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Kokilambigai KS, Irina VM, Sheba Mariam KC, Adila K, Kathirvel S. Comprehensive overview of analytical and bioanalytical methodologies for the opioid analgesics - Tramadol and combinations. Anal Biochem 2024; 692:115579. [PMID: 38797485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic opioids like Tramadol are used to treat mild to moderate pain. Its ability to relieve pain is about a tenth that of morphine. Furthermore, Tramadol shares similar effects on serotonin and norepinephrine to several antidepressants known as serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), such as venlafaxine and duloxetine. The present review paper discusses the recent developments in analytical methods for identifying drugs in pharmaceutical preparations and toxicological materials, such as blood, saliva, urine, and hair. In recent years, a wide variety of analytical instruments, including capillary electrophoresis, NMR, UV-visible spectroscopy, HPTLC, HPLC, LC-MS, GC, GC-MS, and electrochemical sensors, have been used for drug identification in pharmaceutical preparations and toxicological samples. The primary quantification techniques currently employed for its quantification in various matrices are highlighted in this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Kokilambigai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V M Irina
- Dr. Moopen's College of Pharmacy, Naseera Nagar, Meppadi PO, Wayanad, 673577, Kerala, India
| | - K C Sheba Mariam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National College of Pharmacy, Manassery, Mukkam Post., Kozhikode, 673602, Kerala, India
| | - K Adila
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National College of Pharmacy, Manassery, Mukkam Post., Kozhikode, 673602, Kerala, India
| | - S Kathirvel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National College of Pharmacy, Manassery, Mukkam Post., Kozhikode, 673602, Kerala, India.
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A comparative study of postmortem distribution and postmortem diffusion of tramadol in rabbits. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1702. [PMID: 36717570 PMCID: PMC9886908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25459-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the cases of tramadol intoxication have become more frequent in many countries. However, most of the previous studies have been based on cases of tramadol intoxication, and the detailed information on the differences between postmortem distribution and diffusion of tramadol remains unclear. To investigate this issue systematically, we established a postmortem distribution model and two postmortem diffusion models. Then, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to measure the concentrations of tramadol in various biological specimens of fluids and tissues. In postmortem distribution, the results showed an uneven distribution of tramadol in various biological specimens, and the concentrations of tramadol in urine were significantly higher than those in other fluids. In postmortem diffusion, the results showed a dosage-dependent increase of tramadol concentration in most specimens; at all time points from 0.25 to 6 h after postmortem administration, the concentrations of tramadol in fluids were not significantly different from those in tissues, and the concentrations of tramadol in urine were lower than those in both tissues and other fluids in most time points. We recommend a quantitative examination of the specimens of both fluids and tissues to provide more evidence for the forensic identification, and the realization that there is a correlation between the concentrations of fluids and tissues is important for determining antemortem and postmortem administration of tramadol. This information can serve as ancillary data in inferring the contribution of a drug to death in cases of suspected tramadol poisoning.
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Su H, Li Y, Wu M, Sun T, Niu W, Jia J, Wei Z, Yun K. Dynamic Distribution and Postmortem Redistribution of Tramadol in Poisoned Rats. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:203-210. [PMID: 32451554 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past dozen years, the cases of tramadol intoxication have become frequent in many countries. Most previous studies focused on tramadol's pharmacology, such as pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenetics. However, the dynamic distribution and postmortem redistribution (PMR) of tramadol remain unclear. Our study aimed to investigate these two issues systematically in various specimens of 216 poisoned male rats. A validated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was used in this study to measure the concentrations of tramadol. In the first part, 66 tramadol poisoned rats were sacrificed at 11 different time points and their organs were collected separately for the study of tramadol's dynamic distribution, which made it feasible to investigate its PMR later on. The results of this part showed that tramadol's concentrations varied according to the organ and time, and peaked 2 h after intragastric administration in the specimens of liver, kidney, spleen, lung, brain and heart-blood (except stomach and heart). Based on the results of the first part, the concentration of tramadol peaked 2 h in most tissues. Therefore, this time point was used for the study of tramadol's PMR. In the second part, the remaining 150 rats were sacrificed 2 h after intragastric administration of tramadol, and the carcasses were stored under three different conditions (-20, 4 and 20°C). The autopsy was carried out at eight different time points and their organs were collected separately. The results of this part showed that under storage temperatures of -20 and 4°C, the concentrations of tramadol in individual organs showed no significant changes at different time points whereas under a storage temperature of 20°C, the concentrations in certain organs (liver, kidney, spleen, lung, brain and heart-blood) increased significantly at the last few time points. PMR of tramadol was therefore confirmed. The process of PMR of tramadol could be slowed or stopped at lower storage temperatures (-20 or 4°C), which is significant in cases of suspected tramadol poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Su
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, No. 9 Qianmen East Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Beijing 100192, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Li
- Hengyang Public Security Bureau, Criminal Science and Technology Institute, No. 28 Tianzhu Road, Huaxin Development Zone, Zhengxiang District, Hengyang, Hengyang 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Wu
- The People's Procuratorate of Baoding, No. 106, Wusi West Road, Jingxiu District, Baoding, Baoding 071000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Sun
