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Sefa S, Espiritu J, Ćwieka H, Greving I, Flenner S, Will O, Beuer S, Wieland DF, Willumeit-Römer R, Zeller-Plumhoff B. Multiscale morphological analysis of bone microarchitecture around Mg-10Gd implants. Bioact Mater 2023; 30:154-168. [PMID: 37575877 PMCID: PMC10412723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of biodegradable magnesium (Mg)-based implants for restoration of bone function following trauma represents a transformative approach in orthopaedic application. One such alloy, magnesium-10 weight percent gadolinium (Mg-10Gd), has been specifically developed to address the rapid degradation of Mg while enhancing its mechanical properties to promote bone healing. Previous studies have demonstrated that Mg-10Gd exhibits favorable osseointegration; however, it exhibits distinct ultrastructural adaptation in comparison to conventional implants like titanium (Ti). A crucial aspect that remains unexplored is the impact of Mg-10Gd degradation on the bone microarchitecture. To address this, we employed hierarchical three-dimensional imaging using synchrotron radiation in conjunction with image-based finite element modelling. By using the methods outlined, the vascular porosity, lacunar porosity and the lacunar-canaliculi network (LCN) morphology of bone around Mg-10Gd in comparison to Ti in a rat model from 4 weeks to 20 weeks post-implantation was investigated. Our investigation revealed that within our observation period, the degradation of Mg-10Gd implants was associated with significantly lower (p < 0.05) lacunar density in the surrounding bone, compared to Ti. Remarkably, the LCN morphology and the fluid flow analysis did not significantly differ for both implant types. In summary, a more pronounced lower lacunae distribution rather than their morphological changes was detected in the surrounding bone upon the degradation of Mg-10Gd implants. This implies potential disparities in bone remodelling rates when compared to Ti implants. Our findings shed light on the intricate relationship between Mg-10Gd degradation and bone microarchitecture, contributing to a deeper understanding of the implications for successful osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sefa
- Institute of Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany
| | | | - Hanna Ćwieka
- Institute of Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Imke Greving
- Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Silja Flenner
- Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Olga Will
- Molecular Imaging North Competence Center, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Beuer
- Fraunhofer Institut für Integrierte Systeme und Bauelementetechnologie (IISB), Erlangen, Germany
| | - D.C Florian Wieland
- Institute of Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany
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2
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Marie JC, Bonnelye E. Effects of Estrogens on Osteoimmunology: A Role in Bone Metastasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:899104. [PMID: 35677054 PMCID: PMC9168268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone loss associated with estrogen deficiency indicates a fundamental role of these hormones in skeletal growth and bone remodeling. In the last decades, growing recent evidence demonstrated that estrogens can also affect the immune compartment of the bone. In this review, we summarize the impacts of estrogens on bone immune cells and their consequences on bone homeostasis, metastasis settlement into the bone and tumor progression. We also addressed the role of an orphan nuclear receptor ERRalpha (“Estrogen-receptor Related Receptor alpha”) on macrophages and T lymphocytes, and as an immunomodulator in bone metastases. Hence, this review links estrogens to bone immune cells in osteo-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien C Marie
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Tumor Escape Resistance Immunity Department, INSERM-1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Edith Bonnelye
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-UMR1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France
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3
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Ahmadzadeh K, Vanoppen M, Rose CD, Matthys P, Wouters CH. Multinucleated Giant Cells: Current Insights in Phenotype, Biological Activities, and Mechanism of Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:873226. [PMID: 35478968 PMCID: PMC9035892 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.873226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages are innate immune cells with diverse functions ranging from phagocytosis of microorganisms to forming a bridge with the adaptive immune system. A lesser-known attribute of macrophages is their ability to fuse with each other to form multinucleated giant cells. Based on their morphology and functional characteristics, there are in general three types of multinucleated giant cells including osteoclasts, foreign body giant cells and Langhans giant cells. Osteoclasts are bone resorbing cells and under physiological conditions they participate in bone remodeling. However, under pathological conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis, osteoclasts are responsible for bone destruction and bone loss. Foreign body giant cells and Langhans giant cells appear only under pathological conditions. While foreign body giant cells are found in immune reactions against foreign material, including implants, Langhans giant cells are associated with granulomas in infectious and non-infectious diseases. The functionality and fusion mechanism of osteoclasts are being elucidated, however, our knowledge on the functions of foreign body giant cells and Langhans giant cells is limited. In this review, we describe and compare the phenotypic aspects, biological and functional activities of the three types of multinucleated giant cells. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the multinucleation process and highlight key molecules in the different phases of macrophage fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh Ahmadzadeh
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Kourosh Ahmadzadeh, ; Carine Helena Wouters,
| | - Margot Vanoppen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlos D. Rose
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology Nemours Children’s Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Patrick Matthys
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carine Helena Wouters
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division Pediatric Rheumatology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- European Reference Network for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) at University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Kourosh Ahmadzadeh, ; Carine Helena Wouters,
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4
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Multitasking by the OC Lineage during Bone Infection: Bone Resorption, Immune Modulation, and Microbial Niche. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102157. [PMID: 32987689 PMCID: PMC7598711 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone infections, also known as infectious osteomyelitis, are accompanied by significant inflammation, osteolysis, and necrosis. Osteoclasts (OCs) are the bone-resorbing cells that work in concert with osteoblasts and osteocytes to properly maintain skeletal health and are well known to respond to inflammation by increasing their resorptive activity. OCs have typically been viewed merely as effectors of pathologic bone resorption, but recent evidence suggests they may play an active role in the progression of infections through direct effects on pathogens and via the immune system. This review discusses the host- and pathogen-derived factors involved in the in generation of OCs during infection, the crosstalk between OCs and immune cells, and the role of OC lineage cells in the growth and survival of pathogens, and highlights unanswered questions in the field.
