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Chen Y, Ye X, Zhong Y, Kang X, Tang Y, Zhu H, Pang C, Ning S, Liang S, Zhang F, Li C, Li J, Gu C, Cheng Y, Kuang Z, Qiu J, Jin J, Luo H, Fu M, Hui HX, Li L, Ruan D, Liu P, Chen X, Sun L, Ai S, Gao X. SP6 controls human cytotrophoblast fate decisions and trophoblast stem cell establishment by targeting MSX2 regulatory elements. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1506-1522.e11. [PMID: 38582082 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The commitment and differentiation of human placental progenitor cytotrophoblast (CT) cells are crucial for a successful pregnancy, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we identified the transcription factor (TF), specificity protein 6 (SP6), as a human species-specific trophoblast lineage TF expressed in human placental CT cells. Using pluripotent stem cells as a model, we demonstrated that SP6 controls CT generation and the establishment of trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) and identified msh homeobox 2 (MSX2) as the downstream effector in these events. Mechanistically, we showed that SP6 interacts with histone acetyltransferase P300 to alter the landscape of H3K27ac at targeted regulatory elements, thereby favoring transcriptional activation and facilitating CT cell fate decisions and TSC maintenance. Our results established SP6 as a regulator of the human trophoblast lineage and implied its role in placental development and the pathogenies of placental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanglin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xianhua Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yulong Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiangjin Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Yanqing Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haoyun Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Changmiao Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shaoqiang Ning
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shiqing Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Feifan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jie Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chengtao Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuanxiong Cheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhanpeng Kuang
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jingyang Qiu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jin Jin
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haisi Luo
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Mingyu Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hannah Xiaoyan Hui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China; Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Degong Ruan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Stem Cell, and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Pentao Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Stem Cell, and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liangzhong Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Shanshan Ai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Xuefei Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China; Department of Pediatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Wang X, Sun K, Xu Z, Chen Z, Wu W. Roles of SP/KLF transcription factors in odontoblast differentiation: From development to diseases. Oral Dis 2024. [PMID: 38409677 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A zinc-finger transcription factor family comprising specificity proteins (SPs) and Krüppel-like factor proteins (KLFs) plays an important role in dentin development and regeneration. However, a systematic regulatory network involving SPs/KLFs in odontoblast differentiation has not yet been described. This review examined the expression patterns of SP/KLF gene family members and their current known functions and mechanisms in odontoblast differentiation, and discussed prospective research directions for further exploration of mechanisms involving the SP/KLF gene family in dentin development. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant literature on SP/KLF gene family members and dentin development was acquired from PubMed and Web of Science. RESULTS We discuss the expression patterns, functions, and related mechanisms of eight members of the SP/KLF gene family in dentin development and genetic disorders with dental problems. We also summarize current knowledge about their complementary or synergistic actions. Finally, we propose future research directions for investigating the mechanisms of dentin development. CONCLUSIONS The SP/KLF gene family plays a vital role in tooth development. Studying the complex complementary or synergistic interactions between SPs/KLFs is helpful for understanding the process of odontoblast differentiation. Applications of single-cell and spatial multi-omics may provide a more complete investigation of the mechanism involved in dentin development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Wang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaida Sun
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zekai Xu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenzhi Wu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Amano T, Yokawa H, Masuda Y, Tozaki T, Kawai M, Shirai K. Genome-wide search reveals the uniqueness of DNA regions associated with coat color and innate immunity in Hokkaido Native Horse. Anim Sci J 2023; 94:e13884. [PMID: 37983921 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Hokkaido Native Horse (HKD) is a horse breed native to Hokkaido in Japan known for the traits such as coat color with no white spots and adaptability to the local cold climate. To examine whether those traits of HKD are conferred at the DNA level, we attempted to identify fixed DNA regions in HKD individuals, that is, the selection signatures of HKD. A comparison of genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes in 58 HKD individuals by principal component analysis, and cluster analysis between breeds, including HKD, and within the HKD individuals indicated the genetic independence of HKD as a breed. Tajima's D analysis and runs of homozygosity analysis identified 23 selection signatures unique to HKD (P < 0.05), and following database search found 20 traits that were associated with those selection signatures; among these traits, coat color traits, face and body markings, showed the highest important value (0.50 and 0.46). Enrichment analysis of genes in the selection signatures identified six gene ontology terms (P < 0.05), and a term related to innate immunity (regulation of defense response; GO:0031347) showed the highest positive fold enrichment value (7.13). These results provide the first scientific evidence of a genetic basis for the traits of HKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Amano
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Haruhi Yokawa
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Graduate School of Dairy Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yutaka Masuda
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Teruaki Tozaki
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masahito Kawai
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kouichi Shirai
- Hokkaido Native Horse Conservation Association, Hokkaido, Japan
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Sp6/Epiprofin is a master regulator in the developing tooth. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 581:89-95. [PMID: 34662808 PMCID: PMC8585705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tooth development involves the coordinated transcriptional regulation of extracellular matrix proteins produced by ameloblasts and odontoblasts. In this study, whole-genome ChIP-seq analysis was applied to identify the transcriptional regulatory gene targets of Sp6 in mesenchymal cells of the developing tooth. Bioinformatic analysis of a pool of Sp6 target peaks identified the consensus nine nucleotide binding DNA motif CTg/aTAATTA. Consistent with these findings, a number of enamel and dentin matrix genes including amelogenin (Amelx), ameloblastin (Ambn), enamelin (Enam) and dental sialophosphoprotein (Dspp), were identified to contain Sp6 target sequences. Sp6 peaks were also found in other important tooth genes including transcription factors (Dlx2, Dlx3, Dlx4, Dlx5, Sp6, Sp7, Pitx2, and Msx2) and extracellular matrix-related proteins (Col1a2, Col11a2, Halpn1). Unsupervised UMAP clustering of tooth single cell RNA-seq data confirmed the presence of Sp6 transcripts co-expressed with many of the identified target genes within ameloblasts and odontoblasts. Lastly, transcriptional reporter assays using promoter fragments from the Hapln1 and Sp6 gene itself revealed that Sp6 co-expression enhanced gene transcriptional activity. Taken together these results highlight that Sp6 is a major regulator of multiple extracellular matrix genes in the developing tooth.
