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Abstract
Over the past decade, new emerging tobacco and nicotine-delivery products have changed the tobacco landscape. Especially, electronic cigarettes (ECs) have been suggested to be considered for tobacco harm reduction, reinforcing the need to identify novel biomarkers of exposure (BoE) specific to the EC use as this would complement exposure assessment and product compliance monitoring. Therefore, a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of 1,2-propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (G), the main e-liquid constituents, was established. PG and G were analyzed in plasma and urine samples from a clinical study comparing five nicotine product user groups, users of combustible cigarettes (CC), electronic cigarettes (EC), heated tobacco products (HTP), oral tobacco (OT), and oral/dermal nicotine delivery products (used for nicotine replacement therapy, NRT) with a control group of non-users (NU). Data demonstrate significantly elevated PG levels in urine and plasma in EC users compared to users of CC, HTP, NRT, OT as well as NU. In addition, PG in plasma and urine of vapers significantly correlated with nicotine (plasma) and total nicotine equivalents (urine), biomarkers reflecting product consumption, emphasizing the high specificity of PG as a BoE for EC consumption. We therefore suggest the use of PG as BoE in urine and/or plasma in order to monitor EC use compliance in exposure assessments.
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Savoie FA, Asselin A, Goulet EDB. Comparison of Sodium Chloride Tablets-Induced, Sodium Chloride Solution-Induced, and Glycerol-Induced Hyperhydration on Fluid Balance Responses in Healthy Men. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2880-91. [PMID: 26849790 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Savoie, FA, Asselin, A, and Goulet, EDB. Comparison of sodium chloride tablets-induced, sodium chloride solution-induced, and glycerol-induced hyperhydration on fluid balance responses in healthy men. J Strength Cond Res 30(10): 2880-2891, 2016-Sodium chloride solution-induced hyperhydration (NaCl-SolIH) is a powerful strategy to increase body water before exercise. However, NaCl-SolIH is associated with an unpleasant salty taste, potentially dissuading some athletes from using it and coaches from recommending it. Therefore, we evaluated the hyperhydrating potential of sodium chloride tablets-induced hyperhydration (NaCl-TabIH), which bypasses the palatability issue of NaCl-SolIH without sacrificing sodium chloride content, and compared it to NaCl-SolIH and glycerol-induced hyperhydration (GIH). Sixteen healthy males (age: 21 ± 2 years; fat-free mass (FFM): 65 ± 6 kg) underwent three, 3-hour long passive hyperhydration protocols during which they drank, over the first 60 minutes, 30-ml·kg FFM of an artificially sweetened solution. During NaCl-TabIH, participants swallowed 7.5, 1 g each, sodium chloride tablets with every liter of solution. During NaCl-SolIH, an equal quantity of sodium chloride tablets was dissolved in each liter of solution. With GIH, the glycerol concentration was 46.7 g·L. Urine production, fluid retention, hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma volume, and perceptual variables were monitored throughout the trials. Total fluid intake was 1948 ± 182 ml. After 3 hour, there were no significant differences among treatments for hemoglobin, hematocrit, and plasma volume changes. Fluid retention was significantly greater with NaCl-SolIH (1150 ± 287 ml) than NaCl-TabIH (905 ± 340 ml) or GIH (800 ± 211 ml), with no difference between NaCl-TabIH and GIH. No differences were found among treatments for perceptual variables. NaCl-TabIH and GIH are equally effective, but inferior than NaCl-SolIH. NaCl-TabIH represents an alternative to hyperhydration induced with glycerol, which is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix A Savoie
- 1Department of Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; and 2Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
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Deventer K, Van Eenoo P. Screening and confirmation of a glycerol-positive case. Drug Test Anal 2016; 7:1009-13. [PMID: 26695488 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koen Deventer
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University (UGent), Technologiepark 30, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University (UGent), Technologiepark 30, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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Okano M, Nishitani Y, Dohi M, Kageyama S. Effects of intravenous infusion of glycerol on blood parameters and urinary glycerol concentrations. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 262:121-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Andrade EF, Lobato RV, de Araújo TV, Orlando DR, Vicente da Costa D, de Oliveira Silva V, Rogatto GP, Zangeronimo MG, Rosa PV, Pereira LJ. Adaptation to physical training in rats orally supplemented with glycerol. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 93:63-9. [PMID: 25474597 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated training adaptation and physical performance parameters in rats orally supplemented with glycerol, glucose, or saline, and submitted to moderate aerobic exercise. Thirty male rats were trained for 6 weeks and administered the supplements during the last 4 weeks of the experiment. Animals were distributed in a completely randomized factorial 2 × 3 design (with or without exercise and 3 substrates). Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were compared using the Student-Newmann-Keuls test at 5%. Among the trained animals, none of the substances caused differences in the percentages of protein, fat, or water content in the carcass. Compared with the sedentary animals, the trained animals supplemented with saline and glucose showed a higher protein percentage in the carcass. The relative mass of the heart and adrenal glands was higher in the trained animals. Glycerol improved the protein content in non-trained animals and increased the relative adrenal mass in both groups. Glycerol reduced the variation in levels of lactate and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) during the last exercise session. There was no difference between groups regarding the relative mass of the thymus and gastrocnemius or with the diameter of muscle fibers or the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio. Supplementation with glycerol was efficient at attenuating variation in AST and lactate levels during exercise.