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5
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Madel MB, Ibáñez L, Wakkach A, de Vries TJ, Teti A, Apparailly F, Blin-Wakkach C. Immune Function and Diversity of Osteoclasts in Normal and Pathological Conditions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1408. [PMID: 31275328 PMCID: PMC6594198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts (OCLs) are key players in controlling bone remodeling. Modifications in their differentiation or bone resorbing activity are associated with a number of pathologies ranging from osteopetrosis to osteoporosis, chronic inflammation and cancer, that are all characterized by immunological alterations. Therefore, the 2000s were marked by the emergence of osteoimmunology and by a growing number of studies focused on the control of OCL differentiation and function by the immune system. At the same time, it was discovered that OCLs are much more than bone resorbing cells. As monocytic lineage-derived cells, they belong to a family of cells that displays a wide heterogeneity and plasticity and that is involved in phagocytosis and innate immune responses. However, while OCLs have been extensively studied for their bone resorption capacity, their implication as immune cells was neglected for a long time. In recent years, new evidence pointed out that OCLs play important roles in the modulation of immune responses toward immune suppression or inflammation. They unlocked their capacity to modulate T cell activation, to efficiently process and present antigens as well as their ability to activate T cell responses in an antigen-dependent manner. Moreover, similar to other monocytic lineage cells such as macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells, OCLs display a phenotypic and functional plasticity participating to their anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory effect depending on their cell origin and environment. This review will address this novel vision of the OCL, not only as a phagocyte specialized in bone resorption, but also as innate immune cell participating in the control of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Bernadette Madel
- CNRS, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, UMR7370, Nice, France.,Faculé de Médecine, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Lidia Ibáñez
- Department of Pharmacy, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, València, Spain
| | - Abdelilah Wakkach
- CNRS, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, UMR7370, Nice, France.,Faculé de Médecine, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Teun J de Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre of Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Univeristeit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anna Teti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Claudine Blin-Wakkach
- CNRS, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, UMR7370, Nice, France.,Faculé de Médecine, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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6
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Sur S, Steele R, Aurora R, Varvares M, Schwetye KE, Ray RB. Bitter Melon Prevents the Development of 4-NQO-Induced Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in an Immunocompetent Mouse Model by Modulating Immune Signaling. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 11:191-202. [PMID: 29061560 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide, and tobacco is one of the most common factors for HNSCC of the oral cavity. We have previously observed that bitter melon (Momordica charantia) extract (BME) exerts antiproliferative activity against several cancers including HNSCC. In this study, we investigated the preventive role of BME in 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) carcinogen-induced HNSCC. We observed that BME feeding significantly reduced the incidence of 4-NQO-induced oral cancer in a mouse model. Histologic analysis suggested control 4-NQO-treated mouse tongues showed neoplastic changes ranging from moderate dysplasia to invasive squamous cell carcinoma, whereas no significant dysplasia was observed in the BME-fed mouse tongues. We also examined the global transcriptome changes in normal versus carcinogen-induced tongue cancer tissues, and following BME feeding. Gene ontology and pathway analyses revealed a signature of biological processes including "immune system process" that is significantly dysregulated in 4-NQO-induced oral cancer. We identified elevated expression of proinflammatory genes, s100a9, IL23a, IL1β and immune checkpoint gene PDCD1/PD1, during oral cancer development. Interestingly, BME treatment significantly reduced their expression. Enhancement of MMP9 ("ossification" pathway) was noted during carcinogenesis, which was reduced in BME-fed mouse tongue tissues. Our study demonstrates the preventive effect of BME in 4-NQO-induced carcinogenesis. Identification of pathways involved in carcinogen-induced oral cancer provides useful information for prevention strategies. Together, our data strongly suggest the potential clinical benefits of BME as a chemopreventive agent in the control or delay of carcinogen-induced HNSCC development and progression. Cancer Prev Res; 11(4); 191-202. ©2017 AACRSee related editorial by Rao, p. 185.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhayan Sur
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert Steele
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mark Varvares