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Smith CEL, Whitehouse LLE, Poulter JA, Wilkinson Hewitt L, Nadat F, Jackson BR, Manfield IW, Edwards TA, Rodd HD, Inglehearn CF, Mighell AJ. A missense variant in specificity protein 6 (SP6) is associated with amelogenesis imperfecta. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:1417-1425. [PMID: 32167558 PMCID: PMC7268548 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amelogenesis is the process of enamel formation. For amelogenesis to proceed, the cells of the inner enamel epithelium (IEE) must first proliferate and then differentiate into the enamel-producing ameloblasts. Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a heterogeneous group of genetic conditions that result in defective or absent tooth enamel. We identified a 2 bp variant c.817_818GC>AA in SP6, the gene encoding the SP6 transcription factor, in a Caucasian family with autosomal dominant hypoplastic AI. The resulting missense protein change, p.(Ala273Lys), is predicted to alter a DNA-binding residue in the first of three zinc fingers. SP6 has been shown to be crucial to both proliferation of the IEE and to its differentiation into ameloblasts. SP6 has also been implicated as an AI candidate gene through its study in rodent models. We investigated the effect of the missense variant in SP6 (p.(Ala273Lys)) using surface plasmon resonance protein-DNA binding studies. We identified a potential SP6 binding motif in the AMBN proximal promoter sequence and showed that wild-type (WT) SP6 binds more strongly to it than the mutant protein. We hypothesize that SP6 variants may be a very rare cause of AI due to the critical roles of SP6 in development and that the relatively mild effect of the missense variant identified in this study is sufficient to affect amelogenesis causing AI, but not so severe as to be incompatible with life. We suggest that current AI cohorts, both with autosomal recessive and dominant disease, be screened for SP6 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E L Smith
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Laura L E Whitehouse
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9LU, UK
| | - James A Poulter
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Laura Wilkinson Hewitt
- Protein Production Facility, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Fatima Nadat
- Protein Production Facility, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Brian R Jackson
- Protein Production Facility, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Iain W Manfield
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Technology Facility, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Thomas A Edwards
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Helen D Rodd
- Academic Unit of Oral Health Dentistry and Society, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TA, UK
| | - Chris F Inglehearn
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Alan J Mighell
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9LU, UK
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Zhang P, Ishikawa M, Doyle A, Nakamura T, He B, Yamada Y. Pannexin 3 regulates skin development via Epiprofin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1779. [PMID: 33469169 PMCID: PMC7815752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81074-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pannexin 3 (Panx3), a member of the gap junction pannexin family is required for the development of hard tissues including bone, cartilage and teeth. However, the role of Panx3 in skin development remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Panx3 regulates skin development by modulating the transcription factor, Epiprofin (Epfn). Panx3-/- mice have impaired skin development and delayed hair follicle regeneration. Loss of Panx3 in knockout mice and suppression by shRNA both elicited a reduction of Epfn expression in the epidermis. In cell culture, Panx3 overexpression promoted HaCaT cell differentiation, cell cycle exit and enhanced Epfn expression. Epfn-/- mice and inhibition of Epfn by siRNA showed no obvious differences of Panx3 expression. Furthermore, Panx3 promotes Akt/NFAT signaling pathway in keratinocyte differentiation by both Panx3 ATP releasing channel and ER Ca2+ channel functions. Our results reveal that Panx3 has a key role factor for the skin development by regulating Epfn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhang
- Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Masaki Ishikawa
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Dentistry 4-1, Seiryo chou, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Andrew Doyle
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, Department of Oral Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Bing He
- Protein Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yoshihiko Yamada
- Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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7
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An epistatic effect of KRT25 on SP6 is involved in curly coat in horses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6374. [PMID: 29686323 PMCID: PMC5913262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24865-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Curly coat represents an extraordinary type of coat in horses, particularly seen in American Bashkir Curly Horses and Missouri Foxtrotters. In some horses with curly coat, a hypotrichosis of variable extent was observed, making the phenotype appear more complex. In our study, we aimed at investigating the genetic background of curly coat with and without hypotrichosis using high density bead chip genotype and next generation sequencing data. Genome-wide association analysis detected significant signals (p = 1.412 × 10−05–1.102 × 10−08) on horse chromosome 11 at 22–35 Mb. In this significantly associated region, six missense variants were filtered out from whole-genome sequencing data of three curly coated horses of which two variants within KRT25 and SP6 could explain all hair phenotypes. Horses heterozygous or homozygous only for KRT25 variant showed curly coat and hypotrichosis, whereas horses with SP6 variant only, exhibited curly coat without hypotrichosis. Horses with mutant alleles in both variants developed curly hair and hypotrichosis. Thus, mutant KRT25 allele is masking SP6 allele effect, indicative for epistasis of KRT25 variant over SP6 variant. In summary, genetic variants in two different genes, KRT25 and SP6, are responsible for curly hair. All horses with KRT25 variant are additionally hypotrichotic due to the KRT25 epistatic effect on SP6.
