1
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Sakamoto M, Suzuki T, Teraoka D, Tanaka K, Saeki Y, Kishimoto K, Nagashima M, Nakajima J, Suzuki J, Inomata A, Moriyasu T, Fukaya H. Analytical characterization and differentiation between threo- and erythro-4-fluoroethylphenidate. Forensic Toxicol 2023; 41:272-286. [PMID: 37097346 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-023-00664-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Methylphenidate analogs appeared on the drug market during the last years. Its analogs contain two chiral centers and, thus, have potential varying configurations (i.e., threo and erythro forms). This study presents the analytical characterization of 4-fluoroethylphenidate (4-FEP) and its differentiation between threo- and erythro-4-FEP. METHODS Analysis of the samples included high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analyses, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and X-ray crystal structure analysis. RESULTS NMR spectroscopic investigations confirmed the differences between threo- and erythro-4-FEP, and demonstrated that both isomers could be separated using HPLC and GC methods. Two samples obtained from one vendor in 2019 consisted of threo-4-FEP, whereas the other two samples obtained from a different vendor in 2020 consisted of a mixture of threo- and erythro-4-FEP. CONCLUSIONS Several analytical approaches including HPLC, GC-EI-MS, HRMS analyses, NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystal structure analysis enabled the unambiguous identification of threo- and erythro-4-FEP. The analytical data presented in this article will be useful for identifying threo- and erythro-4-FEP included in illicit products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Sakamoto
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan.
| | - Toshinari Suzuki
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Daisuke Teraoka
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Kazue Tanaka
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Yuki Saeki
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Kishimoto
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Machiko Nagashima
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Jun'ichi Nakajima
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Jin Suzuki
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Akiko Inomata
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Takako Moriyasu
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
- Tokyo Food Sanitation Association Food Research Laboratory, 1-19-10 Tokumaru, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 175-0083, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Fukaya
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
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2
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Wang P, Yan F, Dong J, Wang S, Shi Y, Zhu M, Zuo Y, Ma H, Xue R, Zhai D, Song X. A multiple-step screening protocol to identify norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors for depression. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:8341-8354. [PMID: 36880666 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05676c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Depression severely impairs the health of people all over the world. Cognitive dysfunction due to depression has resulted in a severe economic burden to family and society induced by the reduction of social functioning of patients. Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs) targeted with the human norepinephrine transporter (hNET) and distributed with the human dopamine transporter (hDAT) simultaneously treat depression and improve cognitive function, and they effectively prevent sexual dysfunction and other side effects. Because many patients continue to poorly respond to NDRIs, it is urgent to discover novel NDRI antidepressants that do not interfere with cognitive function. The aim of this work was to selectively identify novel NDRI candidates acting against hNET and hDAT from large compound libraries by a comprehensive strategy integrating support vector machine (SVM) models, ADMET, molecular docking, in vitro binding assays, molecular dynamics simulation, and binding energy calculation. First, 6522 compounds that do not inhibit the human serotonin transporter (hSERT) were obtained by SVM models of hNET, hDAT, and non-target hSERT with similarity analyses from compound libraries. ADMET and molecular docking were then used to identify compounds that could potently bind to the hNET and hDAT with satisfactory ADMET, and 4 compounds were successfully identified. According to their docking scores and ADMET information, 3719810 was advanced for profiling by in vitro assays as a novel NDRI lead compound due to its strongest druggability and balancing activities. Encouragingly, 3719810 performed comparative activities on two targets, with Ki values of 7.32 μM for hNET and 5.23 μM for hDAT. To obtain candidates with additional activities and balance the activities of 2 targets, 5 analogs were optimized, and 2 novel scaffold compounds were successively designed. By assessment of molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding energy calculations, 5 compounds were validated as NDRI candidates with high activities, and 4 of them performed acceptable balancing activities acting on hNET and hDAT. This work supplied promising novel NDRIs for treatment of depression with cognitive dysfunction or other related neurodegenerative disorders, and also provided a strategy for highly efficient and cost-effective identification of inhibitors for dual targets with homologous non-targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Fengmei Yan
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Jianghong Dong
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Shengqiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Yu Shi
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Mengdan Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Yuting Zuo