- Cancer Center, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Ratna B Ray
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri. .,Cancer Center, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
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8
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Shashkova EV, Trivedi J, Cline-Smith AB, Ferris C, Buchwald ZS, Gibbs J, Novack D, Aurora R. Osteoclast-Primed Foxp3+ CD8 T Cells Induce T-bet, Eomesodermin, and IFN-γ To Regulate Bone Resorption. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:726-35. [PMID: 27324129 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoimmunology arose from the recognition that cytokines produced by lymphocytes can affect bone homeostasis. We have previously shown that osteoclasts, cells that resorb bone, act as APCs. Cross-presentation of Ags by osteoclasts leads to expression of CD25 and Foxp3, markers of regulatory T cells in the CD8 T cells. Octeoclast-induced Foxp3(+) CD25(+) regulatory CD8 T cells (OC-iTcREG) suppress priming of CD4 and CD8 T cells by dendritic cells. OC-iTcREG also limit bone resorption by osteoclasts, forming a negative feedback loop. In this study, we show that OC-iTcREG express concurrently T-bet and Eomesodermin (Eomes) and IFN-γ. Pharmacological inhibition of IκK blocked IFN-γ, T-bet, and Eomes production by TcREG Furthermore, we show, using chromatin immunoprecipitation, NF-κB enrichment in the T-bet and Eomes promoters. We demonstrate that IFN-γ produced by TcREG is required for suppression of osteoclastogenesis and for degradation of TNFR-associated factor 6 in osteoclast precursors. The latter prevents signaling by receptor activator of NF-κB ligand needed for osteoclastogenesis. Knockout of IFN-γ rendered TcREG inefficient in preventing actin ring formation in osteoclasts, a process required for bone resorption. TcREG generated in vivo using IFN-γ(-/-) T cells had impaired ability to protect mice from bone resorption and bone loss in response to high-dose receptor activator of NF-κB ligand. The results of this study demonstrate a novel link between NF-κB signaling and induction of IFN-γ in TcREG and establish an important role for IFN-γ in TcREG-mediated protection from bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Shashkova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Jahnavi Trivedi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Anna B Cline-Smith
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Chloe Ferris
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Zachary S Buchwald
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Jesse Gibbs
- Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Deborah Novack
- Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Ju Jeong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ha-Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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10
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Pacifici R. T cells, osteoblasts, and osteocytes: interacting lineages key for the bone anabolic and catabolic activities of parathyroid hormone. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1364:11-24. [PMID: 26662934 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Osteoimmunology is a field of research dedicated to the study of the interactions between the immune system and bone. Among the cells of the immune system that regulate bone turnover and the responsiveness of bone cells to calciothropic hormones are bone marrow T lymphocytes. T cells secrete osteoclastogenic cytokines such as RANKL and TNF-α, as well as factors that stimulate bone formation, one of which is Wnt10b. In addition, T cells regulate the differentiation and life span of stromal cells (SCs) and their responsiveness to parathyroid hormone (PTH) via costimulatory molecules expressed on their surface. The conditioning effect of T cells on SCs is inherited by the osteoblastic and osteocytic progeny of SCs. As a result, osteoblastic cells of T cell-deficient mice have functional characteristics different from corresponding cells of T cell-replete mice. These differences include the ratio of RANKL/OPG produced in response to continuous PTH treatment, and the osteoblastogenic response to intermittent PTH treatment. This article reviews the evidence indicating that the effects of PTH are mediated not only by osteoblasts and osteocytes but also by T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pacifici
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, and Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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11
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Ying B, Toth K, Spencer JF, Aurora R, Wold WSM. Transcriptome sequencing and development of an expression microarray platform for liver infection in adenovirus type 5-infected Syrian golden hamsters. Virology 2015; 485:305-12. [PMID: 26319212 PMCID: PMC4619110 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Syrian golden hamster is an attractive animal for research on infectious diseases and other diseases. We report here the sequencing, assembly, and annotation of the Syrian hamster transcriptome. We include transcripts from ten pooled tissues from a naïve hamster and one stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Our data set identified 42,707 non-redundant transcripts, representing 34,191 unique genes. Based on the transcriptome data, we generated a custom microarray and used this new platform to investigate the transcriptional response in the Syrian hamster liver following intravenous adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) infection. We found that Ad5 infection caused a massive change in regulation of liver transcripts, with robust up-regulation of genes involved in the antiviral response, indicating that the innate immune response functions in the host defense against Ad5 infection of the liver. The data and novel platforms developed in this study will facilitate further development of this important animal model. Syrian hamster transcriptome; 42,707 transcripts representing 34,191 unique genes Syrian hamster custom expression microarray platform Ad5 intravenous infection of the Syrian hamster liver Ad5 upregulation of hamster liver genes involved in innate antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoling Ying