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Arinawati DY, Miyoshi K, Tanimura A, Horiguchi T, Hagita H, Noma T. Deciphering defective amelogenesis using in vitro culture systems. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 125:479-489. [PMID: 29397320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The conventional two-dimensional (2D) in vitro culture system is frequently used to analyze the gene expression with or without extracellular signals. However, the cells derived from primary culture and cell lines frequently deviate the gene expression profile compared to the corresponding in vivo samples, which sometimes misleads the actual gene regulation in vivo. To overcome this gap, we developed the comparative 2D and 3D in vitro culture systems and applied them to the genetic study of amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) as a model. Recently, we found specificity protein 6 (Sp6) mutation in an autosomal-recessive AI rat that was previously named AMI. We constructed 3D structure of ARE-B30 cells (AMI-derived rat dental epithelial cells) or G5 (control wild type cells) combined with RPC-C2A cells (rat pulp cell line) separated by the collagen membrane, while in 2D structure, ARE-B30 or G5 was cultured with or without the collagen membrane. Comparative analysis of amelogenesis-related gene expression in ARE-B30 and G5 using our 2D and 3D in vitro systems revealed distinct expression profiles, showing the causative outcomes. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 and follistatin were reciprocally expressed in G5, but not in ARE-B30 cells. All-or-none expression of amelotin, kallikrein-related peptidase 4, and nerve growth factor receptor was observed in both cell types. In conclusion, our in vitro culture systems detected the phenotypical differences in the expression of the stage-specific amelogenesis-related genes. Parallel analysis with 2D and 3D culture systems may provide a platform to understand the molecular basis for defective amelogenesis caused by Sp6 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Yosi Arinawati
- Graduate School of Oral Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Keiko Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Ayako Tanimura
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Taigo Horiguchi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hagita
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Takafumi Noma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
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9
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Expression and function of the zinc finger transcription factor Sp6-9 in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum. Dev Genes Evol 2017; 227:389-400. [PMID: 29116381 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-017-0595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Zinc finger transcription factors of the Sp6-9 group are evolutionarily conserved in all metazoans and have important functions in, e.g., limb formation and heart development. The function of Sp6-9-related genes has been studied in a number of vertebrates and invertebrates, but data from chelicerates (spiders and allies) was lacking so far. We have isolated the ortholog of Sp6-9 from the common house spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum and the cellar spider Pholcus phalangioides. We show that the Sp6-9 gene in these spider species is expressed in the developing appendages thus suggesting a conserved role in limb formation. Indeed, RNAi with Sp6-9 in P. tepidariorum leads not only to strong limb defects, but also to the loss of body segments and head defects in more strongly affected animals. Together with a new expression domain in the early embryo, these data suggest that Sp6-9 has a dual role P. tepidariorum. The early role in head and body segment formation is not known from other arthropods, but the role in limb formation is evolutionarily highly conserved.
