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Rapacioli M, Fiszer de Plazas S, Flores V. The developing optic tectum: An asymmetrically organized system and the need for a redefinition of the notion of sensitive period. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 73:1-9. [PMID: 30572015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present article summarizes the main events involved in the isthmic organizer and optic tectum determination and analyses how optic tectum patterning is translated, by the organized operation of several specific cell behaviors, into the terminally differentiated optic tectum. The paper proposes that this assembling of temporally/spatially organized cell behaviors could be incorporated into a wider notion of patterning and that, given the asymmetric organization of the developing optic tectum, the notion of "sensitive period" does not capture the whole complexity of midbrain development and the pathogenesis of congenital disorders. The cell behaviors involved in the optic tectum development are organized in time and space by the isthmic organizer. A comprehensive description of the normal optic tectum development, and also its alterations, should consider both domains. Significantly, the identity of each neuronal cohort depends critically on its "time and place of birth". Both parameters must be considered at once to explain how the structural and functional organization of the optic tectum is elaborated. The notion of "patterning" applies only to the early events of the optic tectum development. Besides, the notion of "sensitive period" considers only a temporal domain and disregards the asymmetric organization of the developing optic tectum. The present paper proposes that these notions might be re-defined: (a) a wider meaning of the term patterning and (b) a replacement of the term "sensitive period" by a more precise concept of "sensitive temporal/spatial window".
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Rapacioli
- Grupo Interdisciplinario de Biología Teórica, Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional (INCyT), Universidad Favaloro-INECO-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Sara Fiszer de Plazas
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias (IBCN) Dr. Eduardo de Robertis, Facultad de Medicina, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vladimir Flores
- Grupo Interdisciplinario de Biología Teórica, Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional (INCyT), Universidad Favaloro-INECO-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias (IBCN) Dr. Eduardo de Robertis, Facultad de Medicina, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Urata Y, Yamashita W, Inoue T, Agata K. Spatio-temporal neural stem cell behavior leads to both perfect and imperfect structural brain regeneration in adult newts. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio033142. [PMID: 29903864 PMCID: PMC6031346 DOI: 10.1242/bio.033142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult newts can regenerate large parts of their brain from adult neural stem cells (NSCs), but how adult NSCs reorganize brain structures during regeneration remains unclear. In development, elaborate brain structures are produced under broadly coordinated regulations of embryonic NSCs in the neural tube, whereas brain regeneration entails exquisite control of the re-establishment of certain brain parts, suggesting that a yet-unknown mechanism directs NSCs upon partial brain excision. Here we report that upon excision of a quarter of the adult newt (Pleurodeles waltl) mesencephalon, active participation of local NSCs around specific brain subregions' boundaries leads to some imperfect and some perfect brain regeneration along an individual's rostrocaudal axis. Regeneration phenotypes depend on how wound closing occurs using local NSCs, and perfect regeneration replicates development-like processes, but takes more than 1 year. Our findings indicate that newt brain regeneration is supported by modularity of boundary-domain NSCs with self-organizing ability in neighboring fields.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Urata
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Wataru Yamashita
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
- Developmental Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-0823, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Life Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, 171-8588, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Life Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, 171-8588, Japan
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3