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Sardela VF, Scalco FB, Cavalcante KM, Simoni RE, Silva DR, Pereira HMG, de Oliveira MLLC, Aquino Neto FR. Systematic analysis of glycerol: colourimetric screening and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric confirmation. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:967-70. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius F. Sardela
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Instituto de Química, LBCD - LADETEC; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Fernanda B. Scalco
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Instituto de Química, LBCD - LADETEC; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Karina M. Cavalcante
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Instituto de Química, LBCD - LADETEC; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Ruth E. Simoni
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Instituto de Química, LBCD - LADETEC; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Deyvison R. Silva
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Instituto de Química, LBCD - LADETEC; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Henrique Marcelo G. Pereira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Instituto de Química, LBCD - LADETEC; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia L. Costa de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Instituto de Química, LBCD - LADETEC; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Francisco R. Aquino Neto
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Instituto de Química, LBCD - LADETEC; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Savoie FA, Dion T, Asselin A, Goulet ED. Sodium-induced hyperhydration decreases urine output and improves fluid balance compared with glycerol- and water-induced hyperhydration. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:51-8. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Before 2010, which is the year the World Anti-Doping Agency banned its use, glycerol was commonly used by athletes for hyperhydration purposes. Through its effect on osmoreceptors, we believe that sodium could prove a viable alternative to glycerol as a hyperhydrating agent. Therefore, this study compared the effects of sodium-induced hyperhydration (SIH), glycerol-induced hyperhydration (GIH) and water-induced hyperhydration (WIH) on fluid balance responses. Using a randomized, double-blind and counterbalanced protocol, 17 men (21 ± 3 years, 64 ± 6 kg fat-free mass (FFM)) underwent three 3-h hyperhydration protocols during which they ingested, over the first 60-min period, 30 mL/kg FFM of water with (i) an artificial sweetener (WIH); (ii) an artificial sweetener + 7.45 g/L of table salt (SIH); or (iii) an artificial sweetener + 1.4 g glycerol/kg FFM (GIH). Changes in body weight (BW), urine production, fluid retention, hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma volume, and perceptual variables were monitored throughout the 3-h trials. After 3 h, SIH was associated with significantly (p < 0.05) lower hemoglobin, hematocrit (SIH: 43.1% ± 2.8%; GIH: 44.9% ± 2.4%), and urine production, as well as greater BW, fluid retention (SIH: 1144 ± 294 mL; GIH: 795 ± 337 mL), and plasma volume (SIH: 11.9% ± 12.0%; GIH: 4.0% ± 6.0%) gains, compared with GIH and WIH. No significant differences in heart rate or abdominal discomfort were observed between treatments. In conclusion, our results indicate that SIH is a superior hyperhydrating technique than, and proves to be a worthwhile alternative to, GIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix A. Savoie
- Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Tommy Dion
- Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Audrey Asselin
- Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Eric D.B. Goulet
- Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
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Koehler K, Thevis M, Schaenzer W. Meta-analysis: Effects of glycerol administration on plasma volume, haemoglobin, and haematocrit. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:896-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Koehler
- Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
- German Research Centre for Elite Sports; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
- Department of Kinesiology; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA USA
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
- German Research Centre for Elite Sports; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
- Centre for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schaenzer
- Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
- Centre for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
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Kelly BN, Madsen M, Sharpe K, Nair V, Eichner D. A population study of urine glycerol concentrations in elite athletes competing in North America. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:890-5. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian N. Kelly
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory; Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Myke Madsen
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory; Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Ken Sharpe
- Statistical Consulting Centre; University of Melbourne; Victoria Australia
| | - Vinod Nair
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory; Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory; Salt Lake City UT USA