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Ehrmann C, Schneider MR. Genetically modified laboratory mice with sebaceous glands abnormalities. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4623-4642. [PMID: 27457558 PMCID: PMC11108334 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sebaceous glands (SG) are exocrine glands that release their product by holocrine secretion, meaning that the whole cell becomes a secretion following disruption of the membrane. SG may be found in association with a hair follicle, forming the pilosebaceous unit, or as modified SG at different body sites such as the eyelids (Meibomian glands) or the preputial glands. Depending on their location, SG fulfill a number of functions, including protection of the skin and fur, thermoregulation, formation of the tear lipid film, and pheromone-based communication. Accordingly, SG abnormalities are associated with several diseases such as acne, cicatricial alopecia, and dry eye disease. An increasing number of genetically modified laboratory mouse lines develop SG abnormalities, and their study may provide important clues regarding the molecular pathways regulating SG development, physiology, and pathology. Here, we summarize in tabulated form the available mouse lines with SG abnormalities and, focusing on selected examples, discuss the insights they provide into SG biology and pathology. We hope this survey will become a helpful information source for researchers with a primary interest in SG but also as for researchers from unrelated fields that are unexpectedly confronted with a SG phenotype in newly generated mouse lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ehrmann
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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Yanuaryska RD, Miyoshi K, Adiningrat A, Horiguchi T, Tanimura A, Hagita H, Noma T. Sp6 regulation of Rock1 promoter activity in dental epithelial cells. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2016; 61:306-17. [PMID: 25264049 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.61.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Sp6 is a transcription factor of the SP/KLF family and an indispensable regulator of the morphological dynamics of ameloblast differentiation during tooth development. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We have previously identified one of the Sp6 downstream genes, Rock1, which is involved in ameloblast polarization. In this study, we investigated the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of Rock1 by Sp6. First, we identified the transcription start sites (TSS) and cloned the 5'-flanking region of Rock1. Serial deletion analyses identified a critical region for Rock1 promoter activity within the 249-bp upstream region of TSS, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed Sp6-binding to this region. Subsequent transient transfection experiments showed that Rock1 promoter activity is enhanced by Sp6, but reduced by Sp1. Treatment of dental epithelial cells with the GC-selective DNA binding inhibitor, mithramycin A, affected Rock1 promoter activity in loss of enhancement by Sp6, but not repression by Sp1. Further site-directed mutagenesis indicated that the region from -206 to -150 contains responsive elements for Sp6. Taken together, we conclude that Sp6 positively regulates Rock1 transcription by direct binding to the Rock1 promoter region from -206 to -150, which functionally distinct from Sp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryna Dwi Yanuaryska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
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Adiningrat A, Tanimura A, Miyoshi K, Hagita H, Yanuaryska RD, Arinawati DY, Horiguchi T, Noma T. Isolation and characterization of dental epithelial cells derived from amelogenesis imperfecta rat. Oral Dis 2015; 22:132-9. [PMID: 26582753 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disruption of the third zinc finger domain of specificity protein 6 (SP6) presents an enamel-specific defect in a rat model of amelogenesis imperfecta (AMI rats). To understand the molecular basis of amelogenesis imperfecta caused by the Sp6 mutation, we established and characterized AMI-derived rat dental epithelial (ARE) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS ARE cell clones were isolated from the mandibular incisors of AMI rats, and amelogenesis-related gene expression was analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Localization of wild-type SP6 (SP6WT) and mutant-type SP6 (SP6AMI) was analyzed by immunocytochemistry. SP6 transcriptional activity was monitored by rho-associated protein kinase 1 (Rock1) promoter activity with its specific binding to the promoter region in dental (G5 and ARE) and non-dental (COS-7) epithelial cells. RESULTS Isolated ARE cells were varied in morphology and gene expression. Both SP6WT and SP6AMI were mainly detected in nuclei. The promoter analysis revealed that SP6WT and SP6AMI enhanced Rock1 promoter activity in G5 cells but that enhancement by SP6AMI was weaker, whereas no enhancement was observed in the ARE and COS-7 cells, even though SP6WT and SP6AMI bound to the promoter in all instances. CONCLUSION ARE cell clones can provide a useful in vitro model to study the mechanism of SP6-mediated amelogenesis imperfecta.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Adiningrat
- Graduate School of Oral Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - A Tanimura
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - K Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - H Hagita
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - R D Yanuaryska
- Graduate School of Oral Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - D Y Arinawati
- Graduate School of Oral Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - T Horiguchi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - T Noma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Adiningrat A, Tanimura A, Miyoshi K, Yanuaryska RD, Hagita H, Horiguchi T, Noma T. Ctip2-mediated Sp6 transcriptional regulation in dental epithelium-derived cells. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2015; 61:126-36. [PMID: 24705758 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.61.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Tooth development relies on the interaction between the oral ectoderm and underlying mesenchyme, and is regulated by a complex genetic cascade. This transcriptional cascade is regulated by the spatiotemporal activation and deactivation of transcription factors. The specificity proteins 6 (Sp6) and chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor-interacting protein 2 (Ctip2) were identified in loss-of-function studies as key transcription factors required for tooth development. Ctip2 binds to the Sp6 promoter in vivo; however, its role in Sp6 expression remains unclear. In this study, we investigated Sp6 transcriptional regulation by Ctip2. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Sp6 and Ctip2 colocalize in the rat incisor during tooth development. We examined whether Ctip2 regulates Sp6 promoter activity in dental epithelial cells. Cotransfection experiments using serial Sp6 promoter-luciferase constructs and Ctip2 expression plasmids showed that Ctip2 significantly suppressed the Sp6 second promoter activity, although the Sp6 first promoter activity was unaffected. Ctip2 was able to bind to the proximal region of the Sp6 first promoter, as previously demonstrated, and also to the novel distal region of the first, and second promoter regions. Our findings indicate that Ctip2 regulates Sp6 gene expression through direct binding to the Sp6 second promoter region. J. Med. Invest. 61: 126-136, February, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Adiningrat