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Hui Ma
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Ruirui Xue
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Dingjie Zhai
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
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3
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Rudin D, Liechti ME, Luethi D. Molecular and clinical aspects of potential neurotoxicity induced by new psychoactive stimulants and psychedelics. Exp Neurol 2021; 343:113778. [PMID: 34090893 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
New psychoactive stimulants and psychedelics continue to play an important role on the illicit new psychoactive substance (NPS) market. Designer stimulants and psychedelics both affect monoaminergic systems, although by different mechanisms. Stimulant NPS primarily interact with monoamine transporters, either as inhibitors or as substrates. Psychedelic NPS most potently interact with serotonergic receptors and mediate their mind-altering effects mainly through agonism at serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A (5-HT2A) receptors. Rarely, designer stimulants and psychedelics are associated with potentially severe adverse effects. However, due to the high number of emerging NPS, it is not possible to investigate the toxicity of each individual substance in detail. The brain is an organ particularly sensitive to substance-induced toxicity due to its high metabolic activity. In fact, stimulant and psychedelic NPS have been linked to neurological and cognitive impairments. Furthermore, studies using in vitro cell models or rodents indicate a variety of mechanisms that could potentially lead to neurotoxic damage in NPS users. Cytotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress may potentially contribute to neurotoxicity of stimulant NPS in addition to altered neurochemistry. Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor-mediated toxicity, oxidative stress, and activation of mitochondrial apoptosis pathways could contribute to neurotoxicity of some psychedelic NPS. However, it remains unclear how well the current preclinical data of NPS-induced neurotoxicity translate to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Rudin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias E Liechti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dino Luethi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.
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4
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Manier SK, Niedermeier S, Schäper J, Meyer MR. Use of UPLC-HRMS/MS for In Vitro and In Vivo Metabolite Identification of Three Methylphenidate-derived New Psychoactive Substances. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:156-162. [PMID: 31355413 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of so-called new psychoactive substances (NPS) as substitute for common drug of abuse was steadily increasing in the last years, but knowledge about their toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic properties is lacking. However, a comprehensive knowledge of their toxicokinetics, particularly their metabolism, is crucial for developing reliable screening procedures and to verify their intake, e.g., in case of intoxications. The aim of this study was therefore to tentatively identify the metabolites of the methylphenidate-derived NPS isopropylphenidate (isopropyl 2-phenyl-2-(2-piperidyl) acetate, IPH), 4-fluoromethylphenidate (methyl 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(piperidin-2-yl) acetate, 4-FMPH) and 3,4-dichloromethylphenidate (methyl 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(piperidin-2-yl) acetate, 3,4-CTMP) using different in vivo and in vitro techniques and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS). Urine samples of male rats were analyzed, and the transfer to human metabolism was done by using pooled human S9 fraction (pS9), which contains the microsomal fraction of liver homogenisate as well as its cytosol. UHPLC-HRMS/MS analysis of rat urine revealed 17 metabolites for IPH (14 phase I and 3 phase II metabolites), 13 metabolites were found for 4-FMPH (12 phase I metabolites and 1 phase II metabolite) and 7 phase I metabolites and no phase II metabolites were found for 3,4-CTMP. pS9 incubations additionally indicated that all investigated substances were primarily hydrolyzed, resulting in the corresponding carboxy metabolites. Finally, these carboxy metabolites should be used as additional analytical targets besides the parent compounds for comprehensive mass spectrometry-based screening procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha K Manier
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sophia Niedermeier
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jan Schäper
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Bavaria, 80636 München, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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5
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Santos‐Toscano R, Guirguis A, Davidson C. How preclinical studies have influenced novel psychoactive substance legislation in the UK and Europe. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:452-481. [DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Santos‐Toscano
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Clinical & Biomedical Sciences University of Central Lancashire UK
| | - Amira Guirguis
- Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences 2, Swansea University Swansea UK
| | - Colin Davidson
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Clinical & Biomedical Sciences University of Central Lancashire UK
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6
