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Thomas A, Thevis M. Recent advances in mass spectrometry for the detection of doping. Expert Rev Proteomics 2024; 21:27-39. [PMID: 38214680 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2024.2305432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The analysis of doping control samples is preferably performed by mass spectrometry, because obtained results meet the highest analytical standards and ensure an impressive degree of reliability. The advancement in mass spectrometry and all its associated technologies thus allow for continuous improvements in doping control analysis. AREAS COVERED Modern mass spectrometric systems have reached a status of increased sensitivity, robustness, and specificity within the last decade. The improved sensitivity in particular has, on the other hand, also led to the detection of drug residues that were attributable to scenarios where the prohibited substances were not administered consciously but rather by the unconscious ingestion of or exposure to contaminated products. These scenarios and their doubtless clarification represent a great challenge. Here, too, modern MS systems and their applications can provide good insights in the interpretation of dose-related metabolism of prohibited substances. In addition to the development of new instruments itself, software-assisted analysis of the sometimes highly complex data is playing an increasingly important role and facilitating the work of doping control laboratories. EXPERT OPINION The sensitive analysis and evaluation of a higher number of samples in a shorter time is made possible by the ongoing developments in mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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Guan F, You Y, Fay S, Adreance MA, McGoldrick LK, Robinson MA. Factors affecting untargeted detection of doping agents in biological samples. Talanta 2023; 258:124446. [PMID: 36940570 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Doping control is essential for sports, and untargeted detection of doping agents (UDDA) is the holy grail for anti-doping strategies. The present study examined major factors impacting UDDA with metabolomic data processing, including the use of blank samples, signal-to-noise ratio thresholds, and the minimum chromatographic peak intensity. Contrary to data processing in metabolomics studies, both blank sample use (either blank solvent or plasma) and marking of background compounds were found to be unnecessary for UDDA in biological samples, the first such report to the authors' knowledge. The minimum peak intensity required to detect chromatographic peaks affected the limit of detection (LOD) and data processing time for untargeted detection of 57 drugs spiked into equine plasma. The ratio of the mean (ROM) of the extracted ion chromatographic peak area of a compound in the sample group (SG) to that in the control group (CG) impacted its LOD, and a small ROM value such as 2 is recommended for UDDA. Mathematical modeling of the required signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) for UDDA provided insights into the effect of the number of samples in the SG, the number of positive samples, and the ROM on the required S/N, highlighting the power of mathematics in addressing issues in analytical chemistry. The UDDA method was validated by its successful identification of untargeted doping agents in real-world post-competition equine plasma samples. This advancement in UDDA methodology will be a useful addition to the arsenal of approaches used to combat doping in sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu Guan
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA; Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA, 19382, USA.
| | - Youwen You
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA; Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA, 19382, USA
| | - Savannah Fay
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA; Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA, 19382, USA
| | - Matthew A Adreance
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA; Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA, 19382, USA
| | - Leif K McGoldrick
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA; Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA, 19382, USA
| | - Mary A Robinson
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA; Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA, 19382, USA
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Zarrouk E, Lenski M, Bruno C, Thibert V, Contreras P, Privat K, Ameline A, Fabresse N. High-resolution mass spectrometry: Theoretical and technological aspects. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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