2a, M2b, M3a, M3b, M4, M5) and hydroxylated M1 (M6a, M6b, M7a, M7b, M8a and M8b), formed from hydroxylation and reduction of dienedione. To control the misuse of dienedione in geldings, M3a and M3b are the potential targets that gave the longest detection time, which could be detected for up to 2-5 days in urine and 0.4-4 days in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen S M Ho
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Adrian F Farrington
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Services, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Amanda J Bond
- Department of Equestrian Affairs, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Emmie N M Ho
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Tak Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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2
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From targeted methods to metabolomics based strategies to screen for growth promoters misuse in horseracing and livestock: A review. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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3
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Dhurjad P, Jaiswal P, Gupta K, Wanjari P, Sonti R. Mass spectrometry: A key tool in anti‐doping. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Dhurjad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Pooja Jaiswal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Kajal Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Parita Wanjari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
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4
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Griffin KM, Lorenz LM, Flurer RA. Identification of the designer steroid 17β-hydroxy 5α-androst-1-en-3-one cypionate in an injectable liquid. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:768-773. [PMID: 34791803 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the screening of an injectable liquid marketed for body building, a steroid resembling 1-testosterone was found. The compound of interest was isolated using HPLC-UV detection coupled to an analytical scale fraction collector and subsequently characterized using HRAM-MS, NMR spectrometry, and GC-MS. The designer steroid was identified as 17β-hydroxy 5α-androst-1-en-3-one cypionate, an analog of 1-testosterone that had not been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Griffin
- Office of Regulatory Affairs, Office of Regulatory Science, Forensic Chemistry Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lisa M Lorenz
- Office of Regulatory Affairs, Office of Regulatory Science, Forensic Chemistry Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rick A Flurer
- Office of Regulatory Affairs, Office of Regulatory Science, Forensic Chemistry Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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5
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Lund RA, Cooper ER, Wang H, Ashley Z, Cawley AT, Heather AK. Nontargeted detection of designer androgens: Underestimated role of in vitro bioassays. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:894-902. [PMID: 33864649 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Androgens, both steroidal and nonsteroidal in nature, are among the most commonly misused substances in competitive sports. Their recognized anabolic and performance enhancing effects through short- and long-term physiological adaptations make them popular. Androgens exist as natural steroids, or are chemically synthesized as anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) or selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). In order to effectively detect misuse of androgens, targeted strategies are used. These targeted strategies rely heavily on mass spectrometry, and detection requires prior knowledge of the targeted structure and its metabolites. Although exquisitely sensitive, such approaches may fail to detect novel structures that are developed and marketed. A nontargeted approach to androgen detection involves the use of cell-based in vitro bioassays. Both yeast and mammalian cell androgen bioassays demonstrate a clear ability to detect AAS and SARMS, and if paired with high resolution mass spectrometry can putatively identify novel structures. In vitro cell bioassays are successfully used to characterize designer molecules and to detect exogenous androgens in biological samples. It is important to continue to develop new and effective detection approaches to prevent misuse of designer androgens, and in vitro bioassays represent a potential solution to nontargeted detection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Lund
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Elliot R Cooper
- National Measurement Institute, Lindfield, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hui Wang
- The Fourth Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Zoe Ashley
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Adam T Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alison K Heather
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Insitugen Ltd, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
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6
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Jones NS, Comparin JH. Interpol review of controlled substances 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:608-669. [PMID: 33385148 PMCID: PMC7770462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in controlled substances from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Comparin
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
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7
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Krzastek SC, Smith RP. Non-testosterone management of male hypogonadism: an examination of the existing literature. Transl Androl Urol 2020; 9:S160-S170. [PMID: 32257856 PMCID: PMC7108991 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2019.11.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone deficiency is defined as a total testosterone level <300 ng/dL confirmed on two early morning lab draws. Testosterone therapy has historically been offered to men with symptomatic testosterone deficiency in the form of injections, gels, or pellets. However, these treatments are invasive or have undesirable effects including the risk of drug transference. Additionally, testosterone therapy has been associated with increases in hematocrit and controversy remains regarding the risk of cardiovascular and thromboembolic events while on testosterone therapy. As such, much interest has recently been focused on alternative treatment options for testosterone deficiency in the form of orally-administered medications with more favorable side effect profiles. Lifestyle modifications and varicocelectomy have been shown to raise endogenous testosterone production. Similarly, SERMs and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) have been shown to raise testosterone levels safely and effectively. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) remains the only FDA-approved non-testosterone treatment option for testosterone deficiency in men. However, this medication is expensive and requires patient-administered injections. Over the counter herbal supplements and designer steroids remain available though they are poorly studied and are associated with the potential for abuse as well as increased hepatic and cardiovascular risks. This review aims to discuss the existing treatment alternatives to traditional testosterone therapy, including efficacy, safety, and side effects of these options. The authors suggest that the SERM clomiphene citrate (CC) holds the greatest promise as a non-testosterone treatment option for testosterone deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Krzastek
- Department of Urology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ryan P Smith
- Department of Urology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Waller CC, Weththasinghe SA, McClure L, Cawley AT, Suann C, Suann E, Sutherland E, Cooper E, Heather A, McLeod MD. In vivo
metabolism of the designer anabolic steroid hemapolin in the thoroughbred horse. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:752-762. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lauren McClure
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory Racing NSW Sydney Australia
| | - Adam T. Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory Racing NSW Sydney Australia
| | - Craig Suann
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory Racing NSW Sydney Australia
| | - Emily Suann
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory Racing NSW Sydney Australia
| | - Emma Sutherland
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Elliot Cooper
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Alison Heather
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra Australia
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9
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Gheddar L, Ameline A, Raul JS, Kintz P. Designer anabolic steroids: A challenge for toxicologists. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Waraksa E, Woźniak MK, Kłodzińska E, Wrzesień R, Bobrowska-Korczak B, Namieśnik J. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitative analysis of ibuprofen and its metabolites in equine urine samples by gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3881-3891. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Waraksa
- Faculty of Chemistry; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Gdańsk University of Technology; Gdańsk Poland
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis; Institute of Sport - National Research Institute; Warsaw Poland
| | - Mateusz Kacper Woźniak
- Faculty of Chemistry; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Gdańsk University of Technology; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Ewa Kłodzińska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis; Institute of Sport - National Research Institute; Warsaw Poland
| | - Robert Wrzesień
- Central Laboratory of Experimental Animal; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Faculty of Chemistry; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Gdańsk University of Technology; Gdańsk Poland
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Švidrnoch M, Boráňová B, Tomková J, Ondra P, Maier V. Simultaneous determination of designer benzodiazepines in human serum using non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis – Tandem mass spectrometry with successive multiple ionic – Polymer layer coated capillary. Talanta 2018; 176:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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12
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de Albuquerque Cavalcanti G, Rodrigues LM, dos Santos L, Zheng X, Gujar A, Cole J, Padilha MC, de Aquino Neto FR. Non-targeted acquisition strategy for screening doping compounds based on GC-EI-hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry: A focus on exogenous anabolic steroids. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:507-517. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Martins Rodrigues
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory- LBCD-LADETEC; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Leonardo dos Santos
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory- LBCD-LADETEC; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Xin Zheng
- Thermo Fisher Scientific; Austin Texas USA
| | - Amit Gujar
- Thermo Fisher Scientific; Austin Texas USA
| | - Jason Cole
- Thermo Fisher Scientific; Austin Texas USA
| | - Monica Costa Padilha
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory- LBCD-LADETEC; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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13
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Waller CC, McLeod MD. A review of designer anabolic steroids in equine sports. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1304-1319. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C. Waller
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
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