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Vohlen C, Mohr J, Fomenko A, Kuiper-Makris C, Grzembke T, Aydogmus R, Wilke R, Hirani D, Dötsch J, Alejandre Alcazar MA. Dynamic Regulation of GH-IGF1 Signaling in Injury and Recovery in Hyperoxia-Induced Neonatal Lung Injury. Cells 2021; 10:2947. [PMID: 34831169 PMCID: PMC8616454 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prematurely born infants often require supplemental oxygen that impairs lung growth and results in arrest of alveolarization and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The growth hormone (GH)- and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)1 systems regulate cell homeostasis and organ development. Since IGF1 is decreased in preterm infants, we investigated the GH- and IGF1 signaling (1) in newborn mice with acute and prolonged exposure to hyperoxia as well as after recovery in room air; and (2) in cultured murine lung epithelial cells (MLE-12) and primary neonatal lung fibroblasts (pLFs) after treatment with GH, IGF1, and IGF1-receptor (IGF1-R) inhibitor or silencing of GH-receptor (Ghr) and Igf1r using the siRNA technique. We found that (1) early postnatal hyperoxia caused an arrest of alveolarization that persisted until adulthood. Both short-term and prolonged hyperoxia reduced GH-receptor expression and STAT5 signaling, whereas Igf1 mRNA and pAKT signaling were increased. These findings were related to a loss of epithelial cell markers (SFTPC, AQP5) and proliferation of myofibroblasts (αSMA+ cells). After recovery, GH-R-expression and STAT5 signaling were activated, Igf1r mRNA reduced, and SFTPC protein significantly increased. Cell culture studies showed that IGF1 induced expression of mesenchymal (e.g., Col1a1, Col4a4) and alveolar epithelial cell type I (Hopx, Igfbp2) markers, whereas inhibition of IGF1 increased SFTPC and reduced AQP5 in MLE-12. GH increased Il6 mRNA and reduced proliferation of pLFs, whereas IGF1 exhibited the opposite effect. In summary, our data demonstrate an opposite regulation of GH- and IGF1- signaling during short-term/prolonged hyperoxia-induced lung injury and recovery, affecting alveolar epithelial cell differentiation, inflammatory activation of fibroblasts, and a possible uncoupling of the GH-IGF1 axis in lungs after hyperoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Vohlen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Translational Experimental Pediatrics—Experimental Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.V.); (J.M.); (A.F.); (C.K.-M.); (T.G.); (R.A.); (R.W.); (D.H.)
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany;
- The German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Institute for Lung Health, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig University Gießen, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Jasmine Mohr
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Translational Experimental Pediatrics—Experimental Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.V.); (J.M.); (A.F.); (C.K.-M.); (T.G.); (R.A.); (R.W.); (D.H.)
| | - Alexey Fomenko
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Translational Experimental Pediatrics—Experimental Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.V.); (J.M.); (A.F.); (C.K.-M.); (T.G.); (R.A.); (R.W.); (D.H.)
| | - Celien Kuiper-Makris
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Translational Experimental Pediatrics—Experimental Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.V.); (J.M.); (A.F.); (C.K.-M.); (T.G.); (R.A.); (R.W.); (D.H.)
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Tiffany Grzembke
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Translational Experimental Pediatrics—Experimental Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.V.); (J.M.); (A.F.); (C.K.-M.); (T.G.); (R.A.); (R.W.); (D.H.)
| | - Rabia Aydogmus
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Translational Experimental Pediatrics—Experimental Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.V.); (J.M.); (A.F.); (C.K.-M.); (T.G.); (R.A.); (R.W.); (D.H.)
| | - Rebecca Wilke
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Translational Experimental Pediatrics—Experimental Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.V.); (J.M.); (A.F.); (C.K.-M.); (T.G.); (R.A.); (R.W.); (D.H.)
| | - Dharmesh Hirani
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Translational Experimental Pediatrics—Experimental Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.V.); (J.M.); (A.F.); (C.K.-M.); (T.G.); (R.A.); (R.W.); (D.H.)
| | - Jörg Dötsch
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Miguel A. Alejandre Alcazar
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Translational Experimental Pediatrics—Experimental Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.V.); (J.M.); (A.F.); (C.K.-M.); (T.G.); (R.A.); (R.W.); (D.H.)
