1
|
Sasaki M, Sato Y, Nakanuma Y. Nestin may be a candidate marker for differential diagnosis between small duct type and large duct type intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 253:155061. [PMID: 38154357 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.155061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS/AIMS Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is subclassified into small and large duct types. These two subtypes show distinct differences in various clinicopathological features and possible cell origin and pathways of carcinogenesis, however, a differential diagnosis may be sometimes difficult. Given the type IV intermediate filament, Nestin, may be a candidate diagnostic marker for combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CCA) and small duct type iCCAs, the significance of nestin as a differential diagnostic marker between small and large duct types of iCCAs was addressed in the present study. METHODS Nestin expression was immunohistochemically assessed in the sections from 36 patients with small duct-type iCCA, 30 with large duct-type iCCA, and 27 with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Nestin expression and its relationship with clinicopathological features and genetic alterations were investigated in small duct type iCCAs. RESULTS Nestin expression was detected in 17 small duct type iCCAs (47.2%), one large duct type iCCA (3.8%) and zero extrahepatic CCA. Nestin expression was significantly more frequent in the patients with small duct type iCCAs than in those with large duct type iCCA and extrahepatic CCA (p < 0.01). In 10 liver biopsies, all samples with nestin expression were small duct type iCCAs. Nestin-positive small duct type iCCAs were characterized by a higher histological grade, compared to Nestin-negative small duct type iCCAs (p < 0.01). Nestin-positive small duct type iCCAs tended to have 2 or more genetic alterations, but there was no statistic difference (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Different nestin expression may reflect differences between small duct type iCCA and large duct type/extrahepatic CCA and may be a useful diagnostic marker for small duct type iCCAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Sasaki
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Sato
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasuni Nakanuma
- Division of Pathology, Fukui Saiseikai Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Detection of De Novo Dividing Stem Cells In Situ through Double Nucleotide Analogue Labeling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244001. [PMID: 36552766 PMCID: PMC9777310 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific somatic stem cells are characterized by their ability to reside in a state of prolonged reversible cell cycle arrest, referred to as quiescence. Maintenance of a balance between cell quiescence and division is critical for tissue homeostasis at the cellular level and is dynamically regulated by numerous extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Analysis of the activation of quiescent stem cells has been challenging because of a lack of methods for direct detection of de novo dividing cells. Here, we present and experimentally verify a novel method based on double labeling with thymidine analogues to detect de novo dividing stem cells in situ. In a proof of concept for the method, we show that memantine, a drug widely used for Alzheimer's disease therapy and a known strong inducer of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, increases the recruitment into the division cycle of quiescent radial glia-like stem cells-primary precursors of the adult-born neurons in the hippocampus. Our method could be applied to assess the effects of aging, pathology, or drug treatments on the quiescent stem cells in stem cell compartments in developing and adult tissues.
Collapse
|
3
|
Nestin as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol 2022; 77:1586-1597. [PMID: 35987274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CCA) is a rare primary liver cancer (PLC) associated with a poor prognosis. Given the challenges in its identification and its clinical implications, biomarkers are critically needed. We aimed to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic value of the immunohistochemical expression of Nestin, a progenitor cell marker, in a large multicentric series of PLCs. METHODS We collected 461 cHCC-CCA samples from 32 different clinical centers. Control cases included 368 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and 221 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (iCCAs). Nestin immunohistochemistry was performed on whole tumor sections. Diagnostic and prognostic performances of Nestin expression were determined using receiver-operating characteristic curves and Cox regression modeling. RESULTS Nestin was able to distinguish cHCC-CCA from HCC with AUCs of 0.85 and 0.86 on surgical and biopsy samples, respectively. Performance was lower for the distinction of cHCC-CCA from iCCA (AUCs of 0.59 and 0.60). Nestin, however, showed a high prognostic value, allowing identification of the subset of cHCC-CCA ("Nestin High", >30% neoplastic cells with positive staining) associated with the worst clinical outcome (shorter disease-free and overall survival) after surgical resection and liver transplantation, as well as when assessment was performed on biopsies. CONCLUSION We show in different clinical settings that Nestin has diagnostic value and that it is a useful biomarker to identify the subset of cHCC-CCA associated with the worst clinical outcome. Nestin immunohistochemistry may be used to refine risk stratification and improve treatment allocation for patients with this highly aggressive malignancy. LAY SUMMARY There are different types of primary liver cancers (i.e. cancers that originate in the liver). Accurately identifying a specific subtype of primary liver cancer (and determining its associated prognosis) is important as it can have a major impact on treatment allocation. Herein, we show that a protein called Nestin could be used to refine risk stratification and improve treatment allocation for patients with combined hepatocellular carcinoma, a rare but highly aggressive subtype of primary liver cancer.
Collapse
|
4
|
Sasaki M, Sato Y, Nakanuma Y. Is Nestin a diagnostic marker for combined hepatocellular‐cholangiocarcinoma? Histopathology 2022; 80:859-868. [DOI: 10.1111/his.14622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Sasaki
- Department of Human Pathology Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa Japan
| | - Yasunori Sato
- Department of Human Pathology Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen H, Cai J, Wang J, Qiu Y, Jiang C, Wang Y, Wang Y, Yi C, Guo Lv, Pan L, Guan Y, Zheng J, Qiu D, Du C, Liu Q, Chen G, Yang Y, Xu Y, Xiang AP, Zhang Q. Targeting Nestin + hepatic stellate cells ameliorates liver fibrosis by facilitating TβRI degradation. J Hepatol 2021; 74:1176-1187. [PMID: 33217494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver fibrosis is a wound healing response that arises from various aetiologies. The intermediate filament protein Nestin has been reported to participate in maintaining tissue homeostasis during wound healing responses. However, little is known about the role Nestin plays in liver fibrosis. This study investigated the function and precise regulatory network of Nestin during liver fibrosis. METHODS Nestin expression was assessed via immunostaining and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in fibrotic/cirrhotic samples. The induction of Nestin expression by transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-Smad2/3 signalling was investigated through luciferase reporter assays. The functional role of Nestin in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) was investigated by examining the pathway activity of profibrogenic TGFβ-Smad2/3 signalling and degradation of TGFβ receptor I (TβRI) after interfering with Nestin. The in vivo effects of knocking down Nestin were examined with an adeno-associated virus vector (serotype 6, AAV6) carrying short-hairpin RNA targeting Nestin in fibrotic mouse models. RESULTS Nestin was mainly expressed in activated HSCs and increased with the progression of liver fibrosis. The profibrogenic pathway TGFβ-Smad2/3 induced Nestin expression directly. Knocking down Nestin promoted caveolin 1-mediated TβRI degradation, resulting in TGFβ-Smad2/3 pathway impairment and reduced fibrosis marker expression in HSCs. In AAV6-treated murine fibrotic models, knocking down Nestin resulted in decreased levels of inflammatory infiltration, hepatocellular damage, and a reduced degree of fibrosis. CONCLUSION The expression of Nestin in HSCs was induced by TGFβ and positively correlated with the degree of liver fibrosis. Knockdown of Nestin decreased activation of the TGFβ pathway and alleviated liver fibrosis both in vitro and in vivo. Our data demonstrate a novel role of Nestin in controlling HSC activation in liver fibrosis. LAY SUMMARY Liver fibrosis has various aetiologies but represents a common process in chronic liver diseases that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Herein, we demonstrate that the intermediate filament protein Nestin plays an essential profibrogenic role in liver fibrosis by forming a positive feedback loop with the TGFβ-Smad2/3 pathway, providing a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaxin Chen
- Biotherapy Centre, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cell-gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Centre, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianye Cai
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Centre, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiancheng Wang
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Scientific Research Centre, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenhao Jiang
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqin Wang
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenju Yi
- Scientific Research Centre, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guo Lv
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Centre, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijie Pan
- Biotherapy Centre, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cell-gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Centre, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanjun Guan
- Core Facility Centre, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Centre, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongbo Qiu
- Biotherapy Centre, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cell-gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Centre, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong Du
- Biotherapy Centre, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cell-gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Centre, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuli Liu
- Biotherapy Centre, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihua Chen
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Centre, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Centre, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- Biotherapy Centre, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Andy Peng Xiang
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Biotherapy Centre, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cell-gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Centre, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nestin Expression Is Associated with Relapses in Head and Neck Lesions. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11040583. [PMID: 33805026 PMCID: PMC8063927 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11040583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to investigate the clinical significance of nestin immunohistochemical expression in head and neck area lesions and to study its role in patient survival and recurrence. METHODS 39 (44.3%) nasosinus, 37 (42%) major salivary gland (6 submandibular and 31 parotid) and 12 (13.6%) oral cavity lesions of paraffin-embedded samples were retrospectively included. RESULTS The expression was categorized into grades, negative for 55 (62.5%) cases, grade 1 in 10 cases (11.4%), grade 2 in 12 cases (13.6%), and grade 3 in 11 cases (12.5%); 100% of pleomorphic adenomas were positive for nestin with grade 3 intensity, 100% of polyps and inverted papillomas were negative (p < 0.001). The lowest estimate of disease-free-survival (DFS) was for grade 1 expression, with 50 months, confidence interval (CI): 95% 13.3-23.9 months and the highest for grade 3 expression, 167.9 months (CI: 95% 32.1-105 months; Log-Rank = 14.846, p = 0.002). ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves revealed that the positivity for nestin (+/-) in relation to malignancy, presented a sensitivity of 50.98%, a specificity of 81.08%, with an area under the curve of 0.667 (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Nestin could be a useful marker to detect the presence of stem cells in head and neck tumors that have a role in tumor initiation and progression.