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, 1100 S. Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Karoly Toth
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, 1100 S. Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Jacqueline F Spencer
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, 1100 S. Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, 1100 S. Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - William S M Wold
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, 1100 S. Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, United States
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12
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Buchwald ZS, Yang C, Nellore S, Shashkova EV, Davis JL, Cline A, Ko J, Novack DV, DiPaolo R, Aurora R. A Bone Anabolic Effect of RANKL in a Murine Model of Osteoporosis Mediated Through FoxP3+ CD8 T Cells. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1508-22. [PMID: 25656537 PMCID: PMC4506715 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
TNF-α and IL-17 secreted by proinflammatory T cells (T(EFF)) promote bone erosion by activating osteoclasts. We previously demonstrated that in addition to bone resorption, osteoclasts act as antigen-presenting cells to induce FoxP3 in CD8 T cells (Tc(REG)). The osteoclast-induced regulatory CD8 T cells limit bone resorption in ovariectomized mice (a murine model of postmenopausal osteoporosis). Here we show that although low-dose receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) maximally induces Tc(REG) via Notch signaling pathway to limit bone resorption, high-dose RANKL promotes bone resorption. In vitro, both TNF-α and IL-17, cytokines that are abundant in ovariectomized animals, suppress Tc(REG) induction by osteoclasts by repressing Notch ligand expression in osteoclasts, but this effect can be counteracted by addition of RANKL. Ovariectomized mice treated with low-dose RANKL induced Tc(REG) that suppressed bone resorption, decreased T(EFF) levels, and increased bone formation. High-dose RANKL had the expected osteolytic effect. Low-dose RANKL administration in ovariectomized mice lacking CD8 T cells was also osteolytic, confirming that Tc(REG) mediate this bone anabolic effect. Our results show that although RANKL directly stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone, it also controls the osteoclasts' ability to induce regulatory T cells, engaging an important negative feedback loop. In addition to the conceivable clinical relevance to treatment of osteoporosis, these observations have potential relevance to induction of tolerance and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Buchwald
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
| | - Chang Yang
- Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Suman Nellore
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
| | - Elena V. Shashkova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
| | - Jennifer L. Davis
- Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Anna Cline
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
| | - Je Ko
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
| | - Deborah V. Novack
- Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Richard DiPaolo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
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13
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Brunetti G, Oranger A, Colucci S, Grano M. Experimental model for studying the involvement of regulatory cytotoxic T cells in bone resorption. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1186:269-281. [PMID: 25149313 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1158-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
T cells may affect the activity of osteoclasts, the bone resorbing cells. In particular, recently authors focalize their attention on CD8(+) T cells, demonstrating that murine pre-osteoclasts can recruit naïve CD8(+) T cells and induce them to differentiate in regulatory cytotoxic T cells (TcREG), which in turn may suppress osteoclast formation and activity. Thus, here we describe the methodological approach needed to obtain TcREG and to evaluate TcREG effects on murine osteoclast activity and formation in an in vitro experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomina Brunetti
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy,
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14