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Alwin Prem Anand A, Huber C, Asnet Mary J, Gallus N, Leucht C, Klafke R, Hirt B, Wizenmann A. Expression and function of microRNA-9 in the mid-hindbrain area of embryonic chick. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 18:3. [PMID: 29471810 PMCID: PMC5824543 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-017-0159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background MiR-9 is a small non-coding RNA that is highly conserved between species and primarily expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). It is known to influence proliferation and neuronal differentiation in the brain and spinal cord of different vertebrates. Different studies have pointed to regional and species-specific differences in the response of neural progenitors to miR-9. Methods In ovo and ex ovo electroporation was used to overexpress or reduce miR-9 followed by mRNA in situ hybridisation and immunofluorescent stainings to evaluate miR- expression and the effect of changed miR-9 expression. Results We have investigated the expression and function of miR-9 during early development of the mid-hindbrain region (MH) in chick. Our analysis reveals a closer relationship of chick miR-9 to mammalian miR-9 than to fish and a dynamic expression pattern in the chick neural tube. Early in development, miR-9 is diffusely expressed in the entire brain, bar the forebrain, and it becomes more restricted to specific areas of the CNS at later stages. MiR-9 overexpression at HH9–10 results in a reduction of FGF8 expression and premature neuronal differentiation in the mid-hindbrain boundary (MHB). Within the midbrain miR-9 does not cause premature neuronal differentiation it rather reduces proliferation in the midbrain. Conclusion Our findings indicate that miR-9 has regional specific effects in the developing mid-hindbrain region with a divergence of response of regional progenitors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12861-017-0159-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alwin Prem Anand
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tuebingen, Oesterbergstrasse 3, D-72074, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Carola Huber
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tuebingen, Oesterbergstrasse 3, D-72074, Tuebingen, Germany.,Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Auerbachstraße 110, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - John Asnet Mary
- Department of Zoology, Fatima College, Madurai, Tamilnadu, 625018, India
| | - Nancy Gallus
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tuebingen, Oesterbergstrasse 3, D-72074, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Neurobiology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Christoph Leucht
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ruth Klafke
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hirt
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tuebingen, Oesterbergstrasse 3, D-72074, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Wizenmann
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tuebingen, Oesterbergstrasse 3, D-72074, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Yang C, Li X, Li Q, Li H, Qiao L, Guo Z, Lin J. Sonic Hedgehog Regulation of the Neural Precursor Cell Fate During Chicken Optic Tectum Development. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 64:287-299. [PMID: 29285739 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-1019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During nervous system development, neurons project axons over long distances to reach the appropriate targets for correct neural circuit formation. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a secreted protein and plays a key role in regulating vertebrate embryogenesis, especially in central nervous system (CNS) patterning, including neuronal migration and axonal projection in the brain and spinal cord. In the developing ventral midbrain, Shh is sufficient to specify a striped pattern of cell fates. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the Shh regulation of the neural precursor cell fate during the optic tectum development. Here, we aimed at studying how Shh might regulate chicken optic tectum patterning. In the present study, in ovo electroporation methods were employed to achieve the overexpression of Shh in the optic tectum during chicken embryo development. Besides, the study combined in ovo electroporation and neuron isolation culturing to study the function of Shh in vivo and in vitro. The fluorescent immunohistochemistry methods were used to check the related indicators. The results showed that Shh overexpression caused 87.8% of cells to be distributed to the stratum griseum central (SGC) layer, while only 39.3% of the GFP-transfected cells resided in the SGC layer in the control group. Shh overexpression also reduced the axon length in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, we provide evidence that Shh regulates the neural precursor cell fate during chicken optic tectum development. Shh overexpression impairs neuronal migration and may affect the fate determination of transfected neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciqing Yang
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Qiuling Li
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Han Li
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, University Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Liang Qiao
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Zhikun Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Juntang Lin