Collapse
|
7
|
Sirica AE, Strazzabosco M, Cadamuro M. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Morpho-molecular pathology, tumor reactive microenvironment, and malignant progression. Adv Cancer Res 2020; 149:321-387. [PMID: 33579427 PMCID: PMC8800451 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is a relatively rare, but highly lethal and biologically complex primary biliary epithelial cancer arising within liver. After hepatocellular carcinoma, iCCA is the second most common primary liver cancer, accounting for approximately 10-20% of all primary hepatic malignancies. Over the last 10-20 years, iCCA has become the focus of increasing concern largely due to its rising incidence and high mortality rates in various parts of the world, including the United States. The challenges posed by iCCA are daunting and despite recent progress in the standard of care and management options for iCCA, the prognosis for this cancer continues to be dismal. In an effort to provide a framework for advancing our understanding of iCCA malignant aggressiveness and therapy resistance, this review will highlight key etiological, biological, molecular, and microenvironmental factors hindering more effective management of this hepatobiliary cancer. Particular focus will be on critically reviewing the cell origins and morpho-molecular heterogeneity of iCCAs, providing mechanistic insights into high risk fibroinflammatory cholangiopathies associated with iCCA development, and notably discussing the deleterious role played by the tumor reactive desmoplastic stroma in regulating iCCA malignant progression, lymphangiogenesis, and tumor immunobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alphonse E Sirica
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Liver Center and Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yamakawa M, Santosa SM, Chawla N, Ivakhnitskaia E, Del Pino M, Giakas S, Nadel A, Bontu S, Tambe A, Guo K, Han KY, Cortina MS, Yu C, Rosenblatt MI, Chang JH, Azar DT. Transgenic models for investigating the nervous system: Currently available neurofluorescent reporters and potential neuronal markers. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129595. [PMID: 32173376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant DNA technologies have enabled the development of transgenic animal models for use in studying a myriad of diseases and biological states. By placing fluorescent reporters under the direct regulation of the promoter region of specific marker proteins, these models can localize and characterize very specific cell types. One important application of transgenic species is the study of the cytoarchitecture of the nervous system. Neurofluorescent reporters can be used to study the structural patterns of nerves in the central or peripheral nervous system in vivo, as well as phenomena involving embryologic or adult neurogenesis, injury, degeneration, and recovery. Furthermore, crucial molecular factors can also be screened via the transgenic approach, which may eventually play a major role in the development of therapeutic strategies against diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. This review describes currently available reporters and their uses in the literature as well as potential neural markers that can be leveraged to create additional, robust transgenic models for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yamakawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Samuel M Santosa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Neeraj Chawla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Evguenia Ivakhnitskaia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Matthew Del Pino
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Giakas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Arnold Nadel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Sneha Bontu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Arjun Tambe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Kyu-Yeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Maria Soledad Cortina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Charles Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Mark I Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Malvi D, de Biase D, Fittipaldi S, Grillini M, Visani M, Pession A, D'Errico A, Vasuri F. Immunomorphology and molecular biology of mixed primary liver cancers: is Nestin a marker of intermediate-cell carcinoma? Histopathology 2020; 76:265-274. [PMID: 31374137 DOI: 10.1111/his.13966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Primary mixed liver cancers (PLCs), combined hepatocellular-cholangiocellular (cHCC-CC) and intermediate-cell carcinomas are rare tumours characterised by different molecular mechanisms. Nestin is a marker of progenitor cells with a promising application in human tumours. The aims of the present paper are (i) to determine the expression of Nestin in mixed PLCs; and (ii) to correlate the PLC immunoprofile with the gene expression in each tumour component. METHODS AND RESULTS We selected 28 mixed PLCs, 13 (46.4%) cHCC-CC and 15 (53.6%) intermediate-cell carcinomas. The immunohistochemistry panel consisted of keratin 7, keratin 19, CD56 and Nestin. Next-generation sequencing analysis was performed on 17 cases (27 specimens) using a multi-gene custom panel. The differentiated HCC and CC components of cHCC-CC were negative for Nestin in all cases. The intermediate areas of cHCC-CC were immunoreactive for Nestin in 92.3% of cases, for CD56 in 76.9% and for K7/K19 in all cases. The immunoprofile of the intermediate-cell carcinomas showed 73.3% of cases positive for Nestin and 66.7% for CD56. TP53 and TERT were the most frequently mutated genes (31.3% and 17.6% of samples, respectively). Mutations were also found in IDH1, IDH2, PIK3CA and NRAS genes. Intermediate and HCC areas of cHCC-CC seemed to share the same mutational profile, and both harboured different mutations than the CC component. CONCLUSIONS According to our preliminary data, Nestin was not expressed by hepatocellular or cholangiocellular-cell components, but was expressed by most of the intermediate cells in PLCs, and therefore could be considered in the differential diagnosis of PLCs, together with mutational profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Malvi
- Pathology Unit, S.Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario de Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Fittipaldi
- Pathology Unit, S.Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Grillini
- Pathology Unit, S.Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Visani
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Azienda USL, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pession
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonia D'Errico
- Pathology Unit, S.Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Vasuri
- Pathology Unit, S.Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xue R, Chen L, Zhang C, Fujita M, Li R, Yan SM, Ong CK, Liao X, Gao Q, Sasagawa S, Li Y, Wang J, Guo H, Huang QT, Zhong Q, Tan J, Qi L, Gong W, Hong Z, Li M, Zhao J, Peng T, Lu Y, Lim KHT, Boot A, Ono A, Chayama K, Zhang Z, Rozen SG, Teh BT, Wang XW, Nakagawa H, Zeng MS, Bai F, Zhang N. Genomic and Transcriptomic Profiling of Combined Hepatocellular and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Reveals Distinct Molecular Subtypes. Cancer Cell 2019; 35:932-947.e8. [PMID: 31130341 PMCID: PMC8317046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We performed genomic and transcriptomic sequencing of 133 combined hepatocellular and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-ICC) cases, including separate, combined, and mixed subtypes. Integrative comparison of cHCC-ICC with hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma revealed that combined and mixed type cHCC-ICCs are distinct subtypes with different clinical and molecular features. Integrating laser microdissection, cancer cell fraction analysis, and single nucleus sequencing, we revealed both mono- and multiclonal origins in the separate type cHCC-ICCs, whereas combined and mixed type cHCC-ICCs were all monoclonal origin. Notably, cHCC-ICCs showed significantly higher expression of Nestin, suggesting Nestin may serve as a biomarker for diagnosing cHCC-ICC. Our results provide important biological and clinical insights into cHCC-ICC.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Asia
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/chemistry
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/classification
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/genetics
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/pathology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/classification
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cholangiocarcinoma/chemistry
- Cholangiocarcinoma/classification
- Cholangiocarcinoma/genetics
- Cholangiocarcinoma/pathology
- Databases, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Liver Neoplasms/chemistry
- Liver Neoplasms/classification
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Neoplasms, Complex and Mixed/chemistry
- Neoplasms, Complex and Mixed/classification
- Neoplasms, Complex and Mixed/genetics
- Neoplasms, Complex and Mixed/pathology
- Nestin/analysis
- Nestin/genetics
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- Transcriptome
- Up-Regulation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruidong Xue
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC) and Translational Cancer Research Center, School of Life Sciences, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC) and Translational Cancer Research Center, School of Life Sciences, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Masashi Fujita
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ruoyan Li
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC) and Translational Cancer Research Center, School of Life Sciences, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu-Mei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Choon Kiat Ong
- Lymphoma Genomic Translational Research Laboratory, Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shota Sasagawa
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yanmeng Li
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC) and Translational Cancer Research Center, School of Life Sciences, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC) and Translational Cancer Research Center, School of Life Sciences, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Qi-Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Qian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lisha Qi
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Wenchen Gong
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zhixian Hong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Ultrasonography, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jingmin Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Hepatology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yinying Lu
- Comprehensive Liver Cancer Center, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Kiat Hon Tony Lim
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore
| | - Arnoud Boot
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Atushi Ono
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Zemin Zhang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC) and Translational Cancer Research Center, School of Life Sciences, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Steve George Rozen
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Bin Tean Teh
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Xin Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hidewaki Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Fan Bai
