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Yan X, Yan S, Chang W, Wen C, Zhang L, Wang Z, Yang S. Ultraviolet spectra determination and computational analysis of 44 E/Z steroid isomers in dried blood spot. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:661-673. [PMID: 37957802 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The dried blood spot (DBS) is a novel alternative matrix used in 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics and Paralympics. It is capable of distinguishing anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) esters without the gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) confirmation. In this study, a method for detection of 22 anabolic steroid esters in DBS based on ultra-high liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) with parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) was developed and validated. Methoxylamine was used as the derivatization reagent to improve the sensibility. Specificity, limit of detection (LOD), linearity, stability, robustness, and carryover were evaluated. Steroid esters are nine testosterone esters, six nandrolone esters, five boldenone esters, methenolone enanthate, and trenbolone acetate. UV spectra were determined by HPLC. And density functional theory (DFT) calculation methods could provide theoretical UV spectra data. Three basis set of B3LYP/6-31G(d), B3LYP/6-31+G(d, p), and WB97XD/6-31+G(d, p) were used for the geometry optimizations and TD-DFT calculation. The average deviation (%RD) of B3LYP/6-31+G(d) for all 44 ester oximes are less than 3.0%. This study for the first time provides a method to tentatively identify the 44 E/Z configurations of steroid oxime products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiya Yan
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Siyu Yan
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chang
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wen
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Lisi Zhang
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanliang Wang
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Polet M, Van Eenoo P, Brooker L, Edey C, Agon V, Grainger J, Payne G, Goebel C. Prevalence of nandrolone preparations with endogenous carbon isotope ratios in Australia. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38342098 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Nandrolone and its prohormones, including 19-norandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione and 19-norandrost-4-ene-3β,17β-diol, are anabolic steroids forbidden at all times in sports according to the World Anti-Doping Code Prohibited List and its metabolite 19-norandrosterone (19NA) is the preferred urinary target compound to identify their abuse. In recent years, an increasing number of 19NA isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) cases have arisen that, based on the initial testing procedure, were likely to result in an adverse analytical finding but were concluded negative after IRMS analysis. The current study was therefore set up to gain a better insight on the prevalence of nandrolone preparations with endogenous carbon isotope ratio values in Australia. Suitable workplace (non-athlete) urine samples that had previously been reported positive for 19NA were identified and analysed on IRMS. A total of 82% of the samples that were analysed were reported with enriched carbon isotope ratios of 19NA (i.e., 19NA greater than -26‰). This indicates that there is a high prevalence of nandrolone-containing anabolic androgenic steroid preparations in Australia that have 'endogenous' carbon isotope ratios which reduces the ability to identify exogenous nandrolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polet
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lance Brooker
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claire Edey
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vanessa Agon
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janelle Grainger
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gemma Payne
- Sport Integrity Australia, Fyshwick, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Catrin Goebel
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Nair VS, Howa JD, Morrison MS, Beggs L, Campbell T, Fedoruk M, Ahrens B, Eichner D. δ 13 C values of urinary 19-norandrosterone in antidoping samples and potential for adverse findings from boar offal consumption. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1356-1360. [PMID: 36929692 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
19-Norandrosterone (19NA) is the preferred urinary target compound to identify doping with nandrolone or related 19-norsteroids. At concentrations between 2.5 and 15 ng/mL, isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is required to establish exogenous origin of urinary 19NA. An absolute difference of 3‰ between urinary 19NA and an endogenous reference compound (ERC) constitutes a finding for exogenous origin of 19NA. Over the last 3 years, 77 samples containing urinary 19NA between 2.5 and 15 ng/mL were analyzed at our laboratory. The measured δ13 C values for 19NA ranged from -29.5‰ to -16.8‰. In comparison, the δ13 C values for the corresponding urinary ERCs ranged from -22.4‰ to -16.2‰. Due to the considerable overlap in values between the target compound and the natural range of urinary ERCs, it can be challenging to distinguish between endogenous and exogenous origins of urinary 19NA. In addition, it is well known that consumption of offal from non-castrated pigs can produce 19NA in urine. To determine whether this could cause a positive IRMS finding under the current IRMS positivity criteria, meat from non-castrated boars fed a mixture of corn and soy was consumed by 13 volunteers. Two volunteers produced 19NA findings above 2.5 ng/mL, and the measured isotope values, while inconsistent with documented 19-norsteroid preparations, did meet IRMS positivity criteria. However, these increases in 19NA urinary concentrations were short-lived due to rapid elimination. Timely follow-up collections may help support a claim for dietary exposure when low urinary concentrations of 19NA with pseudo-endogenous isotope values are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod S Nair
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
| | - John D Howa
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
| | - Matthew S Morrison
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
