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Moscovici HF, Lara PHS, Solera FAG, Cohen M, Pagura JR, Arliani GG. DOPING CONTROL IN MALE SOCCER PLAYERS IN BRAZIL: 10 YEARS OF FOLLOW-UP. ACTA ORTOPEDICA BRASILEIRA 2024; 32:e273282. [PMID: 38532870 PMCID: PMC10962063 DOI: 10.1590/1413-785220243201e273282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Objective To understand the Adverse Analytical Finding (AAF) that have occurred in Brazilian soccer in a recent 10-year period, comparing them to international data, to know the Brazilian profile. Methods A review of the AAR in the Doping Control Commission database of the Brazilian Football Association from 2008 to 2017. The AAR in professional male soccer players between 2008 and 2017 were considered. Results The sample selected in this research was composed of 40,092 doping tests, with 113 AAR, identified in 18 different competitions (0.28%) in the professional category, in Brazilian national and state competitions between 2008 and 2017, flagged in doping control exams through urine samples. Stimulants were detected most frequently (31.0%), followed by glucocorticoids (21.2%), diuretics, and masking agents (19.5%). The Brazilian Championship series did not show a relationship with any of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) groups of substances. Series A showed 0.07% of AAR, Series B 0.21%, Series C 0.75% and Series D 1.49. Conclusion The rate of AAR in Brazilian soccer was 0.28%, lower than the average for all soccer worldwide, and shows similar percentages among field positions. Stimulants were the most prevalent drugs. The national elite soccer competitions showed significantly fewer cases than the lower divisions. Level of Evidence II; Retrospective Study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Moisés Cohen
- Centro de Traumatologia do Esporte da Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Baltazar-Martins G, Del Mar Plata M, Muñoz-Guerra J, Argaya J, Del Coso J. Chronicle of an unintentional MDMA intoxication of a field hockey team to prevent its qualification for the Beijing 2008 Olympics: A case report. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:647-650. [PMID: 31881120 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Current doping trends overshadow the traditional interpretation of using prohibited performance-enhancing drugs to improve training and/or sports results. Its definition has evolved due to several recent cases of unconventional manipulation in sports. In this article, we present a case study of an intentional intoxication against the Spanish National Field Hockey team that resulted in its ineligibility for the 2008 Summer Olympics. The events occurred during the pre-qualifying Olympic tournament held in Azerbaijan. The Spanish team won the final match of the tournament against the hosting team and gained qualification for the Olympic Games. One month later, the International Hockey Federation (IHF) reported that two players of the Spanish National Hockey Team had tested positive for MDMA and would subsequently disqualify the Spanish National team from the tournament. The Spanish Hockey Federation then started an appeal process to demonstrate (1) contamination through team's hotel air ventilation and (2) tampering of a urine sample. This process ended with the IHF's final ruling that overturned the sanctions imposed on the Spanish National Team. This manuscript not only outlines a deliberate case to exclude a team from the Olympic Games, but also a federation's difficult efforts to prove an intentional intoxication that resulted in adverse findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Del Mar Plata
- Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport, Department for Doping Control, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Muñoz-Guerra
- Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport, Department for Doping Control, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Argaya
- Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport, Department for Doping Control, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
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Mullen J, Bækken LV, Törmäkangas T, Ekström L, Ericsson M, Hullstein IR, Schulze JJ. Inter‐individual variation of the urinary steroid profiles in Swedish and Norwegian athletes. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:720-730. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Mullen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet Sweden
| | | | - Timo Törmäkangas
- Health Sciences, Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Lena Ekström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet Sweden
| | - Magnus Ericsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet Sweden
- French Doping Control LaboratoryAgence Française de lutte contre le dopage (AFLD) Département des Analyses France
| | | | - Jenny J. Schulze
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet Sweden
- The Swedish National Anti‐Doping OrganisationSwedish Sports Confederation Sweden
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Martín-Escudero P, Muñoz-Guerra JA, García-Tenorio SV, Garde ES, Soldevilla-Navarro AB, Galindo-Canales M, Prado N, Fuentes-Ferrer ME, Fernández-Pérez C. Impact of the UGT2B17 polymorphism on the steroid profile. Results of a crossover clinical trial in athletes submitted to testosterone administration. Steroids 2019; 141:104-113. [PMID: 30503386 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This article studies the genetic influence of polymorphism of the UGT2B17 gen on the urinary steroid profile and its implications for the anti-doping field. The study presents the results of a triple-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial with healthy athletes submitted to a single dose of 250 mg of testosterone cypionate. Forty urine samples were collected from each participant. Mass spectrometry-based techniques commonly used in Anti-Doping laboratories, were employed to measure the urinary concentration and the Δδ13C values of a selection of target compounds for testosterone (T) administration together with LH. Twelve volunteers were included in the study; the polymorphism was evenly distributed among them. After T administration, the most meaningful change affected the Testosterone/Epitestosterone ratio (T/E) and the urinary concentration of LH. In relation with T/E, the wild type homozygous (ins/ins) group there was a mean relative increase of 30 (CI 95%: 25.2 to 36.7); in the heterozygous mutant (del/ins) group it was 19.8 (CI 95%:15.9 to 24.7); and in the homozygous mutant (del/del) group it was 19.7 (CI 95% 14.9 to 26.2). In the case of LH, it́s observed how LH values decrease significantly after the administration of Testex homogeneously among the three groups. The main outcome was related to the (del/del) group (homozygous mutant), where due to the depressed basal level of the steroid profile, if the longitudinal steroid profile of the athlete was not available, the analysis by GC/MS would not produce an "atypical" result according to the WADA TD2016EAAS despite the T administration. However, the genotyping of the UGT2B17 polymorphism, the follow up of LH and the use of GC-C-IRMS makes it possible to identify most of these samples as Adverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Martín-Escudero
- Professional School of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | - Ester Serrano Garde
- Doping Control Laboratory of Madrid and Anti-Doping State Agency, AEPSAD, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mercedes Galindo-Canales
- Professional School of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nayade Prado
- Preventive Medicine Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel E Fuentes-Ferrer