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
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14
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Nakamura T, Yoshitomi Y, Sakai K, Patel V, Fukumoto S, Yamada Y. Epiprofin orchestrates epidermal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:5261-72. [PMID: 25344255 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.156778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal layer of the epidermis contains stem cells and transit amplifying cells that rapidly proliferate and differentiate further into the upper layers of the epidermis. A number of molecules have been identified as regulators of this process, including p63 (also known as tumor protein 63) and Notch1. However, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate the transitions from stem cell to proliferating or differentiating transit amplifying cell. Here, we demonstrate that epiprofin (Epfn, also known as Sp6) plays crucial distinct roles in these transition stages as a cell cycle regulator and a transcription factor. Epfn knockout mice have a thickened epidermis, in which p63-expressing basal cells form multiple layers owing to the accumulation of premature transit amplifying cells with reduced proliferation and a reduction in the number of differentiating keratinocytes expressing Notch1. We found that low levels of Epfn expression increased the proliferation of human immortalized keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells by increasing EGF responsiveness and superphosphorylation of Rb. By contrast, high levels of Epfn expression promoted cell cycle exit and differentiation, by reducing E2F transactivation and inducing Notch1 expression. Our findings identify multiple novel functions of Epfn in epidermal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakamura
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Development Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yasuo Yoshitomi
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kiyoshi Sakai
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vyomesh Patel
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Satoshi Fukumoto
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Development Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Yamada
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Genander M, Cook PJ, Ramsköld D, Keyes BE, Mertz AF, Sandberg R, Fuchs E. BMP signaling and its pSMAD1/5 target genes differentially regulate hair follicle stem cell lineages. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 15:619-33. [PMID: 25312496 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) and their transit amplifying cell (TAC) progeny sense BMPs at defined stages of the hair cycle to control their proliferation and differentiation. Here, we exploit the distinct spatial and temporal localizations of these cells to selectively ablate BMP signaling in each compartment and examine its functional role. We find that BMP signaling is required for HFSC quiescence and to promote TAC differentiation along different lineages as the hair cycle progresses. We also combine in vivo genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation and deep-sequencing, transcriptional profiling, and loss-of-function genetics to define BMP-regulated genes. We show that some pSMAD1/5 targets, like Gata3, function specifically in TAC lineage-progression. Others, like Id1 and Id3, function in both HFSCs and TACs, but in distinct ways. Our study therefore illustrates the complex differential roles that a key signaling pathway can play in regulation of closely related stem/progenitor cells within the context of their overall niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Genander
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Peter J Cook
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel Ramsköld
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brice E Keyes
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Aaron F Mertz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rickard Sandberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Safe S, Imanirad P, Sreevalsan S, Nair V, Jutooru I. Transcription factor Sp1, also known as specificity protein 1 as a therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:759-69. [PMID: 24793594 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.914173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Specificity protein (Sp) transcription factors (TFs) are members of the Sp/Kruppel-like factor family, and Sp proteins play an important role in embryonic and early postnatal development. Sp1 has been the most extensively investigated member of this family, and expression of this protein decreases with age, whereas Sp1 and other family members (Sp3 and Sp4) are highly expressed in tumors and cancer cell lines. AREA COVERED The prognostic significance of Sp1 in cancer patients and the functional pro-oncogenic activities of Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4 in cancer cell lines are summarized. Several different approaches have been used to target downregulation of Sp TFs and Sp-regulated genes, and this includes identification of different structural classes of antineoplastic agents including NSAIDs, natural products and their synthetic analogs and several well-characterized drugs including arsenic trioxide, aspirin and metformin. The multiple pathways involved in drug-induced Sp downregulation are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION The recognition by the scientific and clinical community that experimental and clinically used antineoplastic agents downregulate Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4, and pro-oncogenic Sp-regulated genes will facilitate future clinical applications for individual drug and drug combination therapies that take advantage of their unusual effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Safe
- Texas A&M University, Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology , 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4466 , USA
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17