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Shamai Yamin T, Prihed H, Madmon M, Shifrovitch A, Baratz A, Weissberg A. Structural elucidation of phenidate analogues via the ESI-MS/MS spectra of their sodium adduct ions. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 306:110044. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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Shoff EN, Kahl JH, Hime GW, Coburn M, Boland DM. 4-Fluoromethylphenidate: Fatal Intoxication Involving a Previously Unreported Novel Psychoactive Substance in the USA. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 43:666-672. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The (±)-threo-4-fluoromethylphenidate (4F-MPH) is a fluorinated analog of the prescription central nervous system stimulant medication, methylphenidate. This novel psychoactive substance was first detected in drug paraphernalia at the Miami-Dade County Medical Examiner Department Toxicology Laboratory in 2016 but was not detected in a biological specimen until 2018. Limited literature is available on 4F-MPH, with predominate literature being published out of Europe, and no known toxicities reported in the USA. Post-mortem specimens were screened using both gas chromatography mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography ion trap mass spectrometry (LC–Ion Trap-MSn). In addition, a validated method for the quantification of 4F-MPH was developed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS), with a linear range of 0.01–0.500 mg/L and acceptable validation criteria including precision, bias, carry-over, linearity and endogenous/exogenous interferences. In addition to the detection of 4F-MPH, 3-methoxy-PCP, amphetamine, methamphetamine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, morphine, codeine and tetrahydrocannabinol were also identified in the decedent. A single source of blood was collected (femoral vein) and quantified in all blood tubes used for collection, with concentrations varying from 0.012 to 0.05 mg/L. Additional specimens available for screening included gastric contents and urine. An additional peak having the same targeted ions and transitions as 4F-MPH was identified in both the LC–Ion Trap-MSn screening procedure and the LC–MS-MS quantitative procedure. This peak suggests the presence of a structural isomer, possibly (±)-erythro-4-fluoromethylphenidate, which cannot be confirmed due to there being no available certified reference material. This case report presents the first time that 4F-MPH was detected in a decedent, as well as the first time 4F-MPH has been listed in the official cause of death of a decedent in Florida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa N Shoff
- Miami-Dade Medical Examiner Department, Toxicology Laboratory, 1851 NW 10th Ave., Miami, USA
| | - Joseph H Kahl
- Miami-Dade Medical Examiner Department, Toxicology Laboratory, 1851 NW 10th Ave., Miami, USA
| | - George W Hime
- Miami-Dade Medical Examiner Department, Toxicology Laboratory, 1851 NW 10th Ave., Miami, USA
| | - Marta Coburn
- District 20 Medical Examiner Department, 3838 Domestic Ave., Naples, USA
| | - Diane M Boland
- Miami-Dade Medical Examiner Department, Toxicology Laboratory, 1851 NW 10th Ave., Miami, USA
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8
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Papa P, Valli A, Di Tuccio M, Frison G, Zancanaro F, Buscaglia E, Locatelli CA. Analytically Confirmed Intoxication by 4-Fluoromethylphenidate, an Analog of Methylphenidate. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 43:e1-e7. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Papa
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Valli
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marcello Di Tuccio
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giampietro Frison
- Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene and Forensic Toxicology, Department of Prevention, Azienda ULSS 3 Serenissima, Mestre, Veneto, Italy
| | - Flavio Zancanaro
- Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene and Forensic Toxicology, Department of Prevention, Azienda ULSS 3 Serenissima, Mestre, Veneto, Italy
| | - Eleonora Buscaglia
- Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA SB-IRCCS Pavia, Poison Control Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlo Alessandro Locatelli
- Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA SB-IRCCS Pavia, Poison Control Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre, Pavia, Italy
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9
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Shamai Yamin T, Prihed H, Weissberg A. Challenges in the identification process of phenidate analogues in LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis: Information enhancement by derivatization with isobutyl chloroformate. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:266-273. [PMID: 30597685 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new analytical technique for the structural elucidation of four representative phenidate analogues possessing a secondary amine residue, which leads to a major/single amine-representative fragment/product ion at m/z 84 both in their GC-EI-MS and LC-ESI-MS/MS spectra, making their identification ambiguous, was developed. The method is based on "in vial" chemical derivatization with isobutyl chloroformate in both aqueous and organic solutions, followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The resulting carbamate derivatives promote rich fragmentation patterns with full coverage of all substructures of the molecule, enabling detailed structural elucidation and unambiguous identification of the original compounds at low ng/mL levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Shamai Yamin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), P.O.B. 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hagit Prihed
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), P.O.B. 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Avi Weissberg
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), P.O.B. 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
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10
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Abstract