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC) and Translational Cancer Research Center, School of Life Sciences, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC) and Translational Cancer Research Center, School of Life Sciences, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu X, Wan M. A tale of the good and bad: Cell senescence in bone homeostasis and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 346:97-128. [PMID: 31122396 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Historically, cellular senescence has been viewed as an irreversible cell-cycle arrest process with distinctive phenotypic alterations that were implicated primarily in aging and tumor suppression. Recent discoveries suggest that cellular senescence represents a series of diverse, dynamic, and heterogeneous cellular states with the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Although senescent cells typically contribute to aging and age-related diseases, accumulating evidence has shown that they also have important physiological functions during embryonic development, late pubertal bone growth cessation, and adulthood tissue remodeling. Here, we review the recent research on cellular senescence and SASP, highlighting the key pathways that mediate senescence cell-cycle arrest and initiate SASP. We also summarize recent literature on the role of cellular senescence in maintaining bone homeostasis and mediating age-associated osteoporosis, discussing both the beneficial and adverse roles of cellular senescence in bone during different physiological stages, including bone development, childhood bone growth, adulthood bone remodeling, and bone aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mei Wan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Awad A, Khalil SR, Farag MR, Nassan MA. Differential susceptibility of kidneys and livers to proliferative processes and transcriptional level of the genes encoding desmin, vimentin, connexin 43, and nestin in rats exposed to furan. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 162:235-244. [PMID: 29990736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to assess the differential toxic impact, induced by furan exposure, on the liver and kidney tissues by estimating reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), oxidative damage, and the tissue injury markers in a male rat model. To explain such impacts, 20 rats were assigned into two groups: a control group, where rats were administered corn oil as a vehicle, and a furan-administered group, where furan was orally administered to rats at a dose of 16 mg/kg b wt/day (five days per week over eight weeks). The transcriptional levels of intermediate filament proteins (desmin, vimentin, nestin, and connexin 43) were assessed by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the cell proliferation markers (proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA] and proliferation-associated nuclear antigen [Ki-67]) were recognized by immunohistochemical analysis. Furthermore, the ultrastructural changes of liver and kidney were monitored using electron microscopy. Our findings showed that furan exposure could induce hepatic and renal damage to different extents. Furan can increase the ROS content, oxidative damage indices, and liver tissue injury indices but not kidney injury indices. Furthermore, it decreases the TAC in the serum of exposed rats. In addition, furan exposure was associated with changes in the mRNA expression pattern of intermediate filament proteins in both kidney and liver tissues. Moreover, furan enhances the expression of PCNA and Ki-67 in the liver tissues but not in the kidney tissues. The ultrastructure evaluation revealed the incidence of glomerular podocyte degeneration and hepatocyte injury. These results conclusively demonstrate that the deleterious effects of furan are caused by promoting fibrosis and hepatocyte proliferation in liver tissues and triggering podocyte injury in the kidney tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Awad
- Animal Wealth Development Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Samah R Khalil
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511 Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Mayada Ragab Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511 Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdo Nassan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Reckmann AN, Tomczyk CUM, Davidoff MS, Michurina TV, Arnhold S, Müller D, Mietens A, Middendorff R. Nestin in the epididymis is expressed in vascular wall cells and is regulated during postnatal development and in case of testosterone deficiency. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194585. [PMID: 29874225 PMCID: PMC5991371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), distinguished by the expression of the neuronal stem cell marker nestin, may represent stem cell-like progenitor cells in various organs including the testis. We investigated epididymal tissues of adult nestin-GFP mice, rats after Leydig cell depletion via ethane dimethane sulfonate (EDS), rats and mice during postnatal development and human tissues. By use of Clarity, a histochemical method to illustrate a three-dimensional picture, we could demonstrate nestin-GFP positive cells within the vascular network. We localized nestin in the epididymis in proliferating vascular SMCs by colocalization with both smooth muscle actin and PCNA, and it was distinct from CD31-positive endothelial cells. The same nestin localization was found in the human epididymis. However, nestin was not found in SMCs of the epididymal duct. Nestin expression is high during postnatal development of mouse and rat and down-regulated towards adulthood when testosterone levels increase. Nestin increases dramatically in rats after Leydig cell ablation with EDS and subsequently low testosterone levels. Interestingly, during this period, the expression of androgen receptor in the epididymis is low and increases until nestin reaches normal levels of adulthood. Here we show that nestin, a common marker for neuronal stem cells, is also expressed in the vasculature of the epididymis. Our results give new insights into the yet underestimated role of proliferating nestin-expressing vascular SMCs during postnatal development and repair of the epididymis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar N Reckmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Claudia U M Tomczyk
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michail S Davidoff
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tatyana V Michurina
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States of America
- Center for Developmental Genetics and Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stefan Arnhold
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dieter Müller
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andrea Mietens
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralf Middendorff
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ilic Z, Mondal TK, Guest I, Crawford DR, Sell S. Participation of liver stem cells in cholangiocarcinogenesis after aflatoxin B1 exposure of glutathione S-transferase A3 knockout mice. Tumour Biol 2018; 40:1010428318777344. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428318777344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1, arguably the most potent human carcinogen, induces liver cancer in humans, rats, trout, ducks, and so on, but adult mice are totally resistant. This resistance is because of a detoxifying enzyme, mouse glutathione S-transferase A3, which binds to and inactivates aflatoxin B1 epoxide, preventing the epoxide from binding to DNA and causing mutations. Glutathione S-transferase A3 or its analog has not been detected in any of the sensitive species, including humans. The generation of a glutathione S-transferase A3 knockout (represented as KO or -/-) mice has allowed us to study the induction of liver cancer in mice by aflatoxin B1. In contrast to the induction of hepatocellular carcinomas in other species, aflatoxin B1 induces cholangiocarcinomas in GSTA3-/- mice. In other species and in knockout mice, the induction of liver cancer is preceded by extensive proliferation of small oval cells, providing additional evidence that oval cells are bipolar stem cells and may give rise to either hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma depending on the nature of the hepatocarcinogen and the species of animal. The recent development of mouse oval cell lines in our laboratory from aflatoxin B1-treated GSTA3-/- mice should provide a new venue for study of the properties and potential of putative mouse liver stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Ilic
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Tapan K Mondal
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Ian Guest
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Stewart Sell
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hepatic stellate cells derived from the nestin-positive cells in septum transversum during rat liver development. Med Mol Morphol 2018; 51:199-207. [PMID: 29380061 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-018-0183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a principal role in Vitamin A metabolism and are considered the major matrix-producing cell type in the diseased liver. Rat HSCs are identified by immunohistochemistry with myogenic or mesenchymal (desmin, vimentin, and alpha-smooth muscle actin) or neural (e.g., GFAP or neuronal cell adhesion molecule) markers. Embryonic origin of rat HSCs was determined using these markers. Nestin, an intermediate filament protein originally identified in neuronal stem or progenitor cells, is widely used as a stem cell marker, including hepatic stem cells in adult rat livers. Additionally, nestin is reportedly expressed in activated HSCs during liver injury and hepatic regeneration. However, little is known about nestin expression in rat fetal liver HSCs. The present study aimed to clarify nestin-positive HSC expression during rat liver development. At embryonic day (ED) 10.5, nestin expression in mesenchymal cells adjacent to the liver bud was detected by immunohistochemistry. At ED 11.5, nestin-positive cells were also detected in desmin-positive cells appearing and increasing in intensity by ED 16.5. However, nestin-positive cells in the parenchyma decreased by ED 20.5 or later. These findings reveal that the nestin-positive HSCs during rat liver development originate from nestin-positive mesenchymal cells in the septum transversum.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Nestin expression marks stem and progenitor cells of the neural lineage. Transgenic mouse lines, originally generated to identify neural stem cells, can also help to identify, track, and isolate stem and progenitor cells in a range of tissues of the ectodermal, endodermal, and mesodermal origin. Here, we describe the generation of transgenic mouse lines expressing fluorescent proteins (FP) under the control of critical regulatory elements of the nestin gene and their use for identifying and analyzing adult stem and progenitor cells in various tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Mignone
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Natalia Peunova
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Enikolopov G, Overstreet-Wadiche L, Ge S. Viral and transgenic reporters and genetic analysis of adult neurogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:a018804. [PMID: 26238354 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stem and progenitor cells of the developing and adult brain can be effectively identified and manipulated using reporter genes, introduced into transgenic reporter mouse lines or recombinant viruses. Such reporters rely on an ever-increasing variety of fluorescent proteins and a continuously expanding list of regulatory elements and of mouse lines engineered for cell- or time-specific recombination. An important extension of stem-cell-based genetic strategies is an opportunity to explore the properties of newly generated neurons and their contribution to synaptic plasticity. Here, we review available strategies for marking and quantifying various classes of stem and progenitor cells in the adult brain, genetically tracing their progeny, and studying the properties of stem cells and new neurons. We compare various experimental approaches to labeling and investigating stem cells and their progeny and discuss caveats and limitations inherent to each approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shaoyu Ge
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rubin de Celis MF, Garcia-Martin R, Wittig D, Valencia GD, Enikolopov G, Funk RH, Chavakis T, Bornstein SR, Androutsellis-Theotokis A, Ehrhart-Bornstein M. Multipotent Glia-Like Stem Cells Mediate Stress Adaptation. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2037-51. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria F. Rubin de Celis
- Division of Molecular Endocrinology; Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Ruben Garcia-Martin
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine; Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Dierk Wittig
- Institute of Anatomy; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Gabriela D. Valencia
- Division of Molecular Endocrinology; Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | | | - Richard H. Funk
- Institute of Anatomy; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine; Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Andreas Androutsellis-Theotokis
- Division of Stem Cell Biology; Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Monika Ehrhart-Bornstein