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Ibarretxe G, Aurrekoetxea M, Crende O, Badiola I, Jimenez-Rojo L, Nakamura T, Yamada Y, Unda F. Epiprofin/Sp6 regulates Wnt-BMP signaling and the establishment of cellular junctions during the bell stage of tooth development. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 350:95-107. [PMID: 22868911 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Epiprofin/Specificity Protein 6 (Epfn) is a Krüppel-like family (KLF) transcription factor that is critically involved in tooth morphogenesis and dental cell differentiation. However, its mechanism of action is still not fully understood. We have employed both loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches to address the role of Epfn in the formation of cell junctions in dental cells and in the regulation of junction-associated signal transduction pathways. We have evaluated the expression of junction proteins in bell-stage incisor and molar tooth sections from Epfn(-/-) mice and in dental pulp MDPC-23 cells overexpressing Epfn. In Epfn(-/-) mice, a dramatic reduction occurs in the expression of tight junction and adherens junction proteins and of the adherens-junction-associated β-catenin protein, a major effector of canonical Wnt signaling. Loss of cell junctions and β-catenin in Epfn(-/-) mice is correlated with a clear decrease in bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) expression, a decrease in nestin in the tooth mesenchyme, altered cell proliferation, and failure of ameloblast cell differentiation. Overexpression of Epfn in MDPC-23 cells results in an increased cellular accumulation of β-catenin protein, indicative of upregulation of canonical Wnt signaling. Together, these results suggest that Epfn enhances canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the developing dental pulp mesenchyme, a condition that promotes the activity of other downstream signaling pathways, such as BMP, which are fundamental for cellular induction and ameloblast differentiation. These altered signaling events might underlie some of the most prominent dental defects observed in Epfn(-/-) mice, such as the absence of ameloblasts and enamel, and might throw light on developmental malformations of the tooth, including hyperdontia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaskon Ibarretxe
- Cell Biology & Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Bizkaia, Spain
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Muto T, Miyoshi K, Horiguchi T, Noma T. Dissection of morphological and metabolic differentiation of ameloblasts via ectopic SP6 expression. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2012; 59:59-68. [PMID: 22449994 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.59.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Tooth enamel is the hardest organ in the body. In rodent incisor, the enamel is exclusively produced by ameloblasts with yellowish-brown pigmentation, indicating normal enamel formation. However, the molecular mechanisms of ameloblast differentiation and amelogenesis are not fully understood. Specificity protein (Sp) 6 has been reported as one of the critical factors for tooth development. To explore SP6 function, we generated Sp6 transgenic (Tg) rats. Unexpectedly, the enamel surfaces of the incisors in Tg rats were discolored, even though enamel formation and serum iron concentrations were normal. Histological analysis of incisors from 6-week-old Tg rats demonstrated that the ameloblast layer at the pigmentation stage was elongated up to the gingival margin with ectopic SP6 expression in longitudinal incisor sections. In contrast, the incisors from 10-week-old Tg rats revealed that the pigmented ameloblasts were morphologically changed to those of the reduced stage, concomitant with the sporadic disappearance of ectopic SP6 expression. Here we report that morphological differentiation and metabolism of the iron-containing pigment in ameloblasts are independently regulated during amelogenesis by means of ectopic SP6 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Muto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Muto T, Miyoshi K, Horiguchi T, Hagita H, Noma T. Novel genetic linkage of rat Sp6 mutation to Amelogenesis imperfecta. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2012; 7:34. [PMID: 22676574 PMCID: PMC3464675 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is an inherited disorder characterized by abnormal formation of tooth enamel. Although several genes responsible for AI have been reported, not all causative genes for human AI have been identified to date. AMI rat has been reported as an autosomal recessive mutant with hypoplastic AI isolated from a colony of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat strain, but the causative gene has not yet been clarified. Through a genetic screen, we identified the causative gene of autosomal recessive AI in AMI and analyzed its role in amelogenesis. Methods cDNA sequencing of possible AI-candidate genes so far identified using total RNA of day 6 AMI rat molars identified a novel responsible mutation in specificity protein 6 (Sp6). Genetic linkage analysis was performed between Sp6 and AI phenotype in AMI. To understand a role of SP6 in AI, we generated the transgenic rats harboring Sp6 transgene in AMI (Ami/Ami + Tg). Histological analyses were performed using the thin sections of control rats, AMI, and Ami/Ami + Tg incisors in maxillae, respectively. Results We found the novel genetic linkage between a 2-bp insertional mutation of Sp6 gene and the AI phenotype in AMI rats. The position of mutation was located in the coding region of Sp6, which caused frameshift mutation and disruption of the third zinc finger domain of SP6 with 11 cryptic amino acid residues and a stop codon. Transfection studies showed that the mutant protein can be translated and localized in the nucleus in the same manner as the wild-type SP6 protein. When we introduced the CMV promoter-driven wild-type Sp6 transgene into AMI rats, the SP6 protein was ectopically expressed in the maturation stage of ameloblasts associated with the extended maturation stage and the shortened reduced stage without any other phenotypical changes. Conclusion We propose the addition of Sp6 mutation as a new molecular diagnostic criterion for the autosomal recessive AI patients. Our findings expand the spectrum of genetic causes of autosomal recessive AI and sheds light on the molecular diagnosis for the classification of AI. Furthermore, tight regulation of the temporospatial expression of SP6 may have critical roles in completing amelogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Muto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho, Japan
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Possible linkage of SP6 transcriptional activity with amelogenesis by protein stabilization. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:320987. [PMID: 22046099 PMCID: PMC3199210 DOI: 10.1155/2011/320987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ameloblasts produce enamel matrix proteins such as amelogenin, ameloblastin, and amelotin during tooth development. The molecular mechanisms of ameloblast differentiation (amelogenesis) are currently not well understood. SP6 is a transcription factor of the Sp/KLF family that was recently found to regulate cell proliferation in a cell-type-specific manner. Sp6-deficient mice demonstrate characteristic tooth anomalies such as delayed eruption of the incisors and supernumerary teeth with disorganized amelogenesis. However, it remains unclear how Sp6 controls amelogenesis. In this study, we used SP6 high producer cells to identify SP6 target genes. Based on the observations that long-term culture of SP6 high producer cells reduced SP6 protein expression but not Sp6 mRNA expression, we found that SP6 is short lived and specifically degraded through a proteasome pathway. We established an in vitro inducible SP6 expression system coupled with siRNA knockdown and found a possible linkage between SP6 and amelogenesis through the regulation of amelotin and Rock1 gene expression by microarray analysis. Our findings suggest that the regulation of SP6 protein stability is one of the crucial steps in amelogenesis.