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China. .,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, 453003, China. .,College of Biomedical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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Lipovsek M, Ledderose J, Butts T, Lafont T, Kiecker C, Wizenmann A, Graham A. The emergence of mesencephalic trigeminal neurons. Neural Dev 2017. [PMID: 28637511 PMCID: PMC5480199 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-017-0088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cells of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN) are the proprioceptive sensory neurons that innervate the jaw closing muscles. These cells differentiate close to the two key signalling centres that influence the dorsal midbrain, the isthmus, which mediates its effects via FGF and WNT signalling and the roof plate, which is a major source of BMP signalling as well as WNT signalling. Methods In this study, we have set out to analyse the importance of FGF, WNT and BMP signalling for the development of the MTN. We have employed pharmacological inhibitors of these pathways in explant cultures as well as utilising the electroporation of inhibitory constructs in vivo in the chick embryo. Results We find that interfering with either FGF or WNT signalling has pronounced effects on MTN development whilst abrogation of BMP signalling has no effect. We show that treatment of explants with either FGF or WNT antagonists results in the generation of fewer MTN neurons and affects MTN axon extension and that inhibition of both these pathways has an additive effect. To complement these studies, we have used in vivo electroporation to inhibit BMP, FGF and WNT signalling within dorsal midbrain cells prior to, and during, their differentiation as MTN neurons. Again, we find that inhibition of BMP signalling has no effect on the development of MTN neurons. We additionally find that cells electroporated with inhibitory constructs for either FGF or WNT signalling can differentiate as MTN neurons suggesting that these pathways are not required cell intrinsically for the emergence of these neurons. Indeed, we also show that explants of dorsal mesencephalon lacking both the isthmus and roof plate can generate MTN neurons. However, we did find that inhibiting FGF or WNT signalling had consequences for MTN differentiation. Conclusions Our results suggest that the emergence of MTN neurons is an intrinsic property of the dorsal mesencephalon of gnathostomes, and that this population undergoes expansion, and maturation, along with the rest of the dorsal midbrain under the influence of FGF and WNT signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Lipovsek
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Kings College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Julia Ledderose
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, Department of Anatomy, University of Tübingen, Oesterbergstrasse 3, 72074, Tuebingen, Germany.,Universitätsmedizin Berlin, NeuroCure - Institute of Biochemistry, ChariteCrossOver, Virchowweg, 610117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Butts
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Kings College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Tanguy Lafont
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Kings College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Clemens Kiecker
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Kings College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Andrea Wizenmann
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, Department of Anatomy, University of Tübingen, Oesterbergstrasse 3, 72074, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anthony Graham
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Kings College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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Radhakrishnan B, Alwin Prem Anand A. Role of miRNA-9 in Brain Development. J Exp Neurosci 2016; 10:101-120. [PMID: 27721656 PMCID: PMC5053108 DOI: 10.4137/jen.s32843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small regulatory RNAs involved in gene regulation. The regulation is effected by either translational inhibition or transcriptional silencing. In vertebrates, the importance of miRNA in development was discovered from mice and zebrafish dicer knockouts. The miRNA-9 (miR-9) is one of the most highly expressed miRNAs in the early and adult vertebrate brain. It has diverse functions within the developing vertebrate brain. In this article, the role of miR-9 in the developing forebrain (telencephalon and diencephalon), midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord of vertebrate species is highlighted. In the forebrain, miR-9 is necessary for the proper development of dorsoventral telencephalon by targeting marker genes expressed in the telencephalon. It regulates proliferation in telencephalon by regulating Foxg1, Pax6, Gsh2, and Meis2 genes. The feedback loop regulation between miR-9 and Nr2e1/Tlx helps in neuronal migration and differentiation. Targeting Foxp1 and Foxp2, and Map1b by miR-9 regulates the radial migration of neurons and axonal development. In the organizers, miR-9 is inversely regulated by hairy1 and Fgf8 to maintain zona limitans interthalamica and midbrain–hindbrain boundary (MHB). It maintains the MHB by inhibiting Fgf signaling genes and is involved in the neurogenesis of the midbrain–hindbrain by regulating Her genes. In the hindbrain, miR-9 modulates progenitor proliferation and differentiation by regulating Her genes and Elav3. In the spinal cord, miR-9 modulates the regulation of Foxp1 and Onecut1 for motor neuron development. In the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, miR-9 is necessary for proper neuronal progenitor maintenance, neurogenesis, and differentiation. In vertebrate brain development, miR-9 is involved in regulating several region-specific genes in a spatiotemporal pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Alwin Prem Anand