- Preventive Medicine Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Fernández-Pérez
- Preventive Medicine Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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Mullen J, Gadot Y, Eklund E, Andersson A, J Schulze J, Ericsson M, Lindén Hirschberg A, Rane A, Ekström L. Pregnancy greatly affects the steroidal module of the Athlete Biological Passport. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1070-1075. [PMID: 29349906 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Concentrations of urinary steroids are measured in anti-doping test programs to detect doping with endogenous steroids. These concentrations are combined into ratios and followed over time in the steroidal module of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP). The most important ratio in the ABP is the testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratio but this ratio is subject to intra-individual variations, especially large in women, which complicates interpretation. In addition, there are other factors affecting T/E. Pregnancy, for example, is known to affect the urinary excretion rate of epitestosterone and hence the T/E ratio. However, the extent of this variation and how pregnancy affect other ratios has not been fully evaluated. Here we have studied the urinary steroid profile, including 19-norandrosterone (19-NA), in 67 pregnant women and compared to postpartum. Epitestosterone was higher and, consequently, the T/E and 5αAdiol/E ratios were lower in the pregnant women. Androsterone/etiocholanolone (A/Etio) and 5αAdiol/5βAdiol, on the other hand, were higher in the first trimester as compared to postpartum (p<0.0001 and p=0.0396, respectively). There was no difference in A/T during pregnancy or after. 19-NA was present in 90.5% of the urine samples collected from pregnant women. In this study, we have shown that the steroid profile of the ABP is affected by pregnancy, and hence can cause atypical passport findings. These atypical findings would lead to unnecessary confirmation procedures, if the patterns of pregnancy are not recognized by the ABP management units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Mullen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yifat Gadot
- St Michaels Hospital and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Emma Eklund
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Andersson
- Doping Control Laboratory, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny J Schulze
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ericsson
- Doping Control Laboratory, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Rane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Ekström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Determination of selected endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids and ratios in urine by ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and isotope pattern deconvolution. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1515:172-178. [PMID: 28803647 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) method for the determination of selected endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (EAAS) in urine by UHPLC-MS/MS has been developed using the isotope pattern deconvolution (IPD) mathematical tool. The method has been successfully validated for testosterone, epitestosterone, androsterone and etiocholanolone, employing their respective deuterated analogs using two certified reference materials (CRM). Accuracy was evaluated as recovery of the certified values and ranged from 75% to 108%. Precision was assessed in intraday (n=5) and interday (n=4) experiments, with RSDs below 5% and 10% respectively. The method was also found suitable for real urine samples, with limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) below the normal urinary levels. The developed method meets the requirements established by the World Anti-Doping Agency for the selected steroids for Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) measurements, except in the case of androsterone, which is currently under study.
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Cawley AT, Keledjian J. Intelligence-based anti-doping from an equine biological passport. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1441-1447. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam T. Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory; Racing NSW; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - John Keledjian
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory; Racing NSW; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:6-29. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses; University Center of Legal Medicine; Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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Alladio E, Caruso R, Gerace E, Amante E, Salomone A, Vincenti M. Application of multivariate statistics to the Steroidal Module of the Athlete Biological Passport: A proof of concept study. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 922:19-29. [PMID: 27154828 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Technical Document TD2014EAAS was drafted by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in order to fight the spread of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (EAAS) misuse in several sport disciplines. In particular, adoption of the so-called Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) - Steroidal Module allowed control laboratories to identify anomalous EAAS concentrations within the athletes' physiological urinary steroidal profile. Gas chromatography (GC) combined with mass spectrometry (MS), indicated by WADA as an appropriate technique to detect urinary EAAS, was utilized in the present study to develop and fully-validate an analytical method for the determination of all EAAS markers specified in TD2014EAAS, plus two further markers hypothetically useful to reveal microbial degradation of the sample. In particular, testosterone, epitestosterone, androsterone, etiocholanolone, 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol, 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol, dehydroepiandrosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, were included in the analytical method. Afterwards, the multi-parametric feature of ABP profile was exploited to develop a robust approach for the detection of EAAS misuse, based on multivariate statistical analysis. In particular, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was combined with Hotelling T(2) tests to explore the EAAS data obtained from 60 sequential urine samples collected from six volunteers, in comparison with a reference population of single urine samples collected from 96 volunteers. The new approach proved capable of identifying anomalous results, including (i) the recognition of samples extraneous to each of the individual urine series and (ii) the discrimination of the urine samples collected from individuals to whom "endogenous" steroids had been administrated with respect to the rest of the samples population. The proof-of-concept results presented in this study will need further extension and validation on a population of sport professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Alladio
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy; Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Roberto Caruso
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Enrico Gerace
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Amante
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Alberto Salomone
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| | - Marco Vincenti
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy; Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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