| | - Lacey Beggs
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
| | - Thane Campbell
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
| | - Matthew Fedoruk
- United States Anti-Doping Agency, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Brian Ahrens
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
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Merrick JP, Liu FH, Lewin M, Iavetz R. Bias estimation in the certification of steroid reference materials for carbon isotope delta measurements via elemental analyser and gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9502. [PMID: 36914244 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Two new certified reference materials (CRMs) have been prepared providing three steroids certified for stable carbon isotope delta values, δ(13 C) ‰. These materials have been designed to assist anti-doping laboratories in validating their calibration method or to be employed as calibrant for stable carbon isotope measurements of Boldenone, Boldenone Metabolite 1 and Formestane. These CRMs will allow for accurate and traceable analysis in compliance with World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Technical Document TD2021IRMS. METHODS Certification was performed using an elemental analyser-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS) primary reference method on the bulk carbon isotope ratios of nominally pure steroid starting materials. EA-IRMS analyses were carried out on a Flash EA Isolink CN coupled via a Conflo IV to a Delta V plus mass spectrometer. Confirmation analysis was performed by gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) using a Trace 1310 GC coupled to a Delta V plus mass spectrometer via GC Isolink II. RESULTS Based on the EA-IRMS analysis, the materials were certified with δ(13 C) values of -30.38‰ (Boldenone), -29.71‰ (Boldenone Metabolite 1) and 30.71‰ (Formestane). Noting that the assumption of 100% purity in the starting materials has the potential to introduce bias, this was investigated using GC-C-IRMS analysis and theoretical modelling based on purity assessment data. CONCLUSIONS Careful application of this theoretical model was shown to provide reasonable estimates of uncertainty while avoiding the introduction of errors associated with analyte-specific fractionation during GC-C-IRMS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Merrick
- Chemical Reference Values, National Measurement Institute, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fong-Ha Liu
- Chemical Reference Values, National Measurement Institute, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Lewin
- Chemical Reference Values, National Measurement Institute, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Raluca Iavetz
- Chemical Reference Values, National Measurement Institute, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
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Miguita AGC, Augusti R, Nascentes CC, Sena MM. Screening method for the characterization of anabolic steroids seized in Brazil using paper spray mass spectrometry and chemometric tools. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2022; 57:e4886. [PMID: 36200132 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the use of paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) combined with chemometric models to analyze seized samples of anabolic steroids. Because many forensic laboratories typically demand high-throughput analysis for this type of sample, we developed a quicker and simpler alternative analytical method for routine analysis with minimal sample preparation. Oily samples (n = 39) resulting from seizures carried out by Brazilian Federal and State Police units were selected for this study. These samples were analyzed by PS-MS in the positive ion mode and full scan (50-1000 m/z), providing spectra containing patterns of the respective active ingredients present in each product. A principal component analysis (PCA) model was built, which discriminated samples mainly according to their active ingredients and allowed to detect and characterize some cases of product counterfeiting. The variable selection method ordered predictors selection was employed jointly with PCA to improve sample cluster separation and to provide model simplification. The final PCA model was built with three principal components and using only 28 spectral variables. This model accounted for 69.82% of the variance and discriminated samples according to their specific active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Martins Sena
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology and Bioanalytics (INCT Bio), Campinas, Brazil
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Coimbra MA, Barbosa FS, Scheid C, Macedo SMD, Yonamine M, Merib JO, Oliveira TF, Eller S. Mass spectrometry determination of seized oil-based anabolic-androgenic steroids products. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 328:111012. [PMID: 34587560 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The presence of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) in illegal commercial products has been pointed as a global threat for public health. Due the correlation with adverse toxicological effects, there is a growing interest in the implementation of straightforward methods for the determination of AAS in seized products. This work exploited the development of a mass spectrometry approach to characterize the illegal oil formulations containing AAS. METHODS The optimization of sample preparation was performed through a simplex-centroid design and the best condition was described as follow: an aliquot of 5 μL of sample were added with 995 μL of acetonitrile and water (75:25, v/v). The solution was vortexed and centrifuged. After that, 10 μL of supernatant were added with 35 μL of acetonitrile and water and internal standard (testosterone-d3, 1.25 ng). An aliquot of 5 μL was injected into the analytical system. RESULTS The method developed was validated and successfully applied in 115 seized samples. Testosterone and its esters had the highest incidence, found in more than 50% of the samples. Besides that, drugs such as boldenone, methandienone, and trenbolone have also been found, where the low quality of the samples was evidenced by the wide variation in the concentration of the drugs, always quantified in sub-doses. Finally, at least one AAS was detected in each sample analyzed. The statistical results were grouped by principal components analysis, to better understand the profile of the seized samples. CONCLUSION This work successfully established a fast and simple method for determination of AAS and can be applied to verify the profile of seized samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masurquede A Coimbra