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Lapan SW, Reddien PW. dlx and sp6-9 Control optic cup regeneration in a prototypic eye. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002226. [PMID: 21852957 PMCID: PMC3154955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic cups are a structural feature of diverse eyes, from simple pit eyes to camera eyes of vertebrates and cephalopods. We used the planarian prototypic eye as a model to study the genetic control of optic cup formation and regeneration. We identified two genes encoding transcription factors, sp6-9 and dlx, that were expressed in the eye specifically in the optic cup and not the photoreceptor neurons. RNAi of these genes prevented formation of visible optic cups during regeneration. Planarian regeneration requires an adult proliferative cell population with stem cell-like properties called the neoblasts. We found that optic cup formation occurred only after migration of progressively differentiating progenitor cells from the neoblast population. The eye regeneration defect caused by dlx and sp6-9 RNAi can be explained by a failure to generate these early optic cup progenitors. Dlx and Sp6-9 genes function as a module during the development of diverse animal appendages, including vertebrate and insect limbs. Our work reveals a novel function for this gene pair in the development of a fundamental eye component, and it utilizes these genes to demonstrate a mechanism for total organ regeneration in which extensive cell movement separates new cell specification from organ morphogenesis. Some invertebrates, such as planarians and Hydra, can regenerate fully after amputations that remove large parts of the body. We investigated how cells in the body of planarians provide new cells for eye regeneration after complete head removal. Planarians possess highly potent regenerative cells (neoblasts) in a compartment inside the worm, and these cells must be present in a body fragment for it to regenerate. We identify a pair of transcription factors, sp6-9 and dlx, that are expressed in the optic cup, and use expression of these genes as markers to demonstrate that lineage restriction of eye cells during regeneration begins within the neoblast compartment. dlx and sp6-9 are essential for formation of optic cup progenitors, and inhibition of these genes with RNA interference results in eyes that lack optic cups after regeneration. During eye development in both flies and vertebrates, progenitors form within a patterned epithelium. Interestingly, planarian eye precursors only aggregate once they have stopped cycling and undergone extensive migration. At this stage they already express markers of the terminally differentiated state. Therefore, we identify a mechanism for eye formation during regeneration and a novel function for a conserved gene pair in eye regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain W. Lapan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter W. Reddien
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lack of iron-related phenotype in Sp6 intestinal knockout mice. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2011; 47:46-9. [PMID: 21514188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Based on a microarray study, which demonstrated the upregulation of Sp6 transcriptional factor in iron deficient rat duodenum, we reasoned that SP6 could regulate iron absorption by controlling the expression of iron absorption genes (Collins,2006). For that, we generated Sp6 specific intestinal knockout mice. Our data suggest a lack of transcriptional upregulation of Sp6 in mice in conditions where iron absorption is promoted (phlebotomy, iron deficiency, hpx mouse), and an absence of iron-related phenotype in Sp6 intestinal knockout model. We propose that other Sp6 orthologues may be involved in the genetic response to increase iron absorption, possibly in co-operation with hypoxia inducible factor 2 alpha (HIF-2α)-a newly discovered regulator of iron absorption.
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Abstract
Over the past 3 years, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of confirmed type 2 diabetes (T2D) susceptibility loci, most arising through the implementation of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, progress toward the understanding of disease mechanisms has been slowed by modest effect sizes and the fact that most GWAS signals map away from coding sequence: the presumption is that their effects are mediated through regulation of nearby transcripts, but the identities of the genes concerned are often far from clear. In this review we describe the progress that has been made to date in translating association signals into molecular mechanisms with a focus on the most tractable signals (eg, KCNJ11/ABCC8, SLC30A8, GCKR) and those in which human, animal, and cellular models (FTO, TCF7L2, G6PC2) have provided insights into the role in T2D pathogenesis. Finally, the challenges for the field with the advent of genome-scale next-generation resequencing efforts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn van de Bunt
- Diabetes Research Laboratories, Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology & Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK.