- The German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Institute for Lung Health, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig University Gießen, 35392 Gießen, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
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Nawabi J, Vohlen C, Dinger K, Thangaratnarajah C, Klaudt C, Lopez Garcia E, Hirani DV, Karakaya PH, Macheleidt I, Odenthal M, Nüsken KD, Dötsch J, Alejandre Alcazar MA. Novel functional role of GH/IGF-I in neonatal lung myofibroblasts and in rat lung growth after intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L623-L637. [PMID: 30047284 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00413.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a risk factor for neonatal chronic lung disease (CLD) characterized by reduced alveoli and perturbed matrix remodeling. Previously, our group showed an activation of myofibroblasts and matrix remodeling in rat lungs after IUGR. Because growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) regulate development and growth, we queried 1) whether GH/IGF-I signaling is dysregulated in lungs after IUGR and 2) whether GH/IGF-I signaling is linked to neonatal lung myofibroblast function. IUGR was induced in Wistar rats by isocaloric low-protein diet during gestation. Lungs were obtained at embryonic day (E) 21, postnatal day (P) 3, P12, and P23. Murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) or primary neonatal myofibroblasts from rat lungs of control (pnFCo) and IUGR (pnFIUGR) were used for cell culture studies. In the intrauterine phase (E21), we found a reduction in GH receptor (GH-R), Stat5 signaling and IGF-I expression in lungs after IUGR. In the postnatal phase (P3-P23), catchup growth after IUGR was linked to increased GH mRNA, GH-R protein, activation of proliferative Stat5/Akt signaling, cyclin D1 and PCNA in rat lungs. On P23, a thickening of the alveolar septae was related to increased vimentin and matrix deposition, indicating fibrosis. In cell culture studies, nutrient deprivation blocked GH-R/IGF-IR signaling and proliferation in MEFs; this was reversed by IGF-I. Proliferation and Stat5 activation were increased in pnFIUGR. IGF-I and GH induced proliferation and migration of pnFCo; only IGF-I had these effects on pnFIUGR. Thus, we show a novel mechanism by which the GH/IGF-I axis in lung myofibroblasts could account for structural lung changes after IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawed Nawabi
- Translational Experimental Pediatrics, Experimental Pulmonology, University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Christina Vohlen
- Translational Experimental Pediatrics, Experimental Pulmonology, University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine of Cologne, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Katharina Dinger
- Translational Experimental Pediatrics, Experimental Pulmonology, University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Chansutha Thangaratnarajah
- Translational Experimental Pediatrics, Experimental Pulmonology, University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Christian Klaudt
- Translational Experimental Pediatrics, Experimental Pulmonology, University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Eva Lopez Garcia
- Translational Experimental Pediatrics, Experimental Pulmonology, University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Dharmesh V Hirani
- Translational Experimental Pediatrics, Experimental Pulmonology, University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine of Cologne, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Pinar Haznedar Karakaya
- Translational Experimental Pediatrics, Experimental Pulmonology, University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Iris Macheleidt
- Center for Molecular Medicine of Cologne, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,Institute for Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Margarete Odenthal
- Center for Molecular Medicine of Cologne, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,Institute for Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Kai D Nüsken
- University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Jörg Dötsch
- University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Miguel A Alejandre Alcazar
- Translational Experimental Pediatrics, Experimental Pulmonology, University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine of Cologne, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
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3
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Chien CH, Lee MJ, Liou HC, Liou HH, Fu WM. Growth hormone is increased in the lungs and enhances experimental lung metastasis of melanoma in DJ-1 KO mice. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:871. [PMID: 27825319 PMCID: PMC5101681 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growth hormone (GH) mainly serves an endocrine function to regulate somatic growth, but also serves an autocrine function in lung growth and pulmonary function. Several recent studies have demonstrated the role of autocrine GH in tumor progression in some organs. However, it is not clear whether excessive secretion of GH in the lungs is related to pulmonary nodule formation. Methods Firstly, the lung tissues dissected from mice were used for Western blotting and PCR measurement. Secondly, the cultured cells were used for examining effects of GH on B16F10 murine melanoma cells. Thirdly, male C57BL/6 mice were intravenously injected with B16F10 cells and then subcutaneously injected with recombinant GH twice per week for three weeks. Finally, stably transfected pool of B16F10 cells with knockdown of growth hormone receptor (GHR) was used to be injected into mice. Results We found that expression of GH was elevated in the lungs of DJ-1 knockout (KO) mice. We also examined the effects of GH on the growth of cultured melanoma cells. The results showed that GH increased proliferation, colony formation, and invasive capacity of B16F10 cells. In addition, GH also increased the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in B16F10 cells. Administration of GH in vivo enhanced lung nodule formation in C57/B6 mice. Increased lung nodule formation in DJ-1 KO mice following intravenous injection of melanoma cells was inhibited by GHR knockdown in B16F10 cells. Conclusions These results indicate that up-regulation of GH in the lungs of DJ-1 KO mice may enhance the malignancy of B16F10 cells and nodule formation in pulmonary metastasis of melanoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2898-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Chien