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Koehler K, Braun H, de Marees M, Geyer H, Thevis M, Mester J, Schaenzer W. Glycerol administration before endurance exercise: metabolism, urinary glycerol excretion and effects on doping-relevant blood parameters. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:202-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Koehler
- Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
- German Research Centre of Elite Sports; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
| | - Hans Braun
- Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
- German Research Centre of Elite Sports; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
| | - Markus de Marees
- German Research Centre of Elite Sports; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
- Centre for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
- Centre for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
| | - Joachim Mester
- German Research Centre of Elite Sports; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schaenzer
- Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
- Centre for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:1-19. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory, United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14; 00380; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Cologne; Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Cologne; Germany
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12
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Effects of glycerol and creatine hyperhydration on doping-relevant blood parameters. Nutrients 2012; 4:1171-86. [PMID: 23112907 PMCID: PMC3475229 DOI: 10.3390/nu4091171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerol is prohibited as an ergogenic aid by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) due to the potential for its plasma expansion properties to have masking effects. However, the scientific basis of the inclusion of Gly as a “masking agent” remains inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a hyperhydrating supplement containing Gly on doping-relevant blood parameters. Nine trained males ingested a hyperhydrating mixture twice per day for 7 days containing 1.0 g·kg−1 body mass (BM) of Gly, 10.0 g of creatine and 75.0 g of glucose. Blood samples were collected and total hemoglobin (Hb) mass determined using the optimized carbon monoxide (CO) rebreathing method pre- and post-supplementation. BM and total body water (TBW) increased significantly following supplementation by 1.1 ± 1.2 and 1.0 ± 1.2 L (BM, P < 0.01; TBW, P <0.01), respectively. This hyperhydration did not significantly alter plasma volume or any of the doping-relevant blood parameters (e.g., hematocrit, Hb, reticulocytes and total Hb-mass) even when Gly was clearly detectable in urine samples. In conclusion, this study shows that supplementation with hyperhydrating solution containing Gly for 7 days does not significantly alter doping-relevant blood parameters.
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Gigou PY, Dion T, Asselin A, Berrigan F, Goulet EDB. Pre-exercise hyperhydration-induced bodyweight gain does not alter prolonged treadmill running time-trial performance in warm ambient conditions. Nutrients 2012; 4:949-66. [PMID: 23016126 PMCID: PMC3448081 DOI: 10.3390/nu4080949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the effect of pre-exercise hyperhydration (PEH) and pre-exercise euhydration (PEE) upon treadmill running time-trial (TT) performance in the heat. Six highly trained runners or triathletes underwent two 18 km TT runs (~28 °C, 25%–30% RH) on a motorized treadmill, in a randomized, crossover fashion, while being euhydrated or after hyperhydration with 26 mL/kg bodyweight (BW) of a 130 mmol/L sodium solution. Subjects then ran four successive 4.5 km blocks alternating between 2.5 km at 1% and 2 km at 6% gradient, while drinking a total of 7 mL/kg BW of a 6% sports drink solution (Gatorade, USA). PEH increased BW by 1.00 ± 0.34 kg (P < 0.01) and, compared with PEE, reduced BW loss from 3.1% ± 0.3% (EUH) to 1.4% ± 0.4% (HYP) (P < 0.01) during exercise. Running TT time did not differ between groups (PEH: 85.6 ± 11.6 min; PEE: 85.3 ± 9.6 min, P = 0.82). Heart rate (5 ± 1 beats/min) and rectal (0.3 ± 0.1 °C) and body (0.2 ± 0.1 °C) temperatures of PEE were higher than those of PEH (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in abdominal discomfort and perceived exertion or heat stress between groups. Our results suggest that pre-exercise sodium-induced hyperhydration of a magnitude of 1 L does not alter 80–90 min running TT performance under warm conditions in highly-trained runners drinking ~500 mL sports drink during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Gigou
- Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ J1H 4C4, Canada; (P.-Y.G.); (T.D.); (A.A.)
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada;
| | - Tommy Dion
- Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ J1H 4C4, Canada; (P.-Y.G.); (T.D.); (A.A.)
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada;
| | - Audrey Asselin
- Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ J1H 4C4, Canada; (P.-Y.G.); (T.D.); (A.A.)
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada;
| | - Felix Berrigan
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada;
| | - Eric D. B. Goulet
- Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ J1H 4C4, Canada; (P.-Y.G.); (T.D.); (A.A.)
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada;
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-819-780-2220 (ext. 45226); Fax: +1-819-829-7141
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