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Chen S, Wen W, Zhao X, Zhang Z, Li W, Zhang Y, Li B, Zhu L. Preparation of Chitosan-Composite-Film-Supported Copper Nanoparticles and Their Application in 1,6-Hydroboration Reactions of p-Quinone Methides. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227962. [PMID: 36432064 PMCID: PMC9695593 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe the preparation of copper nanoparticles that are stabilized on a chitosan composite film (CP@Cu). This material could catalyze the 1,6-hydroboration reactions of p-quinone methides with B2pin2 as a boron source under mild conditions. This reaction exhibited very good functional group compatibility, and the organoboron compounds that were formed could easily be converted into corresponding hydroxyl products with good to excellent yields. This newly developed methodology provides an efficient and sequential pathway for the synthesis of gem-disubstituted methanols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Wei Wen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zelang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Weishuang Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (B.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Bojie Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (B.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (B.L.); (L.Z.)
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Fitch K. Does the urinary concentration of an inhaled beta 2 agonist always reflect the inhaled dose and method of administration? Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:194-199. [PMID: 30468570 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe urinary threshold of 1000 ng/mL for salbutamol was established by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 2001 following a study that was not undertaken for that purpose. At least 25 athletes have exceeded this concentration and some after inhaling no more than the permitted daily maximum dose of 1600 μg. However, there is concern that some providing expert evidence and tribunal members hearing such cases are unaware of the occasional unpredictability of the pharmacokinetics of beta‐2 agonists. The World Anti‐Doping Agency's (WADA's) change from 1 March 2018 to allow correction of urinary specific gravity (SG) down to 1.020 for prohibited substances with a urinary threshold is a major advance and will assist in some instances. However, future cases are anticipated to occur when athletes unexpectedly exceed the urinary threshold for salbutamol after inhaling no more than the allowable dose and within WADA's stated time frame. They will then be required to appear before doping tribunals. The rapidity by which salbutamol is inhaled can influence the resultant urinary concentration and is yet to be addressed adequately in WADA's 2019 Prohibited List. The list's recommended pharmacokinetic study fails to replicate the circumstances that prevailed when the athlete was competing and the adverse analytical finding (AAF) occurred. Tribunals, and experts who advise them, need to be cognizant that the urinary concentration of salbutamol does not invariably reflect the inhaled dose and that a high urinary salbutamol concentration is not always ipso facto evidence of super‐dosing with inhaled salbutamol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Fitch
- School of Human Science - Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Australia
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H. Annual banned-substance review: Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:9-27. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses; University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne; Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
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KROGH NANNA, RZEPPA SEBASTIAN, DYREBORG ANDERS, DEHNES YVETTE, HEMMERSBACH PETER, BACKER VIBEKE, HOSTRUP MORTEN. Terbutaline Accumulates in Blood and Urine after Daily Therapeutic Inhalation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1236-1243. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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