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Shengli Road, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.,Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.,National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 367, Shengli Road, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Lee
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-shan South Road, Taipei, 10016, Taiwan
| | - Houng-Chi Liou
- Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Huei Liou
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-shan South Road, Taipei, 10016, Taiwan.,Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Mei Fu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Shengli Road, Tainan, 704, Taiwan. .,Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan. .,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
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Harvey S, Martínez-Moreno CG, Luna M, Arámburo C. Autocrine/paracrine roles of extrapituitary growth hormone and prolactin in health and disease: An overview. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 220:103-11. [PMID: 25448258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) are both endocrines that are synthesized and released from the pituitary gland into systemic circulation. Both are therefore hormones and both have numerous physiological roles mediated through a myriad of target sites and both have pathophysiological consequences when present in excess or deficiency. GH or PRL gene expression is not, however, confined to the anterior pituitary gland and it occurs widely in many of their central and peripheral sites of action. This may reflect "leaky gene" phenomena and the fact that all cells have the potential to express every gene that is present in their genome. However, the presence of GH or PRL receptors in these extrapituitary sites of GH and PRL production suggests that they are autocrine or paracrine sites of GH and PRL action. These local actions often occur prior to the ontogeny of pituitary somatotrophs and lactotrophs and they may complement or differ from the roles of their pituitary counterparts. Many of these local actions are also of physiological significance, since they are impaired by a blockade of local GH or PRL production or by an antagonism of local GH or PRL action. These local actions may also be of pathophysiological significance, since autocrine or paracrine actions of GH and PRL are thought to be causally involved in a number of disease states, particularly in cancer. Autocrine GH for instance, is thought to be more oncogenic than pituitary GH and selective targeting of the autocrine moiety may provide a therapeutic approach to prevent tumor progression. In summary, GH and PRL are not just endocrine hormones, as they have autocrine and/or paracrine roles in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | | | - Maricela Luna
- Departamento de Neurobiología, Celular y Molecular Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | - Carlos Arámburo
- Departamento de Neurobiología, Celular y Molecular Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
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Guichelaar MMJ, Charlton MR. Decreased muscle mass in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: new evidence of a link between growth hormone and fatty liver disease? Hepatology 2014; 59:1668-70. [PMID: 24691865 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen M J Guichelaar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
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de Jong K, Boezen HM, Hacken NHTT, Postma DS, Vonk JM. GST-omega genes interact with environmental tobacco smoke on adult level of lung function. Respir Res 2013; 14:83. [PMID: 23937118 PMCID: PMC3751364 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung growth in utero and lung function loss during adulthood can be affected by exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). The underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Both ETS exposure and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) Omega genes have been associated with the level of lung function. This study aimed to assess if GSTO SNPs interact with ETS exposure in utero and during adulthood on the level of lung function during adulthood. METHODS We used cross-sectional data of 8,128 genotyped participants from the LifeLines cohort study. Linear regression models (adjusted for age, sex, height, weight, current smoking, ex-smoking and packyears smoked) were used to analyze the associations between in utero, daily and workplace ETS exposure, GSTO SNPs, the interaction between ETS and GSTOs, and level of lung function (FEV(1), FEV(1)/FVC). Since the interactions between ETS and GSTOs may be modified by active tobacco smoking we additionally assessed associations in never and ever smokers separately. A second sample of 5,308 genotyped LifeLines participants was used to verify our initial findings. RESULTS Daily and workplace ETS exposure was associated with significantly lower FEV(1)levels. GSTO SNPs (recessive model) interacted with in utero ETS and were associated with higher levels of FEV(1), whereas the interactions with daily and workplace ETS exposure were associated with lower levels of FEV(1), effects being more pronounced in never smokers. The interaction of GSTO2 SNP rs156697 with in utero ETS associated with a higher level of FEV(1) was significantly replicated in the second sample. Overall, the directions of the interactions of in utero and workplace ETS exposure with the SNPs found in the second (verification) sample were in line with the first sample. CONCLUSIONS GSTO genotypes interact with in utero and adulthood ETS exposure on adult lung function level, but in opposite directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim de Jong