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Schaeper ND, Prpic NM, Wimmer EA. A clustered set of three Sp-family genes is ancestral in the Metazoa: evidence from sequence analysis, protein domain structure, developmental expression patterns and chromosomal location. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:88. [PMID: 20353601 PMCID: PMC3087555 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Sp-family of transcription factors are evolutionarily conserved zinc finger proteins present in many animal species. The orthology of the Sp genes in different animals is unclear and their evolutionary history is therefore controversially discussed. This is especially the case for the Sp gene buttonhead (btd) which plays a key role in head development in Drosophila melanogaster, and has been proposed to have originated by a recent gene duplication. The purpose of the presented study was to trace orthologs of btd in other insects and reconstruct the evolutionary history of the Sp genes within the metazoa. Results We isolated Sp genes from representatives of a holometabolous insect (Tribolium castaneum), a hemimetabolous insect (Oncopeltus fasciatus), primitively wingless hexapods (Folsomia candida and Thermobia domestica), and an amphipod crustacean (Parhyale hawaienis). We supplemented this data set with data from fully sequenced animal genomes. We performed phylogenetic sequence analysis with the result that all Sp factors fall into three monophyletic clades. These clades are also supported by protein domain structure, gene expression, and chromosomal location. We show that clear orthologs of the D. melanogaster btd gene are present even in the basal insects, and that the Sp5-related genes in the genome sequence of several deuterostomes and the basal metazoans Trichoplax adhaerens and Nematostella vectensis are also orthologs of btd. Conclusions All available data provide strong evidence for an ancestral cluster of three Sp-family genes as well as synteny of this Sp cluster and the Hox cluster. The ancestral Sp gene cluster already contained a Sp5/btd ortholog, which strongly suggests that btd is not the result of a recent gene duplication, but directly traces back to an ancestral gene already present in the metazoan ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina D Schaeper
- Georg-August-Universität, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Abteilung Entwicklungsbiologie, GZMB, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Xie J, Yin H, Nichols TD, Yoder JA, Horowitz JM. Sp2 is a maternally inherited transcription factor required for embryonic development. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:4153-4164. [PMID: 19959469 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.078881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sp family of transcription factors is required for the expression of cell cycle- and developmentally regulated genes, and the deregulated expression of a handful of family members is associated with human tumorigenesis. Sp2 is a relatively poorly characterized member of the Sp family that, although widely expressed, exhibits little or no DNA binding or transcriptional activity in human and mouse cell lines. To begin to address the role(s) played by Sp2 in early metazoan development we have cloned and characterized Sp2 from zebrafish (Danio rerio). We report that 1) the intron/exon organization and amino acid sequence of zebrafish Sp2 is closely conserved with its mammalian orthologues, 2) zebrafish Sp2 weakly stimulates an Sp-dependent promoter in vitro and associates with the nuclear matrix in a DNA-independent fashion, 3) zebrafish Sp2 is inherited as a maternal transcript, is transcribed in zebrafish embryos and adult tissues, and is required for completion of gastrulation, and 4) zebrafish lines carrying transgenes regulated by the Sp2 promoter recapitulate patterns of endogenous Sp2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhen Xie
- From the Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and the Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | - Haifeng Yin
- From the Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and the Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | - Teresa D Nichols
- From the Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and the Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | - Jeffrey A Yoder
- From the Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and the Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | - Jonathan M Horowitz
- From the Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and the Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606.
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Talamillo A, Delgado I, Nakamura T, de-Vega S, Yoshitomi Y, Unda F, Birchmeier W, Yamada Y, Ros MA. Role of Epiprofin, a zinc-finger transcription factor, in limb development. Dev Biol 2009; 337:363-74. [PMID: 19913006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The formation and maintenance of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is critical for the outgrowth and patterning of the vertebrate limb. In the present work, we have investigated the role of Epiprofin (Epfn/Sp6), a member of the SP/KLF transcription factor family that is expressed in the limb ectoderm and the AER, during limb development. Epfn mutant mice have a defective autopod that shows mesoaxial syndactyly in the forelimb and synostosis (bony fusion) in the hindlimb and partial bidorsal digital tips. Epfn mutants also show a defect in the maturation of the AER that appears flat and broad, with a double ridge phenotype. By genetic analysis, we also show that Epfn is controlled by WNT/b-CATENIN signaling in the limb ectoderm. Since the less severe phenotypes of the conditional removal of b-catenin in the limb ectoderm strongly resemble the limb phenotype of Epfn mutants, we propose that EPFN very likely functions as a modulator of WNT signaling in the limb ectoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Talamillo
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
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Leow CC, Wang BE, Ross J, Chan SM, Zha J, Carano RAD, Frantz G, Shen MM, de Sauvage FJ, Gao WQ. Prostate-specific Klf6 inactivation impairs anterior prostate branching morphogenesis through increased activation of the Shh pathway. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:21057-65. [PMID: 19494112 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.001776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 6 (Klf6) belongs to a family of zinc finger transcription factors known to play a role in development and tumor suppression. Although Klf6 is highly mutated in prostate cancer, its function in prostate development is unknown. We have generated a prostate-specific Klf6-deficient mouse model and report here a novel role for Klf6 in the regulation of prostate branching morphogenesis. Importantly, our study reveals a novel relationship between Klf6 and the Shh pathway. Klf6-deficiency leads to elevated levels of hedgehog pathway components (Shh, Ptc, and Gli) and loss of their localized expression, which in turn causes impaired lateral branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Ching Leow
- Departments of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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Adiningrat A, Tanimura A, Miyoshi K, Dwi Yanuaryska R, Hagita H, Horiguchi T, Noma T. <b>Ctip2-mediated </b><b><i>Sp6 </i></b><b>transcriptional regulation in dental </b><b>epithelium-derived cells </b>. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2000. [DOI: 10.2152/jmi.40.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arya Adiningrat
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Ayako Tanimura
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Keiko Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Ryna Dwi Yanuaryska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Hiroko Hagita
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Taigo Horiguchi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Takafumi Noma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
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