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Buchwald ZS, Kiesel JR, Yang C, DiPaolo R, Novack DV, Aurora R. Osteoclast-induced Foxp3+ CD8 T-cells limit bone loss in mice. Bone 2013; 56:163-73. [PMID: 23756229 PMCID: PMC3966133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoimmunology is the crosstalk between the skeletal and immune systems. We have previously shown in vitro that osteoclasts (OC) crosspresent antigens to induce FoxP3 in CD8 T-cells (OC-iTc(REG)), which then suppress osteoclast activity. Here we assessed the ability of OC-iTc(REG) to limit bone resorption in vivo. Mice lacking CD8 T-cells lose more bone in response to RANKL (Tnfsf11) administration. Using adoptive transfer experiments we demonstrate that FoxP3(+) CD8 T-cells limit bone loss by RANKL administration. In ovariectomized mice, a murine model of postmenopausal osteoporosis, OC-iTc(REG) limited bone loss and increased bone density as assessed by serum markers, micro computed tomography (μCT) and histomorphometry. Indeed, OC-iTc(REG)-treated ovariectomized mice had decreased levels of effector T-cells in the bone marrow compared to untreated mice, and increased bone formation rates relative to bisphosphonate-treated mice. Our results provide the first in vivo evidence that OC-iTc(REG) have anti-resorptive activity and repress the immune system, thus extending the purview of osteoimmunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Buchwald
- Dept. of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Kiesel
- Dept. of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chang Yang
- Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Richard DiPaolo
- Dept. of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Deborah V. Novack
- Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Dept. of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Corresponding Author: Rajeev Aurora, Ph.D., Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., DRC605, St. Louis, MO 63104, Voice: 314-977-8891, Fax: 314-977-8717,
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Pacifici R. Osteoimmunology and its implications for transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:2245-54. [PMID: 23915249 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Osteoimmunology is a field of research dedicated to the study of the interactions between the immune system, the hemopoietic system and bone. Among the cells of the immune system that regulate bone cells and the hemopoietic function are T lymphocytes. These cells secrete inflammatory cytokines that promote bone resorption, as well as Wnt ligands that stimulate bone formation. In addition, T cells regulate bone homeostasis by cross talking with BM stromal cells and osteoblastic cells via CD40 ligand (CD40L) and other costimulatory molecules. This article describes the immune cells relevant to bone and the hemopoietic function, reviews the role of lymphocytes as mediators of the effects of PTH and estrogen in bone and the hemopoietic system and discusses the implication of osteoimmunology for transplant medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pacifici
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Osteoclasts and CD8 T cells form a negative feedback loop that contributes to homeostasis of both the skeletal and immune systems. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:429373. [PMID: 23840242 PMCID: PMC3690642 DOI: 10.1155/2013/429373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There are a number of dynamic regulatory loops that maintain homeostasis of the immune and skeletal systems. In this review, we highlight a number of these regulatory interactions that contribute to maintaining homeostasis. In addition, we review data on a negative regulatory feedback loop between osteoclasts and CD8 T cells that contributes to homeostasis of both the skeletal and immune systems.
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Le Goff B, Berthelot JM, Maugars Y, Heymann D. Osteoclasts in RA: diverse origins and functions. Joint Bone Spine 2013; 80:586-91. [PMID: 23731635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts were recognized in the late 1990s as the cells responsible for generalized and focal bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Concepts about osteoclast biology have changed radically based on recent evidence of considerable diversity in both the origins and the functions of osteoclasts. In addition, the role for osteoclasts is not confined to bone resorption but may also include active contributions to inflammatory and autoimmune responses. Thus, in RA, osteoclast progenitors may arise from both circulating cells and cells developed within the rheumatoid synovium or subchondral bone. Within the inflamed synovium, osteoclasts are activated by factors such as cytokines, immune complexes, or activators of the toll-like receptors, which are not found in healthy bone tissue. Finally, recent data suggest that osteoclasts may be capable of antigen presentation to T cells via major histocompatibility complex class I and class II molecules. Confirmation of this suggestion by future studies would indicate that osteoclasts might be involved not only in bone resorption, but also in autoimmune responses and antigen presentation. These data highlight the considerable complexity of interactions between bone tissue and the immune system. Research into these interactions may identify new targets for treatments against the bone abnormalities associated with chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Le Goff
- Service de rhumatologie, Hôtel-Dieu, 1, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes cedex 1, France; LUNAM université, 44000 Nantes, France; Inserm, UMR957, physiopathologie de la résorption osseuse et thérapie des tumeurs osseuses primitives, 44035 Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes atlantique universités, 44035 Nantes, France.
