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Ioannou KA, Christou A, Stavrou IJ, Schmid MG, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. Evaluation of cyclodextrin- and cyclofructan-based chiral selectors for the enantioseparation of psychoactive substances in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:2392-2401. [PMID: 36189902 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
During this study, a simple and easy-to-prepare electrophoretic method was developed for the enantioseparation of amphetamine and cathinone derivatives. Different types of β-cyclodextrin and cyclofructan-based chiral selectors (CSs), both native and derivatized, were utilized, and the most effective ones, in terms of resolution and analysis time, were identified. In addition, several electrophoretic parameters, such as background electrolyte concentration and pH, and CS concentration, were examined to optimize the separation conditions. Under the optimal electrophoretic conditions, 10 psychoactive substances were enantiomerically separated using 1 mM sulfated cyclofructan-6 (SCF-6) for the amphetamine derivatives and 1 mM sulfated cyclofructan-7 (SCF-7) for the cathinone derivatives dissolved in an aqueous solution of 20-mM monobasic sodium phosphate at pH 2.5, a temperature of 25°C, and an applied voltage of 25 kV. In addition, the method was validated by estimating the intra- and interday precision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ioannis J Stavrou
- Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Martin G Schmid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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2
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Lim TX, Pierens GK, Bernhardt PV, Ahamed M, Reutens DC. Synthesis, isolation and characterisation of fluorinated-benzimidazoisoquinoline regioisomers. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2021; 59:1154-1159. [PMID: 34250653 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A pair of novel fluorinated-benzimidazoisoquinoline regioisomers was synthesised and isolated. Initial structural characterisation and identification employed 1D proton, 1D carbon, correlated spectroscopy (COSY), heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC), and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. However, the fluorinated regioisomers could not be differentiated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) alone. Density functional theory calculations and single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments were used to completely characterise and identify the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xiang Lim
- ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gregory K Pierens
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul V Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Muneer Ahamed
- ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David C Reutens
- ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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3
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Theofel N, Budach D, Vejmelka E, Scholtis S, Tsokos M. Toxicological investigations in a death involving 2-MAPB. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2021; 17:317-321. [PMID: 33877515 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-021-00366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
New psychoactive substances are becoming increasingly popular. However, there is a lack of mass spectral information on parent substances and their corresponding metabolites as well as fatal concentrations in body liquids and tissues. Only very few clinical reports and user reports exist. This is also the case for methylaminopropylbenzofuran (MAPB) isomers. Urine from a decedent was screened using different immuno assays, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). Additionally, respective targets were quantitated in all analyzed specimens by LC-MS/MS. Gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy (GC-IR) was applied to confirm the identity of the intoxication. GC-MS and the amphetamine immuno assay were useful to track the putative intoxication. However, the chemical structure of 2-MAPB was only elucidated by means of LC-HRMS/MS and GC-IR. 2-MAPB was highest in urine (167 µg/mL), followed by gastric content (98.9 µg/mL), bile fluid (30.8 µg/mL), liver (22.2 µg/g), heart blood (16.7 µg/mL), and lowest in femoral blood (7.3 µg/mL). Besides the parent substance, we detected N-demethyl-2-MAPB and hydroxy-2-MAPB in the urine sample. This case report presents an intoxication caused by 2-MAPB. The 2-MAPB concentration found in femoral blood exceeded those reviewed for 5/6-MAPB. The concentrations of the other specimens cannot be evaluated because there exist no comparative data. The values presented can be applied to assess 2-MAPB intoxications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Theofel
- Governmental Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Turmstraße 21, 10559, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dennis Budach
- Criminal Investigation Division, Tempelhofer Damm 12, 12101, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke Vejmelka
- Governmental Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Turmstraße 21, 10559, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Scholtis
- Governmental Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Turmstraße 21, 10559, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Tsokos
- Governmental Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Turmstraße 21, 10559, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Schwelm HM, Grumann C, Auwärter V, Neukamm MA. Application of a chiral high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of 13 related amphetamine‐type stimulants to forensic samples: Interpretative hypotheses. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1354-1365. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes M. Schwelm
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Hermann Staudinger Graduate School University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Christina Grumann
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Hermann Staudinger Graduate School University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Merja A. Neukamm
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
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Grapp M, Kaufmann C, Schwelm HM, Neukamm MA, Blaschke S, Eidizadeh A. Intoxication cases associated with the novel designer drug 3',4'-methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinohexanophenone and studies on its human metabolism using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1320-1335. [PMID: 32476242 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Among the increasing number of new psychoactive substances, 3',4'-methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinohexanophenone (MDPHP) belongs to the group of synthetic cathinones, which are the derivatives of the naturally occurring compound cathinone, the main psychoactive ingredient in the khat plant. Currently, only limited data are available for MDPHP, and no information is available on its human metabolism. We describe the toxicological investigation of nine cases associated with the use of MDPHP during the period February-June 2019. Serum MDPHP concentrations showed a high variability ranging from 3.3 to 140 ng/mL (mean 30.3 ng/mL and median 16 ng/mL). Intoxication symptoms of the described cases could not be explained by the abuse of MDPHP alone because in all cases the co-consumption of other psychotropic drugs with frequent occurrence of opiates and benzodiazepines could be verified. Therefore, the patients showed different clinical symptoms, including aggressive behaviour, delayed physical response, loss of consciousness and coma. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was successfully used to investigate the human in vivo metabolism of MDPHP using authentic human urine samples. The metabolism data for MDPHP were further substantiated by the analysis of human urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS, a widely used systematic toxicological analysis method appropriate for the toxicological detection of MDPHP intake), which revealed the presence of seven phase I metabolites and three phase II metabolites as glucuronides. GC-MS spectral data for MDPHP and metabolites are provided. The identified metabolite pattern corroborates the principal metabolic pathways of α-pyrrolidinophenones in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Grapp
- Forensic Toxicological Laboratory, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Kaufmann
- Forensic Toxicological Laboratory, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannes M Schwelm
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Merja A Neukamm
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Blaschke
- Interdisciplinary Emergency Care Department, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Abass Eidizadeh
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry/UMG-Laboratories, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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Grumann C, Huppertz LM, Bisel P, Angerer V, Auwärter V. Method validation and preliminary pharmacokinetic studies on the new designer stimulant 3‐fluorophenmetrazine (3‐FPM). Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1009-1017. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Grumann
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Hermann Staudinger Graduate SchoolUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Laura M. Huppertz
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Philippe Bisel
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Verena Angerer
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Forensic ToxicologyInstitute of Forensic Medicine St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
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