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Koehler E, Swain J, Sanderson S, Krishnan A, Watt K, Charlton M. Growth hormone, dehydroepiandrosterone and adiponectin levels in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: an endocrine signature for advanced fibrosis in obese patients. Liver Int 2012; 32:279-86. [PMID: 22098614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Liver-related clinical consequences of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are seen only in the minority of patients with advanced fibrosis. The aim of our study was to generate insight into a potential endocrine basis of steatohepatitis with advanced fibrosis in NAFLD. METHODS Biopsy and blood samples were prospectively collected from patients with medically complicated obesity. Patients were categorized, according to liver histology, into: (i) normal, (ii) simple steatosis (SS), (iii) non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with fibrosis stage (FS) 0-1 and (iv) NASH with FS ≥ 2. A broad panel of potential biomarkers included DHEA-S, growth hormone (GH), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), leptin, resistin, adiponectin and cytokeratin 18 (CK-18) fragments. RESULTS We studied 160 patients (mean BMI 46.8 ± 8.2 kg/m(2) ). Liver biopsies demonstrated normal histology in 10%, SS in 45%, NASH with FS 0-1 in 37.5% and NASH with FS ≥ 2 in 7.5%. C-reactive protein, IL-6, GH, CK-18, adiponectin, HOMA-IR and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were significantly associated with NASH in univariate analysis, but overall predictivity of these parameters was low (AUC ROC = 0.62-0.68). In contrast, all patients with NASH with FS ≥ 2 had insulin resistance, as measured by QUICKI, and GH levels <0.45 ng/ml and all but one patient with NASH FS 2-3 had low DHEA levels (<123 μg/dl). CONCLUSIONS Low serum levels of GH and DHEA are very common in patients with NASH with more advanced fibrosis. Other biomarkers, including CK-18 fragment levels, have predictivity characteristics that would be of low clinical utility for distinguishing patients with normal histology or SS from those with NASH. These findings demonstrate an endocrine profile associated with advanced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Koehler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Abstract
Pituitary somatotrophs secrete growth hormone (GH) into the bloodstream, to act as a hormone at receptor sites in most, if not all, tissues. These endocrine actions of circulating GH are abolished after pituitary ablation or hypophysectomy, indicating its pituitary source. GH gene expression is, however, not confined to the pituitary gland, as it occurs in neural, immune, reproductive, alimentary, and respiratory tissues and in the integumentary, muscular, skeletal, and cardiovascular systems, in which GH may act locally rather than as an endocrine. These actions are likely to be involved in the proliferation and differentiation of cells and tissues prior to the ontogeny of the pituitary gland. They are also likely to complement the endocrine actions of GH and are likely to maintain them after pituitary senescence and the somatopause. Autocrine or paracrine actions of GH are, however, sometimes mediated through different signaling mechanisms to those mediating its endocrine actions and these may promote oncogenesis. Extrapituitary GH may thus be of physiological and pathophysiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, 7-41 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada,
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9
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Beyea JA, Olson DM, Harvey S. Growth hormone-dependent changes in the rat lung proteome during alveorization. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 321:197-204. [PMID: 18985281 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9933-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) mRNA and protein have recently been demonstrated in the rat lung throughout the period of alveolarization (day 4-14 postnatally). The functional significance of this finding was therefore assessed, by determining the effects of GH mRNA knockout using aerosolized antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) directed against the GH gene. In a preliminary experiment, the effectiveness of the antisense GH ODN was demonstrated in a lung Type II epithelial cell line (L2 cells), in which constitutive GH mRNA expression was completely abolished by GH ODN transfection. Administration of the aerosolized GH ODN to 4-day-old rats for 10 days was accompanied by a widespread presence of its delivery liposomes within lung cells. Aerosolized GH ODN treatment decreased lung concentrations of IGF (insulin-like growth factor)-1 and increased concentrations of albumin, calcyclin binding protein, superoxide dismutase, RNA binding protein motif 3, and the alpha- and beta-subunits of ATP synthase and electron transfer flavoprotein. At least 32 other proteins (identified by 2D gel electrophoresis) were also significantly affected by the antisense GH ODN treatment. By changing the lung proteome, these results indicate hitherto unsuspected autocrine/paracrine actions of GH in developmental lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Beyea