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifen Niu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, No. 9 Qianmen East Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Beijing 100192, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Jia
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, No. 9 Qianmen East Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Beijing 100192, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwen Wei
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, No. 9 Qianmen East Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Beijing 100192, People's Republic of China
| | - Keming Yun
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, No. 9 Qianmen East Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Beijing 100192, People's Republic of China
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Abdelshakour MA, Hadad GM, Abdel Salam RA, Abo-ElMatty DM, Abdel Hameed EA. HPLC and UPLC-MS/MS methods for analyzing TRAMADOL in 70 medicinal illegal products: Application to counterfeit study. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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McMillan DM, El-Sherbeni AA, Richards J, Tyndale RF. Centrally administered CYP2D inhibitors increase oral tramadol analgesia in rats. Brain Res Bull 2020; 164:400-406. [PMID: 32926950 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2D (CYP2D) mediates the activation and inactivation of several classes of psychoactive drugs, including opioids, which can alter drug response. Tramadol is a synthetic opioid with analgesic activity of its own as well as being metabolically activated by CYP2D to O-desmethyltramadol (ODMST) an opioid receptor agonist. We investigated the impact of brain CYP2D metabolism on central tramadol and ODSMT levels, and resulting analgesic response after oral tramadol administration in rats. CYP2D inhibitors propranolol and propafenone were administered intracerebroventricularly prior to oral tramadol administration and analgesia was measured by tail-flick latency. Drug levels of tramadol and its metabolites, ODSMT and N-desmethyltramadol, were assessed in plasma and in brain by microdialysis using LC-ESI-MS/MS. Inhibiting brain CYP2D with propafenone pretreatment increased analgesia after oral tramadol administration (ANOVA p = 0.02), resulting in a 1.5-fold increase in area under the analgesia-time curve (AUC0-60, p < 0.01). This effect was associated with changes in the brain levels of tramadol and its metabolites consistent with brain CYP2D inhibition. In conclusion, under oral tramadol dosing pretreatment with a central administration of the CYP2D inhibitor propafenone increased analgesia (without altering plasma drug or metabolite levels), indicating that tramadol itself (and activity of CYP2D within the brain) contributed to analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmed A El-Sherbeni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Janielle Richards
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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A simple method to determine tramadol using a coated-wire electrode as a detector in the flow injection analysis. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Avataneo V, D’Avolio A, Cusato J, Cantù M, De Nicolò A. LC-MS application for therapeutic drug monitoring in alternative matrices. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 166:40-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abdel‐Megied AM, Badr El‐din KM. Development of a novel LC–MS/MS method for detection and quantification of tramadol hydrochloride in presence of some mislabeled drugs: Application to counterfeit study. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4486. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Abdel‐Megied
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of PharmacyKafrelsheikh University Kafrelsheikh City Egypt
| | - Khalid M. Badr El‐din
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of PharmacyMinia University El‐Minia Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of PharmacyDeraya University Minia Egypt
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Dahshan HE, Helal MA, Mostafa SM, Elgawish MS. Development and validation of an HPLC-UV method for simultaneous determination of sildenafil and tramadol in biological fluids: Application to drug-drug interaction study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 168:201-208. [PMID: 30825803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of sildenafil (SDF) to treat erectile dysfunction has solved a widespread condition with negative on the quality of life. Recently, the co-administration of tramadol (TMD) with SDF to manage premature ejaculation has illegally increased and thus drug-drug interaction studies of these drugs became of great importance. Although certain biological functions have been altered upon co-administration of the two drugs, methods for their determination in vivo to understand their interactions have yet to be published. Herein, therefore, an HPLC method with photometric detection was developed for the determination of a binary mixture of TMD and SDF in rabbit plasma after oral administration. In this study, a reversed-phase chromatography was performed at room temperature on a C18 column with a mobile phase composed of 10 mM Na2HPO4 solution (pH 7.5): acetonitrile (45:55, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL min-1 using caffeine (CAF) as an internal standard. The detector was set at 220 nm. The total analysis time was 6 min. Calibration graphs were linear in the concentration ranges of 0.1-10 and 0.05-10 μg mL-1 with a detection limit of 0.05 and 0.02 μg mL-1 for TMD and SDF, respectively. The method was validated in terms of accuracy, precision, limit of detection and quantitation, recovery, and stability as per US FDA bioanalytical guidelines. In addition, the metabolites N-desmethylsildenafil (UK-103,320) and O-desmethyltramadol were quantified in rabbit plasma after 2 h of oral administration using LC-MS/MS. The simultaneous administration of TMD with SDF has affected peak plasma concentration (Cmax), Tmax, area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), and the elimination rate constant (Kel) of SDF. The present study is the first to give valuable insights into the drug-drug interaction and the pharmacokinetic implications associated with the co-administration of SDF and TMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosam Eldin Dahshan
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Helal
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt; Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12587, Egypt
| | - Samia M Mostafa
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Saleh Elgawish
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
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