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Rapacioli M, Palma V, Flores V. Morphogenetic and Histogenetic Roles of the Temporal-Spatial Organization of Cell Proliferation in the Vertebrate Corticogenesis as Revealed by Inter-specific Analyses of the Optic Tectum Cortex Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:67. [PMID: 27013978 PMCID: PMC4794495 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system areas displaying the highest structural and functional complexity correspond to the so called cortices, i.e., concentric alternating neuronal and fibrous layers. Corticogenesis, i.e., the development of the cortical organization, depends on the temporal-spatial organization of several developmental events: (a) the duration of the proliferative phase of the neuroepithelium, (b) the relative duration of symmetric (expansive) versus asymmetric (neuronogenic) sub phases, (c) the spatial organization of each kind of cell division, (e) the time of determination and cell cycle exit and (f) the time of onset of the post-mitotic neuronal migration and (g) the time of onset of the neuronal structural and functional differentiation. The first five events depend on molecular mechanisms that perform a fine tuning of the proliferative activity. Changes in any of them significantly influence the cortical size or volume (tangential expansion and radial thickness), morphology, architecture and also impact on neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis affecting the cortical wiring. This paper integrates information, obtained in several species, on the developmental roles of cell proliferation in the development of the optic tectum (OT) cortex, a multilayered associative area of the dorsal (alar) midbrain. The present review (1) compiles relevant information on the temporal and spatial organization of cell proliferation in different species (fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals), (2) revises the main molecular events involved in the isthmic organizer (IsO) determination and localization, (3) describes how the patterning installed by IsO is translated into spatially organized neural stem cell proliferation (i.e., by means of growth factors, receptors, transcription factors, signaling pathways, etc.) and (4) describes the morpho- and histogenetic effect of a spatially organized cell proliferation in the above mentioned species. A brief section on the OT evolution is also included. This section considers how the differential operation of cell proliferation could explain differences among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Rapacioli
- Interdisciplinary Group in Theoretical Biology, Department of Biostructural Sciences, Favaloro UniversityBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Palma
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, University of ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Vladimir Flores
- Interdisciplinary Group in Theoretical Biology, Department of Biostructural Sciences, Favaloro UniversityBuenos Aires, Argentina
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Klafke R, Prem Anand AA, Wurst W, Prakash N, Wizenmann A. Differences in the spatiotemporal expression and epistatic gene regulation of the mesodiencephalic dopaminergic precursor marker PITX3 during chicken and mouse development. Development 2016; 143:691-702. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.126748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mesodiencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons are located in the ventral mesencephalon and caudal diencephalon of all tetrapod species studied so far. They are the most prominent DA neuronal population and are implicated in control and modulation of motor, cognitive and rewarding/affective behaviors. Their degeneration or dysfunction is intimately linked to several neurological and neuropsychiatric human diseases. To gain further insights into their generation, we studied spatiotemporal expression patterns and epistatic interactions in chick embryos of selected marker genes and signaling pathways associated with mdDA neuron development in mouse. We detected striking differences in the expression patterns of the chick orthologs of the mouse mdDA marker genes Pitx3 and Aldh1a1, which suggests important differences between the species in the generation/generating of these cells. We also discovered that the Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway is both, necessary and sufficient for the induction of ectopic PITX3 expression in chick mesencephalon downstream of WNT9A induced LMX1a transcription. These aspects of early chicken development resemble the ontogeny of zebrafish diencephalic DA neuronal populations, and suggest a divergence between birds and mammals during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Klafke
