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Moeller BC, Flores L, Clifford A, Alarcio G, Mosburg M, Arthur RM. Detection of Methylphenidate in Equine Hair Using Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195798. [PMID: 34641342 PMCID: PMC8510229 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate is a powerful central nervous system stimulant with a high potential for abuse in horse racing. The detection of methylphenidate use is of interest to horse racing authorities for both prior to and during competition. The use of hair as an alternative sampling matrix for equine anti-doping has increased as the number of detectable compounds has expanded. Our laboratory developed a liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry method to detect the presence of methylphenidate in submitted samples. Briefly, hair was decontaminated, cut, and pulverized prior to liquid–liquid extraction in basic conditions before introduction to the LC-MS system. Instrumental analysis was conducted using a Thermo Q Exactive mass spectrometer using parallel reaction monitoring using a stepped collision energy to obtain sufficient product ions for qualitative identification. The method was validated and limits of quantitation, linearity, matrix effects, recovery, accuracy, and precision were determined. The method has been applied to confirm the presence of methylphenidate in official samples submitted by racing authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C. Moeller
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (L.F.); (A.C.); (G.A.); (M.M.)
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-530-752-8700
| | - Luis Flores
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (L.F.); (A.C.); (G.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Amel Clifford
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (L.F.); (A.C.); (G.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Gwendolyne Alarcio
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (L.F.); (A.C.); (G.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Mary Mosburg
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (L.F.); (A.C.); (G.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Rick M. Arthur
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
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The Tannins from Sanguisorba officinalis L. (Rosaceae): A Systematic Study on the Metabolites of Rats Based on HPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS 2 Analysis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134053. [PMID: 34279393 PMCID: PMC8271367 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanguisorba tannins are the major active ingredients in Sanguisorba ofJicinalis L. (Rosaceae), one of the most popular herbal medicines in China, is widely prescribed for hemostasis. In this study, three kinds of tannins extract from Sanguisorba officinalis L. (Rosaceae), and the metabolites in vivo and in vitro were detected and identified by high-pressure liquid chromatography, coupled with linear ion trap orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–LTQ–Orbitrap). For in vivo assessment, the rats were administered at a single dose of 150 mg/kg, after which 12 metabolites were found in urine, 6 metabolites were found in feces, and 8 metabolites were found in bile, while metabolites were barely found in plasma and tissues. For in vitro assessment, 100 μM Sanguisorba tannins were incubated with rat liver microsomes, liver cytosol, and feces, after which nine metabolites were found in intestinal microbiota and five metabolites were found in liver microsomes and liver cytosol. Moreover, the metabolic pathways of Sanguisorba tannins were proposed, which shed light on their mechanism.
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Moreira F, Carmo H, Guedes de Pinho P, Bastos MDL. Doping detection in animals: A review of analytical methodologies published from 1990 to 2019. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:474-504. [PMID: 33440053 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the impressive innate physical abilities of horses, camels, greyhounds, or pigeons, doping agents might be administered to these animals to improve their performance. To control these illegal practices, anti-doping analytical methodologies have been developed. This review compiles the analytical methods that have been published for the detection of prohibited substances administered to animals involved in sports over 30 years. Relevant papers meeting the search criteria that discussed analytical methods aiming to detect and/or quantify doping substances in animal biological matrices published from 1990 to 2019 were considered. A total of 317 studies were included, of which 298 were related to horses, demonstrating significant advances toward the development of doping detection methods for equine sports. However, analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in sports involving other species are lacking. Due to enhanced accuracy and specificity, chromatographic analysis coupled to mass spectrometry detection is preferred over immunoassays. Regarding biological matrices, blood and urine remain the first choice, although alternative biological matrices, such as hair and feces, have been considered. With the increasing number and type of drugs used as doping agents, the analytes addressed in the published papers are diverse. It is very important to continue to detect and quantify these drugs, recognizing those that are most frequently used, in order to punish the abusers, protect animals' health, and ensure a healthier and genuine competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Moreira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Área Técnico-Científica de Farmácia, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Cutler C, Viljanto M, Taylor P, Habershon-Butcher J, Muir T, Biddle S, Van Eenoo P. Equine metabolism of the selective androgen receptor modulator AC-262536 in vitro and in urine, plasma and hair following oral administration. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:369-385. [PMID: 32959959 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AC-262536 is one of a number of selective androgen receptor modulators that are being developed by the pharmaceutical industry for treatment of a range of clinical conditions including androgen replacement therapy. Though not available therapeutically, selective androgen receptor modulators are widely available to purchase online as (illegal) supplement products. The growth- and bone-promoting effects, along with fewer associated negative side effects compared with anabolic-androgenic steroids, make these compounds a significant threat with regard to doping control in sport. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolism of AC-262536 in the horse following in vitro incubation and oral administration to two Thoroughbred horses, in order to identify the most appropriate analytical targets for doping control laboratories. Urine, plasma and hair samples were collected and analysed for parent drug and metabolites. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for in vitro metabolite identification and in urine and plasma samples. Nine phase I metabolites were identified in vitro; four of these were subsequently detected in urine and three in plasma, alongside the parent compound in both matrices. In both urine and plasma samples, the longest detection window was observed for an epimer of the parent compound, which is suggested as the best target for detection of AC-262536 administration. AC-262536 and metabolites were found to be primarily glucuronide conjugates in both urine and plasma. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of post-administration hair samples indicated incorporation of parent AC-262536 into the hair following oral administration. No metabolites were detected in the hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cutler
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Marjaana Viljanto
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Polly Taylor
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Tessa Muir
- British Horseracing Authority, London, UK.,Racing Victoria Ltd, Flemington, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon Biddle
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Laboratory of Doping Control, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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Cutler C, Viljanto M, Hincks P, Habershon‐Butcher J, Muir T, Biddle S. Investigation of the metabolism of the selective androgen receptor modulator LGD‐4033 in equine urine, plasma and hair following oral administration. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:247-260. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Leng J, Proudman C, Darby A, Blow F, Townsend N, Miller A, Swann J. Exploration of the Fecal Microbiota and Biomarker Discovery in Equine Grass Sickness. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1120-1128. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joy Leng
- School
of Veterinary Medicine, Vet School Main Building, Daphne Jackson Road, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Proudman
- School
of Veterinary Medicine, Vet School Main Building, Daphne Jackson Road, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Darby
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Blow
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Townsend
- Philip
Leverhulme Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus,
Chester High Road, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Miller
- Philip
Leverhulme Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus,
Chester High Road, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Swann
- Division
of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer,
Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Zhang X, Yin J, Liang C, Sun Y, Zhang L. UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS Method Based on Four-Step Strategy for Metabolism Study of Fisetin in Vitro and in Vivo. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10959-10972. [PMID: 29171267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fisetin has been identified as an anticancer agent with antiangiogenic properties in mice. However, its metabolism in vitro (rat liver microsomes) and in vivo (rats) is presently not characterized. In this study, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was employed for data acquiring, and a four-step analytical strategy was developed to screen and identify metabolites. First, full-scan was applied, which was dependent on a multiple mass defect filter (MMDF) combined with dynamic background subtraction (DBS). Then PeakView 1.2 and Metabolitepilot 1.5 software were used to load data to seek possible metabolites. Finally, metabolites were identified according to mass measurement and retention time. Moreover, isomers were distinguished based on Clog P parameter. Based on the proposed method, 53 metabolites in vivo and 14 metabolites in vitro were characterized. Moreover, metabolic pathways mainly included oxidation, reduction, hydrogenation, methylation, sulfation, and glucuronidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050017, P.R. China
| | - Jintuo Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050017, P.R. China
| | - Caijuan Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050017, P.R. China
| | - Yupeng Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050017, P.R. China
| | - Lantong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050017, P.R. China
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Abstract
Horse urine is easily collected and contains molecules readily measurable using mass spectrometry that can be used as biomarkers representative of health, disease or drug tampering. This study aimed at analyzing microliter levels of horse urine to purify, identify and quantify proteins, polar metabolites and non-polar lipids. Urine from a healthy 12 year old quarter horse mare on a diet of grass hay and vitamin/mineral supplements with limited pasture access was collected for serial-omics characterization. The urine was treated with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and methanol to partition into three distinct layers for protein, non-polar lipid and polar metabolite content from a single liquid-liquid extraction and was repeated two times. Each layer was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography—high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to obtain protein sequence and relative protein levels as well as identify and quantify small polar metabolites and lipids. The results show 46 urine proteins, many related to normal kidney function, structural and circulatory proteins as well as 474 small polar metabolites but only 10 lipid molecules. Metabolites were mostly related to urea cycle and ammonia recycling as well as amino acid related pathways, plant diet specific molecules, etc. The few lipids represented triglycerides and phospholipids. These data show a complete mass spectrometry based—omics characterization of equine urine from a single 333 μL mid-stream urine aliquot. These omics data help serve as a baseline for healthy mare urine composition and the analyses can be used to monitor disease progression, health status, monitor drug use, etc.