- Pharmacosciences Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fábio S Barbosa
- Pharmacosciences Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Camila Scheid
- Pharmacosciences Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sandra M D Macedo
- Pharmacosciences Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Yonamine
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Josias O Merib
- Pharmacosciences Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tiago F Oliveira
- Pharmacosciences Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Sarah Eller
- Pharmacosciences Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Piper T, Thevis M. Investigations in carbon isotope ratios of seized testosterone and boldenone preparations. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:514-518. [PMID: 34192821 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In order to detect the misuse of testosterone (T) or boldenone (Bo) in doping control analysis, the confirmation of atypical findings employing the determination of carbon isotope ratios (CIR) is mandatory for issuing adverse analytical findings. Elevated concentrations of T (or elevated T/epitestosterone ratios) may result from confounding factors such as ethanol intake, and the presence of low urinary concentrations of Bo can originate from endogenous or urinary in situ production of small amounts of the steroid. As pharmaceutical preparations of Bo and T are generally depleted in 13 C, their CIR differ significantly from the 13 C-enriched endogenous steroids. Some rare cases have been reported on pharmaceutical preparations showing 13 C-enriched isotope ratios that complicate the current application of CIR in sports drug testing. Therefore, the CIR of a subset of n = 157 T preparations and n = 39 Bo preparations seized in Switzerland and Germany between 2013 and 2018 was analyzed in order to estimate the possible impact of steroid preparations showing 13 C-enriched isotope ratios on the current approach to detect their misuse. All investigated Bo preparations showed CIR in the expected range between - 26.7 and -30.3‰. Within the T samples, 95% showed the expected values below -26‰ while six samples fall between -25 and -26‰ and one sample was indistinguishable from endogenously produced T with a CIR of -23.3‰.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, Köln, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, Köln, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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Hülsemann F, Fußhöller G, Lehn C, Thevis M. Excretion of 19‐norandrosterone after consumption of boar meat. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1581-1586. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hülsemann
- Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Gregor Fußhöller
- Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Christine Lehn
- Institute of Legal Medicine University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
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Wen C, Zhu T, Wang J, Liu X, Wang S, Zhang Y. Application of online two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography as purification procedure to determine the origin of 19-norandrosterone in urine by gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:338-347. [PMID: 32853478 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
19-Norandrosterone (19-NA) is the main metabolite of nandrolone and/or its precursors, which can be found naturally in human urine in trace amount. Gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) confirmation procedure can be used to identify a potential exogenous origin of 19-NA in urine sample. Sample purification for GC-C-IRMS analysis is crucial to the whole confirmation procedure because the concentration of 19-NA in the urine to be tested is very low. Online two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (2D-HPLC) clean-up procedure with high separation capacity is used to isolate and enrich 19-NA as a sample pretreatment process. Linearity, lowest detectable concentration, uncertainty, and selectivity of the method are validated according to the World Anti-doping Agency's (WADA) requirement. Isotope fractionation effect was not observed during the 2D-HPLC purification process. The validated method provides a high efficient and convenient confirmation procedure to determine the origin of 19-NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wen
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Tianshuo Zhu
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Jingzhu Wang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Xin Liu
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Shan Wang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Yinong Zhang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, 10029, China
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Van Renterghem P, Viaene W, Van Gansbeke W, Barrabin J, Iannone M, Polet M, T'Sjoen G, Deventer K, Van Eenoo P. Validation of an ultra-sensitive detection method for steroid esters in plasma for doping analysis using positive chemical ionization GC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1141:122026. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H. Annual banned‐substance review – Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:7-26. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research ‐ Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research ‐ Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents Cologne Germany
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Thevis M, Walpurgis K, Thomas A. Analytical Approaches in Human Sports Drug Testing: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Solutions. Anal Chem 2019; 92:506-523. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
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13
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Thevis M. The 36 th Manfred Donike workshop on doping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1633-1634. [PMID: 30394671 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
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