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A. Alwin Prem Anand
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Oesterbergstrasse 3, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) Standort München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstrasse 44, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Nilima Prakash
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Wizenmann
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Oesterbergstrasse 3, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
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Roy P, Kumar B, Shende A, Singh A, Meena A, Ghosal R, Ranganathan M, Bandyopadhyay A. A genome-wide screen indicates correlation between differentiation and expression of metabolism related genes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63670. [PMID: 23717462 PMCID: PMC3661535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiated tissues may be considered as materials with distinct properties. The differentiation program of a given tissue ensures that it acquires material properties commensurate with its function. It may be hypothesized that some of these properties are acquired through production of tissue-specific metabolites synthesized by metabolic enzymes. To establish correlation between metabolism and organogenesis we have carried out a genome-wide expression study of metabolism related genes by RNA in-situ hybridization. 23% of the metabolism related genes studied are expressed in a tissue-restricted but not tissue-exclusive manner. We have conducted the screen on whole mount chicken (Gallus gallus) embryos from four distinct developmental stages to correlate dynamic changes in expression patterns of metabolic enzymes with spatio-temporally unique developmental events. Our data strongly suggests that unique combinations of metabolism related genes, and not specific metabolic pathways, are upregulated during differentiation. Further, expression of metabolism related genes in well established signaling centers that regulate different aspects of morphogenesis indicates developmental roles of some of the metabolism related genes. The database of tissue-restricted expression patterns of metabolism related genes, generated in this study, should serve as a resource for systematic identification of these genes with tissue-specific functions during development. Finally, comprehensive understanding of differentiation is not possible unless the downstream genes of a differentiation cascade are identified. We propose, metabolic enzymes constitute a significant portion of these downstream target genes. Thus our study should help elucidate different aspects of tissue differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, U.P., India
| | - Brijesh Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, U.P., India
| | - Akhilesh Shende
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, U.P., India
| | - Anupama Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, U.P., India
| | - Anil Meena
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, U.P., India
| | - Ritika Ghosal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, U.P., India
| | - Madhav Ranganathan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, U.P., India
| | - Amitabha Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, U.P., India
- * E-mail:
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10
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MuhChyi C, Juliandi B, Matsuda T, Nakashima K. Epigenetic regulation of neural stem cell fate during corticogenesis. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:424-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chai MuhChyi
- Laboratory of Molecular NeuroscienceGraduate School of Biological SciencesNara Institute of Science and TechnologyTakayama 8916‐5IkomaNara630‐0192Japan
| | - Berry Juliandi
- Laboratory of Molecular NeuroscienceGraduate School of Biological SciencesNara Institute of Science and TechnologyTakayama 8916‐5IkomaNara630‐0192Japan
- Department of BiologyBogor Agricultural University (IPB)DramagaBogor16680Indonesia
| | - Taito Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular NeuroscienceGraduate School of Biological SciencesNara Institute of Science and TechnologyTakayama 8916‐5IkomaNara630‐0192Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Laboratory of Molecular NeuroscienceGraduate School of Biological SciencesNara Institute of Science and TechnologyTakayama 8916‐5IkomaNara630‐0192Japan