- Division of Molecular Endocrinology; Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chan LH, Luk ST, Ma S. Turning hepatic cancer stem cells inside out--a deeper understanding through multiple perspectives. Mol Cells 2015; 38:202-9. [PMID: 25666349 PMCID: PMC4363719 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a highly malignant disease and the third leading cause of all cancer mortalities worldwide, often responses poorly to current treatments and results in dismal outcomes due to frequent chemoresistance and tumor relapse. The heterogeneity of HCC is an important attribute of the disease. It is the outcome of many factors, including the cross-talk between tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment and the acquisition and accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in tumor cells. In addition, there is accumulating evidence in recent years to show that the malignancy of HCC can be attributed partly to the presence of cancer stem cell (CSC). CSCs are capable to self-renew, differentiate and initiate tumor formation. The regulation of the stem cell-like properties by several important signaling pathways have been found to endow the tumor cells with an increased level of tumorigenicity, chemoresistance, and metastatic ability. In this review, we will discuss the recent findings on hepatic CSCs, with special emphasis on their putative origins, relationship with hepatitis viruses, regulatory signaling networks, tumor microenvironment, and how these factors control the stemness of hepatic CSCs. We will also discuss some novel therapeutic strategies targeted at hepatic CSCs for combating HCC and perspectives of future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lok-Hei Chan
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Steve T. Luk
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Stephanie Ma
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Enikolopov G, Guillermier C, Wang M, Trakimas L, Steinhauser M, Lechene C. Brain stem cell division and maintenance studied using multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry (MIMS). SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2014; 46:140-143. [PMID: 26379335 PMCID: PMC4566142 DOI: 10.1002/sia.5675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
New neurons are continuously produced from neural stem cells in specific regions of the adult brain of animals and humans. In the hippocampus, a region crucial for cognitive function, neurogenesis responds to a multitude of extrinsic stimuli; emerging evidence indicates that it may be important for behavior, pathophysiology, brain repair, and response to drugs. We have developed an approach to identify and quantify the cellular targets of pro- and anti-neurogenic stimuli, based on reporter transgenic mouse lines in which neural stem and progenitor cells or their progeny are marked by fluorescent proteins. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of using MIMS for studying adult neurogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Enikolopov
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY USA
| | - C Guillermier
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ; National Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry (NRIMS), Cambridge, MA USA
| | - M Wang
- National Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry (NRIMS), Cambridge, MA USA
| | - L Trakimas
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - M Steinhauser
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - C Lechene
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ; National Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry (NRIMS), Cambridge, MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tarlow BD, Pelz C, Naugler WE, Wakefield L, Wilson EM, Finegold MJ, Grompe M. Bipotential adult liver progenitors are derived from chronically injured mature hepatocytes. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 15:605-18. [PMID: 25312494 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adult liver progenitor cells are biliary-like epithelial cells that emerge only under injury conditions in the periportal region of the liver. They exhibit phenotypes of both hepatocytes and bile ducts. However, their origin and their significance to injury repair remain unclear. Here, we used a chimeric lineage tracing system to demonstrate that hepatocytes contribute to the progenitor pool. RNA-sequencing, ultrastructural analysis, and in vitro progenitor assays revealed that hepatocyte-derived progenitors were distinct from their biliary-derived counterparts. In vivo lineage tracing and serial transplantation assays showed that hepatocyte-derived proliferative ducts retained a memory of their origin and differentiated back into hepatocytes upon cessation of injury. Similarly, human hepatocytes in chimeric mice also gave rise to biliary progenitors in vivo. We conclude that human and mouse hepatocytes can undergo reversible ductal metaplasia in response to injury, expand as ducts, and subsequently contribute to restoration of the hepatocyte mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Branden D Tarlow
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Carl Pelz
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Willscott E Naugler
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Leslie Wakefield
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Milton J Finegold
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6621 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Behbahan IS, Keating A, Gale RP. Concise review: bone marrow autotransplants for liver disease? Stem Cells 2014; 31:2313-29. [PMID: 23939914 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are increasing reports of using bone marrow-derived stem cells to treat advanced liver disease. We consider several critical issues that underlie this approach. For example, are there multipotent stem cell populations in human adult bone marrow? Can they develop into liver cells or supporting cell types? What are stromal stem/progenitor cells, and can they promote tissue repair without replacing hepatocytes? Does reversal of end-stage liver disease require new hepatocytes, a new liver microenvironment, both, neither or something else? Although many of these questions are unanswered, we consider the conceptual and experimental bases underlying these issues and critically analyze results of clinical trials of stem cell therapy of end-stage liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iman Saramipoor Behbahan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dado-Rosenfeld D, Tzchori I, Fine A, Chen-Konak L, Levenberg S. Tensile forces applied on a cell-embedded three-dimensional scaffold can direct early differentiation of embryonic stem cells toward the mesoderm germ layer. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 21:124-33. [PMID: 25002337 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces play an important role in the initial stages of embryo development; yet, the influence of forces, particularly of tensile forces, on embryonic stem cell differentiation is still unknown. The effects of tensile forces on mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) differentiation within a three-dimensional (3D) environment were examined using an advanced bioreactor system. Uniaxial static or dynamic stretch was applied on cell-embedded collagen constructs. Six-day-long cyclic stretching of the seeded constructs led to a fourfold increase in Brachyury (BRACH-T) expression, associated with the primitive streak phase in gastrulation, confirmed also by immunofluorescence staining. Further examination of gene expression characteristic of mESC differentiation and pluripotency, under the same conditions, revealed changes mostly related to mesodermal processes. Additionally, downregulation of genes related to pluripotency and stemness was observed. Cyclic stretching of the 3D constructs resulted in actin fiber alignment parallel to the stretching direction. BRACH-T expression decreased under cyclic stretching with addition of myosin II inhibitor. No significant changes in gene expression were observed when mESCs were first differentiated in the form of embryoid bodies and then exposed to cyclic stretching, suggesting that forces primarily influence nondifferentiated cells. Understanding the effects of forces on stem cell differentiation provides a means of controlling their differentiation for later use in regenerative medicine applications and sheds light on their involvement in embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dekel Dado-Rosenfeld
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Golbar HM, Izawa T, Wijesundera KK, Tennakoon AH, Katou-Ichikawa C, Tanaka M, Kuwamura M, Yamate J. Expression of nestin in remodelling of α-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced acute bile duct injury in rats. J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:255-63. [PMID: 25087881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The function of the intermediate filament protein nestin is poorly understood. The significance of nestin expression was assessed in α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholangiocyte injury lesions in F344 rats. Liver samples obtained from rats injected intraperitoneally with ANIT (75 mg/kg) on post-injection days 0 (control) and 1-12 were labelled immunohistochemically for expression of nestin and markers specific for mesenchymal cells (vimentin), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) (desmin and glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP]), endothelial cells (rat endothelial cell antigen [RECA]-1), cholangiocytes (cytokeratin [CK] 19) and cellular proliferation (Ki67). Cholangiocyte injury led to infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages followed by aggregation of mesenchymal cells and regeneration of bile ducts. Nestin expression was detected in mesenchymal cells (vimentin positive) on days 1-7 with a peak on days 3-5 and in newly-formed RECA-1-positive endothelial cells on day 3. Nestin expression was also observed in regenerating CK19-positive cholangiocytes on days 2-5, with a peak on day 3. Labelling for Ki67 showed proliferation of cholangiocytes, mesenchymal cells and HSCs. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction with microdissected samples showed significantly elevated nestin mRNA on day 3. The findings suggest an association between nestin expression and cellular proliferation. Based on these findings, it was considered that nestin-expressing mesenchymal cells, HSCs and endothelial cells may be possible progenitors of repopulating cholangiocytes. Nestin expression may serve as an indicator for cellular remodelling and behaviour of injured and repopulating bile ducts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H M Golbar
- Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - T Izawa
- Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - K K Wijesundera
- Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - A H Tennakoon
- Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - C Katou-Ichikawa
- Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - M Tanaka
- Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - M Kuwamura
- Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - J Yamate
- Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tschaharganeh DF, Xue W, Calvisi DF, Evert M, Michurina TV, Dow LE, Banito A, Katz SF, Kastenhuber ER, Weissmueller S, Huang CH, Lechel A, Andersen JB, Capper D, Zender L, Longerich T, Enikolopov G, Lowe SW. p53-dependent Nestin regulation links tumor suppression to cellular plasticity in liver cancer. Cell 2014; 158:579-92. [PMID: 25083869 PMCID: PMC4221237 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor coordinates a series of antiproliferative responses that restrict the expansion of malignant cells, and as a consequence, p53 is lost or mutated in the majority of human cancers. Here, we show that p53 restricts expression of the stem and progenitor-cell-associated protein nestin in an Sp1/3 transcription-factor-dependent manner and that Nestin is required for tumor initiation in vivo. Moreover, loss of p53 facilitates dedifferentiation of mature hepatocytes into nestin-positive progenitor-like cells, which are poised to differentiate into hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) or cholangiocarcinomas (CCs) in response to lineage-specific mutations that target Wnt and Notch signaling, respectively. Many human HCCs and CCs show elevated nestin expression, which correlates with p53 loss of function and is associated with decreased patient survival. Therefore, transcriptional repression of Nestin by p53 restricts cellular plasticity and tumorigenesis in liver cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darjus F Tschaharganeh
