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Loup B, André F, Avignon J, Lhuaire M, Delcourt V, Barnabé A, Garcia P, Popot MA, Bailly-Chouriberry L. miRNAs detection in equine plasma by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for doping control: Assessment of blood sampling and study of eca-miR-144 as potential erythropoiesis stimulating agent biomarker. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:953-962. [PMID: 33860991 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Short half-life doping substances are, quickly eliminated and therefore difficult to control with traditional analytical chemistry methods. Indirect methods targeting biomarkers constitute an alternative to extend detection time frames in doping control analyses. Gene expression analysis (i.e., transcriptomics) has already shown interesting results in both humans and equines for erythropoietin (EPO), growth hormone (GH), and anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) misuses. In humans, circulating cell-free microRNAs in plasma were described as new potential biomarkers for control of major doping agent (MDA) abuses. The development of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method allowing the detection of circulating miRNAs was carried out on equine plasma collected on different type of tubes (EDTA, lithium-heparin [LiHep]). Although analyzing plasma collected in EDTA tubes is a standard method in molecular biology, analyzing plasma collected in LiHep tubes is challenging, as heparin is a reverse transcription (RT) and a PCR inhibitor. Different strategies were considered, and attention was paid on both miRNAs extraction quality and detection sensitivity. The detection of endogenous circulating miRNAs was performed and compared between the different types of tubes. In parallel, homologs of human miRNAs characterized as potential biomarkers of doping were sought in equine databases. The miRNA eca-miR-144, described as potential erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) administration candidate biomarker was retained and assessed in equine post-administration samples. The results about the qPCR method development and optimization are exposed as well as the equine miRNAs detection. To our knowledge, this work is the first study and the proof of concept of circulating miRNAs detection in plasma dedicated to equine doping control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Loup
- GIE Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 rue de Paradis, Verrières le Buisson, 91300, France
| | - François André
- GIE Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 rue de Paradis, Verrières le Buisson, 91300, France
| | - Justine Avignon
- GIE Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 rue de Paradis, Verrières le Buisson, 91300, France
| | - Marion Lhuaire
- GIE Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 rue de Paradis, Verrières le Buisson, 91300, France
| | - Vivian Delcourt
- GIE Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 rue de Paradis, Verrières le Buisson, 91300, France
| | - Agnès Barnabé
- GIE Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 rue de Paradis, Verrières le Buisson, 91300, France
| | - Patrice Garcia
- GIE Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 rue de Paradis, Verrières le Buisson, 91300, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Popot
- GIE Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 rue de Paradis, Verrières le Buisson, 91300, France
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Bonilauri B, Dallagiovanna B. Linking long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and doping detection. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:1068-1071. [PMID: 33119947 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the fight against doping, efficient methods for detecting substances or biomarkers are still being improved. Indirect methods are an interesting alternative for the detection of substances misuse longitudinally. Here we shed lights the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as a possible biomarkers due to their characteristics such as tissue-specific expression and strict regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Bonilauri
- Laboratory of Basic Biology of Stem Cells (LABCET), Carlos Chagas Institute-FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bruno Dallagiovanna
- Laboratory of Basic Biology of Stem Cells (LABCET), Carlos Chagas Institute-FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Faiss R, Saugy J, Saugy M. Fighting Doping in Elite Sports: Blood for All Tests! Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:30. [PMID: 33344954 PMCID: PMC7739585 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the fight against doping, detection of doping substances in biological matrices is paramount. Analytical possibilities have evolved and sanctioning a doping scenario by detecting forbidden bioactive compounds circulating unmodified in blood is nowadays very attractive. In addition, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) introduced the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) a decade ago as a new paradigm inferring the use of prohibited substances or methods through longitudinal profiling, or serial analyses of indirect biomarkers of doping, to be both scientifically and legally robust. After the introduction in 2008 of an hematological module (i.e., based on variations of blood variables) aiming to identify enhancement of oxygen transport and any form of blood transfusion or manipulation, a urinary steroidal module was additionally introduced in 2014 composed of concentrations and ratios of various endogenously produced steroidal hormones. Some evidence tends to discredit steroid profiles obtained from urine analyses to detect the use of endogenous androgenic anabolic steroids (EAAS), when administered exogenously, due to high rates of false negatives with short half-life and topical formulations rendering profile alteration only minimal or equivocal. On the other hand, steroid hormones quantification in blood showed a promising ability to detect testosterone doping and interesting complementarities to the ABP thanks to the most recent analytical techniques (UHPLC-HRMS or/and MS/MS). This perspective article explores the opportunities of blood samples to monitor not only hematological but also steroid profiles in elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Faiss
- REDs, Research and Expertise in Antidoping Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Saugy
- REDs, Research and Expertise in Antidoping Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martial Saugy
- REDs, Research and Expertise in Antidoping Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:1-19. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory, United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14; 00380; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Cologne; Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Cologne; Germany
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Abstract
Technical advances are being made in many areas of biotechnology and genetics that are facilitating the detection of doping in sport. These improvements have been catalyzed by the need to counter the ever-increasing sophistication of the community of athletes and their retinues who are intent on the illicit use of physical, pharmacological and genetic tools and methods to enhance athletic performance, in contravention of established international ethical and legal standards and of international treaty. The methods described in this article present a partial and general picture of only some of these advances.
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Neuberger EWI, Jurkiewicz M, Moser DA, Simon P. Detection of EPO gene doping in blood. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:859-69. [PMID: 22508654 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gene doping--or the abuse of gene therapy--will continue to threaten the sports world. History has shown that progress in medical research is likely to be abused in order to enhance human performance. In this review, we critically discuss the progress and the risks associated with the field of erythropoietin (EPO) gene therapy and its applicability to EPO gene doping. We present typical vector systems that are employed in ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy trials. Due to associated risks, gene doping is not a feasible alternative to conventional EPO or blood doping at this time. Nevertheless, it is well described that about half of the elite athlete population is in principle willing to risk its health to gain a competitive advantage. This includes the use of technologies that lack safety approval. Sophisticated detection approaches are a prerequisite for prevention of unapproved and uncontrolled use of gene therapy technology. In this review, we present current detection approaches for EPO gene doping, with a focus on blood-based direct and indirect approaches. Gene doping is detectable in principle, and recent DNA-based detection strategies enable long-term detection of transgenic DNA (tDNA) following in vivo gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmo W I Neuberger
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Müller-Platz C. Misuse potential of molecular biology and biotechnology in sport. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:643-4. [PMID: 22031501 DOI: 10.1002/dta.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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