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Rapacioli M, Botelho J, Cerda G, Duarte S, Elliot M, Palma V, Flores V. Sonic hedgehog (Shh)/Gli modulates the spatial organization of neuroepithelial cell proliferation in the developing chick optic tectum. BMC Neurosci 2012. [PMID: 23031710 DOI: 10.1186/1471‐2202‐13‐117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sonic hedgehog (Shh)/Gli pathway plays an important regulatory role on the neuroepithelial cells (NEc) proliferation in the dorsal regions of the developing vertebrate Central Nervous System. The aim of this paper was to analyze the effect of the Shh/Gli signaling pathway activation on the proliferation dynamics and/or the spatial organization of the NEc proliferation activity during early stages of the developing chick optic tectum (OT). In ovo pharmacological gain and loss of hedgehog function approaches were complemented with in vivo electroporation experiments in order to create ectopic sources of either Shh or Gli activator (GliA) proteins in the OT. NEc proliferating activity was analyzed at ED 4/4.5 by recording the spatial co-ordinates of the entire population of mitotic NEc (mNEc) located along OT dorsal-ventral sections. Several space signals (numerical sequences) were derived from the mNEc spatial co-ordinate records and analyzed by different standardized non-linear methods of signal analysis. RESULTS In ovo pharmacologic treatment with cyclopamine resulted in dramatic failure in the OT expansion while the agonist purmorphamine produced the opposite result, a huge expansion of the OT vesicle. Besides, GliA and Shh misexpressions interfere with the formation of the intertectal fissure located along the dorsal midline. This morphogenetic alteration is accompanied by an increase in the mNEc density. There is a gradient in the response of NEcs to Shh and GliA: the increase in mNEc density is maximal near the dorsal regions and decrease towards the OT-tegmental boundary. Biomathematical analyses of the signals derived from the mNEc records show that both Shh and GliA electroporations change the proliferation dynamics and the spatial organization of the mNEc as revealed by the changes in the scaling index estimated by these methods. CONCLUSIONS The present results show that the Shh/Gli signaling pathway plays a critical role in the OT expansion and modelling. This effect is probably mediated by a differential mitogenic effect that increases the NEc proliferation and modulates the spatial organization of the NEc proliferation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Rapacioli
- Interdisciplinary Group in Theoretical Biology, Department Biostructural Sciences, Favaloro University, Solís 453 (1078), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Rapacioli M, Botelho J, Cerda G, Duarte S, Elliot M, Palma V, Flores V. Sonic hedgehog (Shh)/Gli modulates the spatial organization of neuroepithelial cell proliferation in the developing chick optic tectum. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:117. [PMID: 23031710 PMCID: PMC3564940 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sonic hedgehog (Shh)/Gli pathway plays an important regulatory role on the neuroepithelial cells (NEc) proliferation in the dorsal regions of the developing vertebrate Central Nervous System. The aim of this paper was to analyze the effect of the Shh/Gli signaling pathway activation on the proliferation dynamics and/or the spatial organization of the NEc proliferation activity during early stages of the developing chick optic tectum (OT). In ovo pharmacological gain and loss of hedgehog function approaches were complemented with in vivo electroporation experiments in order to create ectopic sources of either Shh or Gli activator (GliA) proteins in the OT. NEc proliferating activity was analyzed at ED 4/4.5 by recording the spatial co-ordinates of the entire population of mitotic NEc (mNEc) located along OT dorsal-ventral sections. Several space signals (numerical sequences) were derived from the mNEc spatial co-ordinate records and analyzed by different standardized non-linear methods of signal analysis. RESULTS In ovo pharmacologic treatment with cyclopamine resulted in dramatic failure in the OT expansion while the agonist purmorphamine produced the opposite result, a huge expansion of the OT vesicle. Besides, GliA and Shh misexpressions interfere with the formation of the intertectal fissure located along the dorsal midline. This morphogenetic alteration is accompanied by an increase in the mNEc density. There is a gradient in the response of NEcs to Shh and GliA: the increase in mNEc density is maximal near the dorsal regions and decrease towards the OT-tegmental boundary. Biomathematical analyses of the signals derived from the mNEc records show that both Shh and GliA electroporations change the proliferation dynamics and the spatial organization of the mNEc as revealed by the changes in the scaling index estimated by these methods. CONCLUSIONS The present results show that the Shh/Gli signaling pathway plays a critical role in the OT expansion and modelling. This effect is probably mediated by a differential mitogenic effect that increases the NEc proliferation and modulates the spatial organization of the NEc proliferation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Rapacioli