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wen Xue
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, University of Medicine, Greifswald 17487, Germany
| | - Matthias Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Medicine, Greifswald 17487, Germany
| | | | - Lukas E Dow
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ana Banito
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sarah F Katz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm 89070, Germany
| | - Edward R Kastenhuber
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Susann Weissmueller
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Chun-Hao Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andre Lechel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm 89070, Germany
| | - Jesper B Andersen
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, NCI/CCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - David Capper
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg and Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Lars Zender
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Thomas Longerich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | | | - Scott W Lowe
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Annexin A3-Expressing Cellular Phenotypes Emerge from Necrotic Lesion in the Pericentral Area in 2-Acetylaminofluoren/Carbon Tetrachloride-Treated Rat Livers. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:3082-9. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
27
|
Peker K, Sayar I, Gelincik İ, Bulut G, Ünal TDK, Şenol S, Gökçe A, Isik A. The diagnostic importance of matrix metalloproteinase-7 and nestin in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:674-80. [PMID: 24755685 PMCID: PMC4005864 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of the matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) and nestin immunomarkers, C-kit proto-oncogene (CD117), and the efficiency of the Ki-67 proliferation index for gastrointestinal stromal tumors were evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was conducted by examining the microscope slides of 72 patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors that were sent to the pathology laboratory between 2007 and 2012. Immunohistochemical staining for CD117, MMP-7, nestin, and marker of proliferation Ki-67 was performed. The correlations between the positive results for Ki-67, CD117, MMP-7, and nestin were evaluated relative to the tumor characteristics of size, localization, grade, cellular type, cellularity, cytology type, growth pattern, ulceration, necrosis, hemorrhage, invasion depth, and lymph node metastasis. RESULTS The tumor was localized in the stomach in 42 of the patients, the intestines in 19, the colon in 7, and the rectum in 4. Comparisons among the groups showed that MMP-7 was correlated with the tumor grade (p<0.001), cellularity (p<0.009), cytologic atypia (p<0.001), ulceration (p=0.002), necrosis (p<0.001), and tumor size (p=0.001). Nestin was correlated with the tumor grade (p=0.013), and tumor size (p=0.024). Correlations among CD117, MMP-7, nestin, and Ki-67 were examined. Nestin and Ki-67 were both significantly correlated with CD117 and MMP-7 [(r=0.279, p=0.018), (r=0.322, p=0.006), (r=0.386, p=0.001), (r=0.386, p=0.002)], respectively. CONCLUSIONS MMP-7 and nestin may be beneficial as markers, given their sensitivity to gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Peker
- Department of General Surgery, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Ilyas Sayar
- Department of Pathology, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Gelincik
- Department of Pathology, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Gülay Bulut
- Department of Pathology, Yüzüncü Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | | | - Serkan Şenol
- Department of Pathology, Medeniyet University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysun Gökçe
- Department of Pathology, Dişkapi Training Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arda Isik
- Department of General Surgery, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Park JH, Glass Z, Sayed K, Michurina TV, Lazutkin A, Mineyeva O, Velmeshev D, Ward WF, Richardson A, Enikolopov G. Calorie restriction alleviates the age-related decrease in neural progenitor cell division in the aging brain. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:1987-93. [PMID: 23773068 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Production of new neurons from stem cells is important for cognitive function, and the reduction of neurogenesis in the aging brain may contribute to the accumulation of age-related cognitive deficits. Restriction of calorie intake and prolonged treatment with rapamycin have been shown to extend the lifespan of animals and delay the onset of the age-related decline in tissue and organ function. Using a reporter line in which neural stem and progenitor cells are marked by the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP), we examined the effect of prolonged exposure to calorie restriction (CR) or rapamycin on hippocampal neural stem and progenitor cell proliferation in aging mice. We showed that CR increased the number of dividing cells in the dentate gyrus of female mice. The majority of these cells corresponded to nestin-GFP-expressing neural stem or progenitor cells; however, this increased proliferative activity of stem and progenitor cells did not result in a significant increase in the number of doublecortin-positive newborn neurons. Our results suggest that restricted calorie intake may increase the number of divisions that neural stem and progenitor cells undergo in the aging brain of females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- June-Hee Park
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
GOLBAR HM, IZAWA T, JUNIANTITO V, ICHIKAWA C, TANAKA M, KUWAMURA M, YAMATE J. Immunohistochemical Characterization of Macrophages and Myofibroblasts in Fibrotic Liver Lesions Due to Fasciola Infection in Cattle. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:857-65. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hossain M. GOLBAR
- Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598–8531, Japan
| | - Takeshi IZAWA
- Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598–8531, Japan
| | - Vetnizah JUNIANTITO
- Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598–8531, Japan
| | - Chisa ICHIKAWA
- Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598–8531, Japan
| | - Miyuu TANAKA
- Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598–8531, Japan
| | - Mitsuru KUWAMURA
- Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598–8531, Japan
| | - Jyoji YAMATE
- Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598–8531, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Iverson SV, Comstock KM, Kundert JA, Schmidt EE. Contributions of new hepatocyte lineages to liver growth, maintenance, and regeneration in mice. Hepatology 2011; 54:655-63. [PMID: 21538442 PMCID: PMC3145049 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The contributions that de novo differentiation of new hepatocyte lineages makes to normal liver physiology are unknown. In this study, a system that uniquely marks cells during a finite period following primary activation of a serum albumin gene promoter/enhancer-driven Cre recombinase (albCre) transgene was used to investigate birthrates of new hepatocyte lineages from albumin (Alb)-naive precursors in mice. Elapsed time was measured with a two-color fluorescent marker gene that converts from expressing tandem dimer Tomato (tdT; a red fluorescent protein) to expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) following primary exposure to Cre. The accumulation of GFP and the decay of tdT each contributed to a regular fluorescence transition, which was calibrated in vivo. In normal adults, this system revealed that a steady-state level of 0.076% of all hepatocytes had differentiated within the previous 4 days from albCre-naive cell lineages. In comparison with resting adult livers, the relative abundance of these newborn hepatocytes was elevated 3.7-fold in the growing livers of juveniles and 8.6-fold during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in adults. CONCLUSION Newborn hepatocyte lineages arising from Alb-naive cells contribute to liver maintenance under normal conditions. Hepatocyte lineage birthrates can vary in response to the liver's physiological status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonya V. Iverson
- Department of Immunology and Disease, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
| | | | - Jean A. Kundert
- Animal Resources Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
| | - Edward E. Schmidt
- Department of Immunology and Disease, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
,Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
,To whom correspondences should be addressed
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Reister S, Kordes C, Sawitza I, Häussinger D. The epigenetic regulation of stem cell factors in hepatic stellate cells. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:1687-99. [PMID: 21219128 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic regulation by DNA methylation is an important mechanism to control the expression of stem cell factors as demonstrated in tumor cells. It was recently shown that hepatic stellate cells (HSC) express stem/progenitor cell factors and have a differentiation potential. The aim of this work was to investigate if the expression of stem cell markers is regulated by DNA methylation during activation of rat HSC. It was found that CD133, Notch1, and Notch3 are regulated via DNA methylation in HSC, whereas Nestin shows no DNA methylation in HSC and other undifferentiated cells such as embryonic stem cells and umbilical cord blood stem cells from rats. In contrast to this, DNA methylation controls Nestin expression in differentiated cells like hepatocytes and the hepatoma cell line H4IIE. Demethylation by 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine was sufficient to induce Nestin in H4IIE cells. In quiescent stellate cells and embryonic stem cells, the Nestin expression was suppressed by histone H3 methylation at lysine 9, which is another epigenetic mechanism. Apart from the known induction of Nestin in cultured HSC, this intermediate filament protein was also induced after partial hepatectomy, indicating activation of HSC during liver regeneration. Taken together, this study demonstrates for the first time that the expression of stem cell-associated factors such as CD133, Notch1, and Notch3 is controlled by DNA methylation in HSC. The regulation of Nestin by DNA methylation seems to be restricted to differentiated cells, whereas undifferentiated cells use different epigenetic mechanisms such as histone H3 methylation to control Nestin expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Reister
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
A microfluidic traps system supporting prolonged culture of human embryonic stem cells aggregates. Biomed Microdevices 2011; 12:1001-8. [PMID: 20665114 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-010-9454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The unlimited proliferative and differentiative capacities of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are tightly regulated by their microenvironment. Local concentrations of soluble factors, cell-cell interactions and extracellular matrix signaling are just a few variables that influence ESC fate. A common method employed to induce ESC differentiation involves the formation of cell aggregates called embryoid bodies (EBs), which recapitulate early stages of embryonic development. EBs are normally formed in suspension cultures, producing heterogeneously shaped and sized aggregates. The present study demonstrates the usage of a microfluidic traps system which supports prolonged EB culturing. The traps are uniquely designed to facilitate cell capture and aggregation while offering efficient gas/nutrients exchange. A finite element simulation is presented with emphasis on several aspects critical to appropriate design of such bioreactors for ESC culture. Finally, human ESC, mouse Nestin-GFP ESC and OCT4-EGFP ESCs were cultured using this technique and demonstrated extended viability for more than 5 days. In addition, EBs developed and maintained a polarized differentiation pattern, possibly as a result of the nutrient gradients imposed by the traps bioreactor. The novel microbioreactor presented here can enhance future embryogenesis research by offering tight control of culturing conditions.