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In Vitro Metabolic Studies of REV-ERB Agonists SR9009 and SR9011. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101676. [PMID: 27706103 PMCID: PMC5085709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SR9009 and SR9011 are attractive as performance-enhancing substances due to their REV-ERB agonist effects and thus circadian rhythm modulation activity. Although no pharmaceutical preparations are available yet, illicit use of SR9009 and SR9011 for doping purposes can be anticipated, especially since SR9009 is marketed in illicit products. Therefore, the aim was to identify potential diagnostic metabolites via in vitro metabolic studies to ensure effective (doping) control. The presence of SR9009 could be demonstrated in a black market product purchased over the Internet. Via human liver microsomal metabolic assays, eight metabolites were detected for SR9009 and fourteen metabolites for SR9011 by liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS). Structure elucidation was performed for all metabolites by LC–HRMS product ion scans in both positive and negative ionization mode. Retrospective data analysis was applied to 1511 doping control samples previously analyzed by a full-scan LC–HRMS screening method to verify the presence of SR9009, SR9011 and their metabolites. So far, the presence of neither the parent compound nor the metabolites could be detected in routine urine samples. However, to further discourage use of these potentially harmful compounds, incorporation of SR9009 and SR9011 into screening methods is highly recommended.
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Mahlke NS, Ziesenitz V, Mikus G, Skopp G. Quantitative low-volume assay for simultaneous determination of fentanyl, norfentanyl, and minor metabolites in human plasma and urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Int J Legal Med 2014; 128:771-8. [PMID: 24997532 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-014-1040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous quantification of fentanyl (F), norfentanyl (NF), despropionylfentanyl (DPF), and hydroxynorfentanyl (OHNF) in human plasma and urine specimens has been developed and validated according to international guidelines. Analytes were extracted from 250-μL plasma or urine by liquid-liquid extraction. OHNF in urine affords a second extraction step and analysis with a different column. Calibration curves in plasma were linear from 0.05-10 ng/mL for F, 0.07-0.5 ng/mL for NF, 0.02-1.0 ng/ml for DPF, and 0.67-3.0 ng/mL for OHNF; in urine, from 0.09-10.0, 0.17-50, 0.08-1.0, and 1.0-5.0 ng/mL for F, NF, DPF, and OHNF, respectively. Analytical bias and intra- and inter-assay imprecision were within ± 15 % of target, except for OHNF in plasma and DPF in urine at the respective lower quality control level. All analytes were stable in processed samples when stored for 24 h at room temperature. Recoveries and process efficiencies were above 82.9 and 75.1 % for all analytes in plasma and urine. The low level of DPF in plasma indicated with a matrix effect of 71.3 % moderate ion suppression, all other analytes in plasma and urine showed no matrix effects. The lower limit of quantification (LOQ) in plasma was 0.05, 0.07, 0.02 and 0.67 ng/mL for F, NF, DPF, and OHNF, respectively. In urine, the LOQ of F, NF, DPF, and OHNF were 0.09, 0.17, 0.08, and 1.28 ng/mL, respectively. This assay has been applied to human specimens collected during a clinical drug-drug interaction study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Sophia Mahlke
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Traffic Medicine, University Hospital, Voss-Str. 2, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
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