- Interdisciplinary Group in Theoretical Biology, Department Biostructural Sciences, Favaloro University, Solís 453 (1078), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Agoston Z, Li N, Haslinger A, Wizenmann A, Schulte D. Genetic and physical interaction of Meis2, Pax3 and Pax7 during dorsal midbrain development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 12:10. [PMID: 22390724 PMCID: PMC3313853 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-12-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background During early stages of brain development, secreted molecules, components of intracellular signaling pathways and transcriptional regulators act in positive and negative feed-back or feed-forward loops at the mid-hindbrain boundary. These genetic interactions are of central importance for the specification and subsequent development of the adjacent mid- and hindbrain. Much less, however, is known about the regulatory relationship and functional interaction of molecules that are expressed in the tectal anlage after tectal fate specification has taken place and tectal development has commenced. Results Here, we provide experimental evidence for reciprocal regulation and subsequent cooperation of the paired-type transcription factors Pax3, Pax7 and the TALE-homeodomain protein Meis2 in the tectal anlage. Using in ovo electroporation of the mesencephalic vesicle of chick embryos we show that (i) Pax3 and Pax7 mutually regulate each other's expression in the mesencephalic vesicle, (ii) Meis2 acts downstream of Pax3/7 and requires balanced expression levels of both proteins, and (iii) Meis2 physically interacts with Pax3 and Pax7. These results extend our previous observation that Meis2 cooperates with Otx2 in tectal development to include Pax3 and Pax7 as Meis2 interacting proteins in the tectal anlage. Conclusion The results described here suggest a model in which interdependent regulatory loops involving Pax3 and Pax7 in the dorsal mesencephalic vesicle modulate Meis2 expression. Physical interaction with Meis2 may then confer tectal specificity to a wide range of otherwise broadly expressed transcriptional regulators, including Otx2, Pax3 and Pax7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Agoston
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), J, W, Goethe University Medical School, Heinrich Hoffmannstr, 7, 50628 Frankfurt, Germany
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Agoston Z, Li N, Haslinger A, Wizenmann A, Schulte D. Genetic and physical interaction of Meis2, Pax3 and Pax7 during dorsal midbrain development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 22390724 DOI: 10.1186/1471‐213x‐12‐10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During early stages of brain development, secreted molecules, components of intracellular signaling pathways and transcriptional regulators act in positive and negative feed-back or feed-forward loops at the mid-hindbrain boundary. These genetic interactions are of central importance for the specification and subsequent development of the adjacent mid- and hindbrain. Much less, however, is known about the regulatory relationship and functional interaction of molecules that are expressed in the tectal anlage after tectal fate specification has taken place and tectal development has commenced. RESULTS Here, we provide experimental evidence for reciprocal regulation and subsequent cooperation of the paired-type transcription factors Pax3, Pax7 and the TALE-homeodomain protein Meis2 in the tectal anlage. Using in ovo electroporation of the mesencephalic vesicle of chick embryos we show that (i) Pax3 and Pax7 mutually regulate each other's expression in the mesencephalic vesicle, (ii) Meis2 acts downstream of Pax3/7 and requires balanced expression levels of both proteins, and (iii) Meis2 physically interacts with Pax3 and Pax7. These results extend our previous observation that Meis2 cooperates with Otx2 in tectal development to include Pax3 and Pax7 as Meis2 interacting proteins in the tectal anlage. CONCLUSION The results described here suggest a model in which interdependent regulatory loops involving Pax3 and Pax7 in the dorsal mesencephalic vesicle modulate Meis2 expression. Physical interaction with Meis2 may then confer tectal specificity to a wide range of otherwise broadly expressed transcriptional regulators, including Otx2, Pax3 and Pax7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Agoston
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), J, W, Goethe University Medical School, Heinrich Hoffmannstr, 7, 50628 Frankfurt, Germany
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Thompson JA, Ziman M. Pax genes during neural development and their potential role in neuroregeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:334-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Bobak N, Agoston Z, Schulte D. Evidence against involvement of Bmp receptor 1b signaling in fate specification of the chick mesencephalic alar plate at HH16. Neurosci Lett 2009; 461:223-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Li N, Volff JN, Wizenmann A. Rab23 GTPase is expressed asymmetrically in Hensen's node and plays a role in the dorsoventral patterning of the chick neural tube. Dev Dyn 2007; 236:2993-3006. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Abstract
The fascinating question of how the enormous diversity of neuronal and glial cells in the cerebral cortex is generated during development was recently discussed at a meeting on cortical development and stem cells in Greece. What emerged from this meeting is an equally fascinating answer, namely that precursor diversity at rather early stages of development anticipates later cell type diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Götz
- GSF, National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Institute for Stem Cell Research, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany.
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