Collapse
|
33
|
Omenetti A, Yang L, Gainetdinov RR, Guy CD, Choi SS, Chen W, Caron MG, Diehl AM. Paracrine modulation of cholangiocyte serotonin synthesis orchestrates biliary remodeling in adults. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G303-15. [PMID: 21071507 PMCID: PMC3043647 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00368.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Paracrine signaling between cholangiocytes and stromal cells regulates biliary remodeling. Cholangiocytes have neuroepithelial characteristics and serotonin receptor agonists inhibit their growth, but whether they are capable of serotonin biosynthesis is unknown. We hypothesized that cholangiocytes synthesize serotonin and that cross talk between liver myofibroblasts (MF) and cholangiocytes regulates this process to influence biliary remodeling. Transwell cultures of cholangiocytes ± MF, and tryptophan hydroxylase-2 knockin (TPH2KI) mice with an inactivating mutation of the neuronal tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) isoform, TPH2, were evaluated. Results in the cell culture models confirm that cholangiocytes have serotonin receptors and demonstrate for the first time that these cells express TPH2 and produce serotonin, which autoinhibits their growth but stimulates MF production of TGF-β(1). Increased TGF-β(1), in turn, counteracts autocrine inhibition of cholangiocyte growth by repressing cholangiocyte TPH2 expression. Studies of TPH2KI mice confirm that TPH2-mediated production of serotonin plays an important role in remodeling damaged bile ducts because mice with decreased TPH2 function have reduced biliary serotonin levels and exhibit excessive cholangiocyte proliferation, accumulation of aberrant ductules and liver progenitors, and increased liver fibrosis after bile duct ligation. This new evidence that cholangiocytes express the so-called neuronal isoform of TPH, synthesize serotonin de novo, and deploy serotonin as an autocrine/paracrine signal to regulate regeneration of the biliary tree complements earlier work that revealed that passive release of serotonin from platelets stimulates hepatocyte proliferation. Given the prevalent use of serotonin-modulating drugs, these findings have potentially important implications for recovery from various types of liver damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Liu Yang
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Duke Medical Center, Durham; ,2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- 3Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham; ,4Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy;
| | | | - Steve S. Choi
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Duke Medical Center, Durham; ,6Section of Gastroenterology, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Wei Chen
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Duke Medical Center, Durham;
| | - Marc G. Caron
- 3Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham;
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Duke Medical Center, Durham;
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lu WJ, Lan F, He Q, Lee A, Tang CZ, Dong L, Lan B, Ma X, Wu JC, Shen L. Inducible expression of stem cell associated intermediate filament nestin reveals an important role in glioblastoma carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:343-51. [PMID: 20669222 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intermediate filament nestin is transiently expressed in neural stem/progenitor cells during the development of central nervous system. Recently, increasing evidence has shown that upregulation of nestin is related to malignancy of several cancers, especially glioblastoma. However, the function of nestin in carcinogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of nestin in glioblastoma carcinogenesis by comparing subclones of rat C6 glioblastoma cells that were either high or low for nestin expression. We found that while nestin expression did not influence the in vitro proliferation of glioblastoma cells, subclones characterized by high levels of nestin formed tumors in vivo at significantly faster rates than subclones with low expression. Importantly, C6 subclones that expressed nestin at low levels in vitro were also found to give rise to tumors highly positive for the protein, suggesting that induction of nestin plays an important role in glioblastoma carcinogenesis. Derivation of nestin positive tumors from nestin negative human U87 glioblastoma cells in immunodeficient mice further confirmed that a switch to positive expression of nestin is fundamental to the course of glioblastoma development. Blocking the expression of nestin in glioblastoma tumors via intratumor injection of shRNA significantly slowed tumor growth and volume. These results demonstrated that nestin plays a crucial role in development of glioblastoma and may potentially be targeted for treatment of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jing Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen Z, Wang T, Luo H, Lai Y, Yang X, Li F, Lei Y, Su C, Zhang X, Lahn BT, Xiang AP. Expression of nestin in lymph node metastasis and lymphangiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Hum Pathol 2010; 41:737-44. [PMID: 20132963 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell marker nestin has been reported to be activated in various neoplasms, and its expression is correlated with poor prognosis. However, nestin expression in non-small cell lung cancer still remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate nestin expression in 52 tissue samples of non-small cell lung cancer by immunohistochemical staining and explore its correlation with some clinicopathologic characteristics. The associations of nestin with lymphatic vessel density, microvessel density, vascular endothelial growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor-C, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were further observed to determine the linkage between nestin and lymphangiogenesis. The results showed that nestin expressed in tumor cells of 45 samples. High nestin expression correlated significantly with poor differentiation (P = .007), adenocarcinoma (P = .000), N2 lymph node metastasis (P = .006), high microvessel density (P = .033), and lymphatic vessel density (P = .020). Multivariate analysis of N1 and N2 lymph node metastasis revealed a 1.086-fold increase in hazard ratio of N2 lymph node involvement (P = .011) in patients with high nestin expression in primary tumor. More important, multivariate analysis showed a significant correlation of lymphatic vessel density with nestin and vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression (P = .039 and P = .045), independent of vascular endothelial growth factor, COX-2, and other clinicopathologic characteristics. The results demonstrated that nestin expressed in most tumor cells of non-small cell lung cancer tissue and had a direct linkage to lymph node metastasis and tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis, independent of COX-2 signal pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Locke JE, Shamblott MJ, Cameron AM. Stem cells and the liver: clinical applications in transplantation. Adv Surg 2009; 43:35-51. [PMID: 19845168 DOI: 10.1016/j.yasu.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ESLD affects millions of Americans, and HCV is a worldwide pandemic. Unfortunately, the ability to study liver disease and novel therapeutics experimentally in the laboratory is limited by an ongoing lack of small animal models. The development of rodents with livers chimeric for human hepatocytes may improve this situation. The authors' efforts currently use an immunodeficient or exogenously immunosuppressed animal with subsequent liver injury provided by chemical or surgical means. Cell transplantation with either human hepatocytes or human stem cells results in engraftment and subsequent "humanization" of an animal liver. Study of these animal models may lead to innovative approaches to the management of ESLD in both children and adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayme E Locke
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Research Building, Room 765, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Okabe M, Tsukahara Y, Tanaka M, Suzuki K, Saito S, Kamiya Y, Tsujimura T, Nakamura K, Miyajima A. Potential hepatic stem cells reside in EpCAM+ cells of normal and injured mouse liver. Development 2009; 136:1951-60. [PMID: 19429791 DOI: 10.1242/dev.031369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic oval cells are considered to be facultative hepatic stem cells (HSCs) that differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes in severely injured liver. Hepatic oval cells have also been implicated in tumorigenesis. However, their nature and origin remain elusive. To isolate and characterize mouse oval cells, we searched for cell surface molecules expressed on oval cells and analyzed their nature at the single-cell level by flow cytometric analysis and in the in vitro colony formation assay. We demonstrate that epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is expressed in both mouse normal cholangiocytes and oval cells, whereas its related protein, TROP2, is expressed exclusively in oval cells, establishing TROP2 as a novel marker to distinguish oval cells from normal cholangiocytes. EpCAM(+) cells isolated from injured liver proliferate to form colonies in vitro, and the clonally expanded cells differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, suggesting that the oval cell fraction contains potential HSCs. Interestingly, such cells with HSC characteristics exist among EpCAM(+) cells of normal liver. Intriguingly, comparison of the colony formation of EpCAM(+) cells in normal and injured liver reveals little difference in the number of potential HSCs, strongly suggesting that most proliferating mouse oval cells represent transit-amplifying cells rather than HSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Okabe