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, AB, Canada
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Baudet ML, Rattray D, Harvey S. Growth hormone and its receptor in projection neurons of the chick visual system: retinofugal and tectobulbar tracts. Neuroscience 2007; 148:151-63. [PMID: 17618059 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2007] [Revised: 05/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown the presence of growth hormone (GH) in the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of the neural retina in chick embryos at the end of the first trimester [embryonic day (E) 7] of the 21 day incubation period. In this study the presence of GH in fascicles of the optic fiber layer (OFL), formed by axons derived from the underlying RGCs, is shown. Immunoreactivity for GH is also traced through the optic nerve head, at the back of the eye, into the optic nerve, through the optic chiasm, into the optic tract and into the stratum opticum and the retinorecipient layer of the optic tectum, where the RGC axons synapse. The presence of GH immunoreactivity in the tectum occurs prior to synaptogenesis with RGC axons and thus reflects the local expression of the GH gene, especially as GH mRNA is also distributed within this tissue. The distribution of GH-immunoreactivity in the visual system of the E7 embryo is consistent with the distribution of the GH receptor (GHR), which is also expressed in the neural retina and tectum. The presence of a GH-responsive gene (GHRG-1) in these tissues also suggests that the visual system is not just a site of GH production but a site of GH action. These results support the possibility that GH acts as a local growth factor during early embryonic development of the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-L Baudet
- Department of Physiology, 7-55 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
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Zhang AX, Yu WH, Ma BF, Yu XB, Mao FF, Liu W, Zhang JQ, Zhang XM, Li SN, Li MT, Lahn BT, Xiang AP. Proteomic identification of differently expressed proteins responsible for osteoblast differentiation from human mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 304:167-79. [PMID: 17530189 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9497-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) are a population of multipotent cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and other cells. The exact mechanism governing the differentiation of hMSC into osteoblasts remains largely unknown. Here, we analyzed protein expression profiles of undifferentiated as well as osteogenic induced hMSC using 2-D gel electrophoresis (2-DE), mass spectrometry (MS), and peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) to investigate the early gene expression in osteoblast differentiation. We have generated proteome maps of undifferentiated hMSC and osteogenic induced hMSC on day 3 and day 7. 2-DE revealed 102 spots with at least 2.0-fold changes in expression and 52 differently expressed proteins were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF-MS. These proteins were classified into 7 functional categories: metabolism, signal transduction, transcription, calcium-binding protein, protein degradation, protein folding and others. The expression of some identified proteins was confirmed by further RT-PCR analyses. This study clarifies the global proteome during osteoblast differentiation. Our results will play an important role in better elucidating the underlying molecular mechanism in hMSC differentiation into osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Xia Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Leggatt RA, Brauner CJ, Iwama GK, Devlin RH. The glutathione antioxidant system is enhanced in growth hormone transgenic coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). J Comp Physiol B 2007; 177:413-22. [PMID: 17225138 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-006-0140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 12/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Insertion of a growth hormone (GH) transgene in coho salmon results in accelerated growth, and increased feeding and metabolic rates. Whether other physiological systems within the fish are adjusted to this accelerated growth has not been well explored. We examined the effects of a GH transgene and feeding level on the antioxidant glutathione and its associated enzymes in various tissues of coho salmon. When transgenic and control salmon were fed to satiation, transgenic fish had increased tissue glutathione, increased hepatic glutathione reductase activity, decreased hepatic activity of the glutathione synthesis enzyme gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, and increased intestinal activity of the glutathione catabolic enzyme gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. However, these differences were mostly abolished by ration restriction and fasting, indicating that upregulation of the glutathione antioxidant system was due to accelerated growth, and not to intrinsic effects of the transgene. Increased food intake and ability to digest potential dietary glutathione, and not increased activity of glutathione synthesis enzymes, likely contributed to the higher levels of glutathione in transgenic fish. Components of the glutathione antioxidant system are likely upregulated to combat potentially higher reactive oxygen species production from increased metabolic rates in GH transgenic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind A Leggatt
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
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