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Young AE, Finno CJ. Current insights into equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy. Vet J 2024; 305:106129. [PMID: 38734404 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (eNAD/EDM) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease associated with vitamin E deficiency in the first year of life. It is the second most common cause of spinal ataxia in horses euthanized for neurologic disease. Equine NAD/EDM is characterized by neurologic signs including a symmetric proprioceptive ataxia (> grade 2/5) and a wide-base stance at rest. There are currently no antemortem tests for eNAD/EDM in any breed. Conclusive diagnosis requires postmortem histologic evaluation of the brainstem and spinal cord at necropsy. Research studies on antemortem biomarkers and genetic testing are ongoing. The development of a genetic test for eNAD/EDM would have widespread impact, even if it were breed specific. Currently, the best approach to eNAD/EDM is to focus on preventing cases by providing pregnant mares and foals with access to pasture. Alternatively, dams' diets can be supplemented with high doses of water-soluble RRR-α-tocopherol during the last trimester of gestation, with continued supplementation of foals through the first two years of life. It is important to measure horses' baseline serum vitamin E levels prior to supplementing. While considered generally safe, oversupplementation of vitamin E is possible and can lead to coagulopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Young
- Center for Equine Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carrie J Finno
- Center for Equine Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Finno CJ, Johnson AL. Equine Neuroaxonal Dystrophy and Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2022; 38:213-224. [PMID: 35811203 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroaxonal degenerative disease in the horse is termed equine neuroaxonal dystrophy (eNAD), when pathologic lesions are localized to the brainstem and equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (EDM) and degenerative changes extend throughout the spinal cord. Both pathologic conditions result in identical clinical disease, most commonly characterized by the insidious onset of ataxia during early development. However, later onset of clinical signs and additional clinical features, such as behavior changes, is also observed. A definitive diagnosis of eNAD/EDM requires histologic evaluation of the caudal medulla and cervicothoracic spinal cord. Strong evidence has suggested that eNAD/EDM is an inherited disorder and there seems to be a role for vitamin E acting as an environmental modifier to determine the overall severity of the phenotype of horses affected with eNAD/EDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie J Finno
- Department of Veterinary Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Room 4206 Vet Med 3A One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Amy L Johnson
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine- New Bolton Center, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
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Zaaboul F, Liu Y. Vitamin E in foodstuff: Nutritional, analytical, and food technology aspects. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:964-998. [PMID: 35181987 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E is a group of isoprenoid chromanols with different biological activities. It comprises eight oil-soluble compounds: four tocopherols, namely, α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols; and four tocotrienols, namely, α-, β-, γ, and δ-tocotrienols. Vitamin E isomers are well-known for their antioxidant activity, gene-regulation effects, and anti-inflammatory and nephroprotective properties. Considering that vitamin E is exclusively synthesized by photosynthetic organisms, animals can only acquire it through their diet. Plant-based food is the primary source of vitamin E; hence, oils, nuts, fruits, and vegetables with high contents of vitamin E are mostly consumed after processing, including industrial processes and home-cooking, which involve vitamin E profile and content alteration during their preparation. Accordingly, it is essential to identify the vitamin E content and profile in foodstuff to match daily intake requirements. This review summarizes recent advances in vitamin E chemistry, metabolism and metabolites, current knowledge on their contents and profiles in raw and processed plant foods, and finally, their modern developments in analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Zaaboul
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic China
| | - YuanFa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic China
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Hales EN, Habib H, Favro G, Katzman S, Sakai RR, Marquardt S, Bordbari MH, Ming-Whitfield B, Peterson J, Dahlgren AR, Rivas V, Ramirez CA, Peng S, Donnelly CG, Dizmang BS, Kallenberg A, Grahn R, Miller AD, Woolard K, Moeller B, Puschner B, Finno CJ. Increased α-tocopherol metabolism in horses with equine neuroaxonal dystrophy. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2473-2485. [PMID: 34331715 PMCID: PMC8478026 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (eNAD/EDM) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder associated with a vitamin E deficiency within the first year of life. Vitamin E consists of 8 isoforms metabolized by the CYP4F2 enzyme. No antemortem diagnostic test currently exists for eNAD/EDM. Hypothesis/Objectives Based on the association of α‐tocopherol deficiency with the development of eNAD/EDM, we hypothesized that the rate of α‐tocopherol, but not γ‐tocopherol or tocotrienol metabolism, would be increased in eNAD/EDM‐affected horses. Animals Vitamin E metabolism: Proof of concept (POC) study; eNAD/EDM‐affected (n = 5) and control (n = 6) horses. Validation study: eNAD/EDM‐affected Quarter Horses (QHs; n = 6), cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy affected (n = 6) horses and control (n = 29) horses. CYP4F2 expression and copy number: eNAD/EDM‐affected (n = 12) and age‐ and sex‐matched control (n = 11‐12) horses. Methods The rates of α‐tocopherol/tocotrienol and γ‐tocopherol/tocotrienol metabolism were assessed in equine serum (POC and validation) and urine (POC only) using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Quantitative reverse‐transcriptase PCR (qRT‐PCR) and droplet digital (dd)‐PCR were used to assay expression and genomic copy number of a CYP4F2 equine ortholog. Results Metabolic rate of α‐tocopherol was increased in eNAD/EDM horses (POC,P < .0001; validation, P = .03), with no difference in the metabolic rate of γ‐tocopherol. Horses with eNAD/EDM had increased expression of the CYP4F2 equine orthologue (P = .02) but no differences in copy number. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Increased α‐tocopherol metabolism in eNAD/EDM‐affected QHs provides novel insight into alterations in vitamin E processing in eNAD/EDM and highlights the need for high‐dose supplementation to prevent the clinical phenotype in genetically susceptible horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N Hales
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Hadi Habib
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Gianna Favro
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Scott Katzman
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - R Russell Sakai
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sabin Marquardt
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Matthew H Bordbari
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Brittni Ming-Whitfield
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Janel Peterson
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Anna R Dahlgren
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Victor Rivas
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Carolina Alanis Ramirez
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sichong Peng
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Callum G Donnelly
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Bobbi-Sue Dizmang
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Angelica Kallenberg
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Robert Grahn
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Woolard
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Moeller
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Carrie J Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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