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chivu M, Dima SO, Stancu CI, Dobrea C, Uscatescu V, Necula LG, Bleotu C, Tanase C, Albulescu R, Ardeleanu C, Popescu I. In vitro hepatic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells under differential exposure to liver-specific factors. Transl Res 2009; 154:122-32. [PMID: 19665688 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings demonstrated that stem cells could be harvested from a patient and used to repair his or her own damaged liver. Additionally, stem cells may be manipulated in vitro to induce hepatic differentiation. The current study aims to determine the differentiation efficacy of various liver-specific factors (hepatocyte growth factor, Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium, dexamethasone, and nicotinamide) used for stem cell differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells. Human mesenchymal stem cells were exposed to different media containing these compounds added individually or in various combinations. Hepatic differentiation was assessed via quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemical staining for stemness or liver-specific genes and proteins, including albumin, cytokeratins 18 and 19, HepPar-1, alpha-fetoprotein, and nestin. In addition, functional tests for glycogen storage, urea production, glucose, and albumin synthesis were also performed. The expression profiles of albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, and cytokeratin 19 demonstrated that when hepatocyte growth factor, nicotinamide, or dexamethasone were added individually, incomplete hepatocyte differentiation was achieved; the obtained cell populations contained progenitors that expressed both hepatic (albumin) and biliary (cytokeratin 19) markers, as well as alpha-fetoprotein. Hepatocyte growth factor and nicotinamide were the factors with the most hepatogenic potential. When all factors were added to the culture, cells exhibited features that closely resembled human adult hepatocytes as determined by their gene expression patterns (albumin, HepPar-1, and alpha-fetoprotein, but not cytokeratin 19) and functional testing. These cells with hepatic function may become important tools for liver transplant procedures, liver development studies, and pharmacologic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Chivu
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gorjup E, Danner S, Rotter N, Habermann J, Brassat U, Brummendorf TH, Wien S, Meyerhans A, Wollenberg B, Kruse C, von Briesen H. Glandular tissue from human pancreas and salivary gland yields similar stem cell populations. Eur J Cell Biol 2009; 88:409-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.02.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
|
40
|
Nestin modulates glucocorticoid receptor function by cytoplasmic anchoring. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6084. [PMID: 19562035 PMCID: PMC2698154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nestin is the characteristic intermediate filament (IF) protein of rapidly proliferating progenitor cells and regenerating tissue. Nestin copolymerizes with class III IF-proteins, mostly vimentin, into heteromeric filaments. Its expression is downregulated with differentiation. Here we show that a strong nestin expression in mouse embryo tissue coincides with a strong accumulation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a key regulator of growth and differentiation in embryonic development. Microscopic studies on cultured cells show an association of GR with IFs composed of vimentin and nestin. Cells lacking nestin, but expressing vimentin, or cells expressing vimentin, but lacking nestin accumulate GR in the nucleus. Completing these networks with an exogenous nestin, respectively an exogenous vimentin restores cytoplasmic anchoring of GR to the IF system. Thus, heteromeric filaments provide the basis for anchoring of GR. The reaction pattern with phospho-GR specific antibodies and the presence of the chaperone HSC70 suggest that specifically the unliganded receptor is anchored to the IF system. Ligand addition releases GR from IFs and shifts the receptor into the nucleus. Suppression of nestin by specific shRNA abolishes anchoring of GR, induces its accumulation in the nucleus and provokes an irreversible G1/S cell cycle arrest. Suppression of GR prior to that of nestin prevents entry into the arrest. The data give evidence that nestin/vimentin specific anchoring modulates growth suppression by GR. We hypothesize that expression of nestin is a major determinant in suppression of anti-proliferative activity of GR in undifferentiated tissue and facilitates activation of this growth control in a precise tissue and differentiation dependent manner.
Collapse
|
41
|
Chen J, Kwon CH, Lin L, Li Y, Parada LF. Inducible site-specific recombination in neural stem/progenitor cells. Genesis 2009; 47:122-31. [PMID: 19117051 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To establish a genetic tool for manipulating the neural stem/progenitor cell (NSC) lineage in a temporally controlled manner, we generated a transgenic mouse line carrying an NSC-specific nestin promoter/enhancer expressing a fusion protein encoding Cre recombinase coupled to modified estrogen receptor ligand-binding domain (ER(T2)). In the background of the Cre reporter mouse strain Rosa26(lacZ), we show that the fusion CreER(T2) recombinase is normally silent but can be activated by the estrogen analog tamoxifen both in utero, in infancy, and in adulthood. As assayed by beta-galactosidase activity in embryonic stages, tamoxifen activates Cre recombinase exclusively in neurogenic cells and their progeny. This property persists in adult mice, but Cre activity can also be detected in granule neurons and Bergmann glia at the anterior of the cerebellum, in piriform cortex, optic nerve, and some peripheral ganglia. No obvious Cre activity was observed outside of the nervous system. Thus, the nestin regulated inducible Cre mouse line provides a powerful tool for studying the physiology and lineage of NSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology and Kent Waldrep Foundation Center for Basic Neuroscience Research on Nerve Growth and Regeneration, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9133, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Specific loss of brain ABCA1 increases brain cholesterol uptake and influences neuronal structure and function. J Neurosci 2009; 29:3579-89. [PMID: 19295162 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4741-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the cholesterol transporter ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) in the brain and its role in the lipidation of apolipoproteins indicate that ABCA1 may play a critical role in brain cholesterol metabolism. To investigate the role of ABCA1 in brain cholesterol homeostasis and trafficking, we characterized mice that specifically lacked ABCA1 in the CNS, generated using the Cre/loxP recombination system. These mice showed reduced plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels associated with decreased brain cholesterol content and enhanced brain uptake of esterified cholesterol from plasma HDL. Increased levels of HDL receptor SR-BI in brain capillaries and apolipoprotein A-I in brain and CSF of mutant mice were evident. Cholesterol homeostasis changes were mirrored by disturbances in motor activity and sensorimotor function. Changes in synaptic ultrastructure including reduced synapse and synaptic vesicle numbers were observed. These data show that ABCA1 is a key regulator of brain cholesterol metabolism and that disturbances in cholesterol transport in the CNS are associated with structural and functional deficits in neurons. Moreover, our findings also demonstrate that specific changes in brain cholesterol metabolism can lead to alterations in cholesterol uptake from plasma to brain.
Collapse
|
43
|
Kubota H, Yao HL, Reid LM. Identification and Characterization of Vitamin A-Storing Cells in Fetal Liver: Implications for Functional Importance of Hepatic Stellate Cells in Liver Development and Hematopoiesis. Stem Cells 2009; 25:2339-49. [PMID: 17585172 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HpSTCs) are major regulators of hepatic fibrogenesis in adults. However, their early development in fetal liver is largely unknown. To characterize fetal HpSTCs in the liver, in which hepatic development and hematopoiesis occur in parallel, we determined the phenotypic characteristics of HpSTCs from rat fetal livers, using a strategy focused on vitamin A. Storage of vitamin A in the cytoplasm is a unique characteristic of HpSTCs, permitting identification of them by vitamin A-specific autofluorescence (vA+) when excited with UV light using flow cytometry. A characteristic vA+ cell population was identified in liver as early as 13 days post coitum; it had a surface phenotype of RT1A- intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1+ vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1+ beta3-integrin+. Although nonspecific autofluorescent cells were found with the antigenic profile of RT1A- ICAM-1+ VCAM-1+, they were beta3-integrin- and proved to be hepatoblasts, bipotent hepatic parenchymal progenitors. In addition to expression of classic HpSTC markers, the vA+ cells were able to proliferate continuously in a serum-free hormonally defined medium containing leukemia inhibitory factor, which was found to be a key factor for their replication. These results demonstrated that the vA+ cells are fetal HpSTCs with extensive proliferative activity. Furthermore, the vA+ cells strongly express hepatocyte growth factor, stromal-derived factor-1alpha, and Hlx (homeobox transcription factor), indicating that they play important roles for hepatic development and hematopoiesis. The abilities to isolate and expand fetal HpSTCs enable further investigation into their roles in early liver development and facilitate identification of possibly novel signals of potential relevance for liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kubota
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kloepper JE, Tiede S, Brinckmann J, Reinhardt DP, Meyer W, Faessler R, Paus R. Immunophenotyping of the human bulge region: the quest to define useful in situ markers for human epithelial hair follicle stem cells and their niche. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17:592-609. [PMID: 18558994 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of epithelial hair follicle stem cells (eHFSCs) in the bulge of human hair follicles (HFs) an important quest has started: to define useful markers. In the current study, we contribute to this by critically evaluating corresponding published immunoreactivity (IR) patterns, and by attempting to identify markers for the in situ identification of human eHFSCs and their niche. For this, human scalp skin cryosections of at least five different individuals were examined, employing standard immunohistology as well as increased sensitivity methods. Defined reference areas were compared by quantitative immunohistochemistry for the relative intensity of their specific IR. According to our experience, the most useful positive markers for human bulge cells turned out to be cytokeratin 15, cytokeratin 19 and CD200, but were not exclusive, while beta1 integrin and Lhx2 IR were not upregulated by human bulge keratinocytes. Absent IR for CD34, connexin43 and nestin on human bulge cells may be exploited as negative markers. alpha6 integrin, fibronectin, nidogen, fibrillin-1 and latent transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta-binding protein-1 were expressed throughout the connective tissue sheath of human HFs. On the other hand, tenascin-C was upregulated in the bulge and may thus constitute a component of the bulge stem cell niche of human HFs. These immunophenotyping results shed further light on the in situ expression patterns of claimed follicular 'stem cell markers' and suggest that not a single marker alone but only the use of a limited corresponding panel of positive and negative markers may offer a reasonable and pragmatic compromise for identifying human bulge stem cells in situ.