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Buchwald ZS, Kiesel JR, DiPaolo R, Pagadala MS, Aurora R. Osteoclast activated FoxP3+ CD8+ T-cells suppress bone resorption in vitro. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38199. [PMID: 22701612 PMCID: PMC3368916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoclasts are the body’s sole bone resorbing cells. Cytokines produced by pro-inflammatory effector T-cells (TEFF) increase bone resorption by osteoclasts. Prolonged exposure to the TEFF produced cytokines leads to bone erosion diseases such as osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. The crosstalk between T-cells and osteoclasts has been termed osteoimmunology. We have previously shown that under non-inflammatory conditions, murine osteoclasts can recruit naïve CD8 T-cells and activate these T-cells to induce CD25 and FoxP3 (TcREG). The activation of CD8 T-cells by osteoclasts also induced the cytokines IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ. Individually, these cytokines can activate or suppress osteoclast resorption. Principal Findings To determine the net effect of TcREG on osteoclast activity we used a number of in vitro assays. We found that TcREG can potently and directly suppress bone resorption by osteoclasts. TcREG could suppress osteoclast differentiation and resorption by mature osteoclasts, but did not affect their survival. Additionally, we showed that TcREG suppress cytoskeletal reorganization in mature osteoclasts. Whereas induction of TcREG by osteoclasts is antigen-dependent, suppression of osteoclasts by TcREG does not require antigen or re-stimulation. We demonstrated that antibody blockade of IL-6, IL-10 or IFN-γ relieved suppression. The suppression did not require direct contact between the TcREG and osteoclasts. Significance We have determined that osteoclast-induced TcREG can suppress osteoclast activity, forming a negative feedback system. As the CD8 T-cells are activated in the absence of inflammatory signals, these observations suggest that this regulatory loop may play a role in regulating skeletal homeostasis. Our results provide the first documentation of suppression of osteoclast activity by CD8 regulatory T-cells and thus, extend the purview of osteoimmunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Buchwald
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R. Kiesel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Richard DiPaolo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Meghana S. Pagadala
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Grassi F, Manferdini C, Cattini L, Piacentini A, Gabusi E, Facchini A, Lisignoli G. T cell suppression by osteoclasts in vitro. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:982-90. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yin G, Bai Y, Luo E. Angiogenic suppression of osteoclasts may play a role in developing bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Med Hypotheses 2010; 76:347-9. [PMID: 21074946 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since it was firstly reported in 2003, a large number of cases have been published concerning bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). It has generated great interest in the medical and research communities yet remains an enigma, given its unknown pathogenesis. Many hypotheses concerning the underlying pathophysiology are discussed, including two most popular hypotheses: bone remodeling suppression and angiogenesis suppression, but none of them could explain all the unique characters of BRONJ. Bisphosphonates are potent osteoclast inhibitors, and recent studies revealed that osteoclasts were important for bone angiogenesis. Therefore, we hypothesize that bisphosphonates could inhibit osteoclast stimulation of angiogenesis, which plays an important role in developing BRONJ. Our hypothesis could help to explain some unintelligible characters of BRONJ, and deserves further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Renmin South Avenue, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, PR China
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Abstract
Increased osteoclastogenesis and angiogenesis occur in physiologic and pathologic conditions. However, it is unclear if or how these processes are linked. To test the hypothesis that osteoclasts stimulate angiogenesis, we modulated osteoclast formation in fetal mouse metatarsal explants or in adult mice and determined the effect on angiogenesis. Suppression of osteoclast formation with osteoprotegerin dose-dependently inhibited angiogenesis and osteoclastogenesis in metatarsal explants. Conversely, treatment with parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) increased explant angiogenesis, which was completely blocked by osteoprotegerin. Further, treatment of mice with receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) or PTHrP in vivo increased calvarial vessel density and osteoclast number. We next determined whether matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), an angiogenic factor predominantly produced by osteoclasts in bone, was important for osteoclast-stimulated angiogenesis. The pro-angiogenic effects of PTHrP or RANKL were absent in metatarsal explants or calvaria in vivo, respectively, from Mmp9(-/-) mice, demonstrating the importance of MMP-9 for osteoclast-stimulated angiogenesis. Lack of MMP-9 decreased osteoclast numbers and abrogated angiogenesis in response to PTHrP or RANKL in explants and in vivo but did not decrease osteoclast differentiation in vitro. Thus, MMP-9 modulates osteoclast-stimulated angiogenesis primarily by affecting osteoclasts, most probably by previously reported migratory effects on osteoclasts. These results clearly demonstrate that osteoclasts stimulate angiogenesis in vivo through MMP-9.
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Kiesel JR, Buchwald ZS, Aurora R. Cross-Presentation by Osteoclasts Induces FoxP3 in CD8+T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5477-87. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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