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Spangardt C, Keßler C, Dobrzewski R, Tepler A, Hanio S, Klaubert B, Meinel L. Leveraging Dissolution by Autoinjector Designs. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112544. [PMID: 36432735 PMCID: PMC9695427 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical warfare or terrorism attacks with organophosphates may place intoxicated subjects under immediate life-threatening and psychologically demanding conditions. Antidotes, such as the oxime HI-6, which must be formulated as a powder for reconstitution reflecting the molecule's light sensitivity and instability in aqueous solutions, dramatically improve recovery-but only if used soon after exposure. Muscle tremors, anxiety, and loss of consciousness after exposure jeopardize proper administration, translating into demanding specifications for the dissolution of HI-6. Reflecting the patients' catastrophic situation and anticipated desire to react immediately to chemical weapon exposure, the dissolution should be completed within ten seconds. We are developing multi-dose and single-dose autoinjectors to reliably meet these dissolution requirements. The temporal and spatial course of dissolution within the various autoinjector designs was profiled colorimetrically. Based on these colorimetric insights with model dyes, we developed experimental setups integrating online conductometry to push experiments toward the relevant molecule, HI-6. The resulting blueprints for autoinjector designs integrated small-scale rotor systems, boosting dissolution across a wide range of viscosities, and meeting the required dissolution specifications driven by the use of these drug products in extreme situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Spangardt
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
- Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Munich, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 102, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christoph Keßler
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ramona Dobrzewski
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Tepler
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Simon Hanio
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Klaubert
- Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Munich, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 102, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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LC–MS/MS approaches for the assay of bis-quaternary pyridinium oximes used as AChE reactivators in biological matrices. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:793-809. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Extreme efforts are made for the structural diversification of oximes used as AChE reactivators. Co-administration of different oximes should also be considered as a solution in therapy. Consequently, development of selective assays of oximes in biological matrices is of major importance. Results: Three chromatographic separation mechanisms were evaluated: hydrophilic-interaction LC; mixed reversed-phase/cation exchange (DUET); and reversed-phase ion pairing based on per-fluorinated agents. MS was used to identify and quantify oximes. Alternative preparation of whole blood and plasma samples were used based on protein precipitation through addition of acetonitrile or ionic liquids. Quality characteristics of the proposed analytical approaches are discussed. Conclusion: The reversed-phase ion pairing based on per-fluorinated agents chromatographic separation mechanism and positive ESI-MS/MS detection produced the best results for the assay of bis-quaternary pyridinium oximes. LLOQ in the tenths of nanogram per milliliter range are achievable.
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John H, Blum MM. Editorial: Analysis of drugs for the therapy of anticholinesterase poisoning. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:167-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harald John
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Munich; Germany
| | - Marc-Michael Blum
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Bioscience Division; Los Alamos; NM; USA; LA-UR 12-00299
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