This summarizing and descriptive review article is an update on previously published reviews. It covers English-written and PubMed-listed review articles and original studies published between May 2016 and November 2017 on the toxicokinetics of new psychoactive substances (NPS). Compounds covered include stimulants and entactogens, synthetic cannabinoids, tryptamines, phenethylamine and phencyclidine-like drugs, benzodiazepines, and opioids. First, an overview and discussion is provided on selected review articles followed by an overview and discussion on selected original studies. Both sections are then concluded by an opinion on these latest developments. The present review shows that the NPS market is still highly dynamic and that studies regarding their toxicokinetics are necessary to understand risks associated with their consumption. Data collection and studies are encouraged to allow for detection of NPS in biological matrices in cases of acute intoxications or chronic consumption. Although some data are available, scientific papers dealing with the mechanistic reasons behind acute and chronic toxicity are still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
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11
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Barceló B, Gomila I, Rotolo MC, Marchei E, Kyriakou C, Pichini S, Roset C, Elorza MÁ, Busardò FP. Intoxication caused by new psychostimulants: analytical methods to disclose acute and chronic use of benzofurans and ethylphenidate. Int J Legal Med 2017; 131:1543-1553. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1648-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Lazenka MF, Freitas KC, Henck S, Negus SS. Relief of Pain-Depressed Behavior in Rats by Activation of D1-Like Dopamine Receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 362:14-23. [PMID: 28411257 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.240796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically significant pain often includes a decrease in both behavior and mesolimbic dopamine signaling. Indirect and/or direct dopamine receptor agonists may alleviate pain-related behavioral depression. To test this hypothesis, the present study compared effects of indirect and direct dopamine agonists in a preclinical assay of pain-depressed operant responding. Male Sprague-Dawley rats with chronic indwelling microelectrodes in the medial forebrain bundle were trained in an intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure to press a lever for pulses of electrical brain stimulation. Intraperitoneal injection of dilute lactic acid served as an acute noxious stimulus to depress ICSS. Intraperitoneal lactic acid-induced depression of ICSS was dose-dependently blocked by the dopamine transporter inhibitor methylphenidate and the D1-selective agonist SKF82958, but not by the D2/3-selective agonists quinpirole, pramipexole, or sumanirole. The antinociceptive effects of methylphenidate and SKF82958 were blocked by the D1-selective antagonist SCH39166. Acid-induced stimulation of a stretching response was evaluated in separate groups of rats, but all agonists decreased acid-stimulated stretching, and antagonism experiments were inconclusive due to direct effects of the antagonists when administered alone. Taken together, these results suggest that D1-receptor stimulation is both sufficient to block acid-induced depression of ICSS and necessary for methylphenidate antinociception in this procedure. Conversely, D2/3-receptor stimulation is not sufficient to relieve pain-depressed behavior. These results support the hypothesis that pain-related depression of dopamine D1 receptor signaling contributes to pain-related depression of behavior in rats. Additionally, these results support further consideration of indirect dopamine agonists and direct D1 receptor agonists as candidate treatments for pain-related behavioral depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Lazenka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Kelen C Freitas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sydney Henck
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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13
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Klare H, Neudörfl JM, Brandt SD, Mischler E, Meier-Giebing S, Deluweit K, Westphal F, Laussmann T. Analysis of six ‘neuro-enhancing’ phenidate analogs. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:423-435. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helge Klare
- Central Customs Authority; Centre of Education and Science; Merianstrasse 110 50765 Cologne Germany
| | - Jörg M. Neudörfl
- University of Cologne; Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry; Greinstrasse 6 50939 Cologne Germany
| | - Simon D. Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - Elisabeth Mischler
- Central Customs Authority; Centre of Education and Science; Merianstrasse 110 50765 Cologne Germany
| | - Sigrid Meier-Giebing
- Central Customs Authority; Centre of Education and Science; Merianstrasse 110 50765 Cologne Germany
| | - Kathrin Deluweit
- Central Customs Authority; Centre of Education and Science; Merianstrasse 110 50765 Cologne Germany
| | - Folker Westphal
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein; Section Narcotics/Toxicology; Mühlenweg 166 24116 Kiel Germany
| | - Tim Laussmann
- Central Customs Authority; Centre of Education and Science; Merianstrasse 110 50765 Cologne Germany
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14
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Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV. Addressing the challenges in forensic drug chemistry. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:342-346. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon D. Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Byrom Street Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - Pierce V. Kavanagh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics; School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James Hospital; Dublin 8, D08W9RT Ireland
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