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Adult tissues undergo continuous cell turnover in response to stress, damage, or physiological demand. New differentiated cells are generated from dedicated or facultative stem cells or from self-renewing differentiated cells. Here we describe a different stem cell strategy for tissue maintenance, distinct from that observed for dedicated or facultative stem cells. We report the presence of nestin-expressing adult stem cells in the perilumenal region of the mature anterior pituitary and, using genetic inducible fate mapping, demonstrate that they serve to generate subsets of all six terminally differentiated endocrine cell types of the pituitary gland. These stem cells, while not playing a significant role in organogenesis, undergo postnatal expansion and start producing differentiated progeny, which colonize the organ that initially entirely consisted of differentiated cells derived from embryonic precursors. This generates a mosaic organ with two phenotypically similar subsets of endocrine cells that have different origins and different life histories. These parallel but distinct lineages of differentiated cells in the gland may help the maturing organism adapt to changes in the metabolic regulatory landscape.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
We investigated whether the intermediate filament protein and neural stem cell marker nestin characterizes the glomerular progenitor/reserve cell population immigrating the glomerulus after mesangial cell (MC) injury in the rat (anti-Thy1 nephritis). Nestin expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR during anti-Thy1 nephritis. Migration and proliferation assays were used to characterize the function of nestin in isolated MCs after nestin knockdown by siRNA. After MC injury during anti-Thy1 nephritis, glomerular nestin was transiently increased during the repopulation phase. At the peak of mesangial proliferation and expansion (day 5) most OX-7-positive MCs expressed nestin largely colocalizing with the activation marker alpha-smooth muscle actin and the proliferation marker PCNA. In contrast to a healthy, non-injured mesangium in vivo, MCs in culture are considered to be in an 'activated, injured state' and express nestin in a generalized distribution with condensed localization around the nucleus as well as intensive staining of cell protrusions such as filopodia. During cell cycle, the percentage of MCs with high nestin levels was increased during S- aupnd G2-phase. Blocking of nestin using specific siRNA resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation but not cell migration. In conclusion, nestin is constitutively expressed in podocytes, but is a marker for repopulating MCs after experimental MC injury in vivo. Nestin promotes MC proliferation in vitro, suggesting a supporting role for nestin during repair reaction.
Collapse
|
47
|
Cantz T, Manns MP, Ott M. Stem cells in liver regeneration and therapy. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 331:271-82. [PMID: 17901986 PMCID: PMC2757593 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver has adapted to the inflow of ingested toxins by the evolutionary development of unique regenerative properties and responds to injury or tissue loss by the rapid division of mature cells. Proliferation of the parenchymal cells, i.e. hepatocytes and epithelial cells of the bile duct, is regulated by numerous cytokine/growth-factor-mediated pathways and is synchronised with extracellular matrix degradation and restoration of the vasculature. Resident hepatic stem/progenitor cells have also been identified in small numbers in normal liver and implicated in liver tissue repair. Their putative role in the physiology, pathophysiology and therapy of the liver, however, is not yet precisely known. Hepatic stem/progenitor cells also known as "oval cells" in rodents have been implicated in liver tissue repair, at a time when the capacity for hepatocyte and bile duct replication is exhausted or experimentally inhibited (facultative stem/progenitor cell pool). Although much more has to be learned about the role of stem/progenitor cells in the physiology and pathophysiology of the liver, experimental analysis of the therapeutic value of these cells has been initiated. Transplantation of hepatic stem/progenitor cells or in vivo pharmacological activation of the pool of hepatic stem cells may provide novel modalities for the therapy of liver diseases. In addition, extrahepatic stem cells (e.g. bone marrow cells) are being investigated for their contribution to liver regeneration. Hepatic progenitor cells derived from embryonic stem cells are included in this review, which also discusses future perspectives of stem cell-based therapies for liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Cantz
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany
| | - Michael P. Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Center of Internal Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Ott
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Center of Internal Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yang XH, Wu QL, Yu XB, Xu CX, Ma BF, Zhang XM, Li SN, Lahn BT, Xiang AP. Nestin expression in different tumours and its relevance to malignant grade. J Clin Pathol 2007; 61:467-73. [PMID: 17873113 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2007.047605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nestin, an intermediate filament (IF) protein, is expressed in proliferating progenitor cells of developmental and regenerating tissues, and is identified as a neuroepithelial precursor cell marker. Recently, nestin was detected in some neoplasms such as glioma, ependymoma, melanoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST), and testicular stromal tumour. Moreover, the expression intensity of nestin exhibited significant correlation with the malignant grade of glioma. AIMS To detect the expression of nestin in different tumours and to analyse the relationship between the expression of nestin and the malignant grade of the tumours. METHODS Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded surgical samples of neoplastic tissues were obtained from the Department of Pathology of Sun Yat-sen University. Histological analysis and immunohistochemical staining for nestin were performed. Histoscores were analysed by semi-quantitative evaluation. RESULTS Nestin was expressed predominantly in the cytoplasm of angiosarcoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma and GIST samples, and some tumour cells expressed in the nucleus. There was a statistically significant difference between the histoscore of nestin in high malignant GIST (2.2366 (0.6920)) and that in low malignant GIST (1.3783 (0.4268)) (p = 0.003); and also between that in high malignant angiosarcoma (1.9188 (0.2069)) and that in low malignant angiosarcoma (0.6474 (0.3273)) (p = 0.000). Cavernous angioma did not express nestin. The histoscore of nestin in high malignant pancreatic adenocarcinoma (7/14) was 1.1767 (0.4676), and that in low malignant pancreatic adenocarcinoma (3/8) was 0.6577 (0.0056) (no significant difference, p = 0.112). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the expression of nestin may play an important role in the development of some neoplasms such as GIST and angiosarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X H Yang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ochsner SA, Strick-Marchand H, Qiu Q, Venable S, Dean A, Wilde M, Weiss MC, Darlington GJ. Transcriptional profiling of bipotential embryonic liver cells to identify liver progenitor cell surface markers. Stem Cells 2007; 25:2476-87. [PMID: 17641245 PMCID: PMC2853184 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The ability to purify to homogeneity a population of hepatic progenitor cells from adult liver is critical for their characterization prior to any therapeutic application. As a step in this direction, we have used a bipotential liver cell line from 14 days postcoitum mouse embryonic liver to compile a list of cell surface markers expressed specifically by liver progenitor cells. These cells, known as bipotential mouse embryonic liver (BMEL) cells, proliferate in an undifferentiated state and are capable of differentiating into hepatocyte-like and cholangiocyte-like cells in vitro. Upon transplantation, BMEL cells are capable of differentiating into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes in vivo. Microarray and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of gene expression in the 9A1 and 14B3 BMEL cell lines grown under proliferating and differentiating conditions was used to identify cell surface markers preferentially expressed in the bipotential undifferentiated state. This analysis revealed that proliferating BMEL cells express many genes involved in cell cycle regulation, whereas differentiation of BMEL cells by cell aggregation causes a switch in gene expression to functions characteristic of mature hepatocytes. In addition, microarray data and protein analysis indicated that the Notch signaling pathway could be involved in maintaining BMEL cells in an undifferentiated stem cell state. Using GO annotation, a list of cell surface markers preferentially expressed on undifferentiated BMEL cells was generated. One marker, Cd24a, is specifically expressed on progenitor oval cells in livers of diethyl 1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate-treated animals. We therefore consider Cd24a expression a candidate molecule for purification of hepatic progenitor cells. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Bile Ducts/cytology
- Bile Ducts/embryology
- Biomarkers
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Dihydropyridines/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/embryology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Multipotent Stem Cells/drug effects
- Multipotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Receptors, Notch/genetics
- Receptors, Notch/physiology
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Ochsner
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Qiong Qiu
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Susan Venable
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Adam Dean
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Margaret Wilde
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mary C. Weiss
- Unité de Génétique de la Différenciation, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Tiede S, Kloepper JE, Bodò E, Tiwari S, Kruse C, Paus R. Hair follicle stem cells: walking the maze. Eur J Cell Biol 2007; 86:355-76. [PMID: 17576022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of epithelial stem cells (eSCs) in the bulge region of the outer root sheath of hair follicles in mice and man has encouraged research into utilizing the hair follicle as a therapeutic source of stem cells (SCs) for regenerative medicine, and has called attention to the hair follicle as a highly instructive model system for SC biology. Under physiological circumstances, bulge eSCs serve as cell pool for the cyclic regeneration of the anagen hair bulb, while they can also regenerate the sebaceous gland and the epidermis after injury. More recently, melanocyte SCs, nestin+, mesenchymal and additional, as yet ill-defined "stem cell" populations, have also been identified in or immediately adjacent to the hair follicle epithelium, including in the specialized hair follicle mesenchyme (connective tissue sheath), which is crucial to wound healing. Thus the hair follicle and its adjacent tissue environment contain unipotent, multipotent, and possibly even pluripotent SC populations of different developmental origin. It provides an ideal model system for the study of central issues in SC biology such as plasticity and SC niches, and for the identification of reliable, specific SC markers, which distinguish them from their immediate progeny (e.g. transient amplifying cells). The current review attempts to provide some guidance in this growing maze of hair follicle-associated SCs and their progeny, critically reviews potential or claimed hair follicle SC markers, highlights related differences between murine and human hair follicles, and defines major unanswered questions in this rapidly advancing field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Tiede
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|