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Shi H, Tsang Y, Yang Y, Chin HL. Identification of ONECUT3 as a stemness-related transcription factor regulating NK cell-mediated immune evasion in pancreatic cancer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18133. [PMID: 37875589 PMCID: PMC10598193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45560-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a dismal response to the current T cell-based immunotherapies, which is attributed to intratumoral heterogeneity caused by PDAC stem cells and lack of major histocompatibility complex class I required for neoantigen presentation. Although this scenario makes natural killer (NK) cells attractive candidates for immunotherapeutic agents targeting MHC-I-deficient cancer stem cells in heterogeneous PDACs, little is known about PDAC stem cell immunology. In our study, PDAC-specific datasets from public databases were collected for in-depth bioinformatic analysis. We found that the abundance of PDAC stemness negatively influenced the infiltration of NK cells and identified the transcription factor ONECUT3 enriched in PDACs with high stemness index scores and Pan-cancer Stemness Signature levels. A series of NK cell-targeted inhibitory immune checkpoints were highly expressed in ONECUT3high PDACs. The patient group with high levels of ONECUT3 expression had a high risk of poor overall survival, even if accompanied by high infiltration of NK cells. Furthermore, the prostanoid metabolic process was enriched in ONECUT3high PDACs with high levels of NK cell-targeted inhibitory immune checkpoints. ONECUT3 enriched in high-stemness PDACs possessed the potential to transcriptionally regulate the prostanoid metabolism-related genes. Our study reveals ONECUT3 as a candidate stemness-related transcription factor regulating NK cell-targeted inhibitory immune checkpoints in PDAC. ONECUT3-mediated prostanoid metabolism may regulate cancer stemness and immune evasion in PDAC. Synergistic inhibition of prostanoid metabolism may improve the efficacy of NK cell-based immunotherapies targeting intratumoral heterogeneity caused by PDAC stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojun Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yiusing Tsang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yisi Yang
- Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hok Leong Chin
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Ali RQ, Meyer-Miner A, David-Rachel M, Lee FJH, Wilkins BJ, Karpen SJ, Ciruna B, Ghanekar A, Kamath BM. Loss of zebrafish pkd1l1 causes biliary defects that have implications for biliary atresia splenic malformation. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049326. [PMID: 37675454 PMCID: PMC10581383 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary atresia is a fibroinflammatory neonatal disease with no effective therapies. A subset of cases (10-20%) is associated with laterality defects - labeled biliary atresia splenic malformation (BASM) syndrome. Recently, whole-exome sequencing of patients with BASM identified deleterious variants in PKD1L1. PKD1L1 is involved in left-right axis determination; however, its role in cholangiocytes is unknown. We generated the pkd1l1hsc117 allele using CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis in zebrafish to determine the role of Pkd1l1 in biliary development and function. Wild-type and mutant larvae were assessed for laterality defects, biliary function and biliary tree architecture at 5 days post fertilization. pkd1l1hsc117 mutant larvae exhibited early left-right patterning defects. The gallbladder was positioned on the left in 47% of mutants compared to 4% of wild-type larvae. Accumulation of PED6 in the gallbladder, an indicator of hepatobiliary function, was significantly reduced in pkd1l1hsc117 mutants (46%) compared to wild-type larvae (4%). pkd1l1hsc117 larvae exhibited fewer biliary epithelial cells and reduced density of the intrahepatic biliary network compared to those in wild-type larvae. These data highlight the essential role of pkd1l1 in normal development and function of the zebrafish biliary system, supporting a role for this gene as a cause of BASM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouknuddin Q. Ali
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Anne Meyer-Miner
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Marie David-Rachel
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Fiona J. H. Lee
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Benjamin J. Wilkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Saul J. Karpen
- Department of Pediatrics Emory, University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Brian Ciruna
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Anand Ghanekar
- Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5C 2C4, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - Binita M. Kamath
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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3
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Shimizu N, Shiraishi H, Hanada T. Zebrafish as a Useful Model System for Human Liver Disease. Cells 2023; 12:2246. [PMID: 37759472 PMCID: PMC10526867 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases represent a significant global health challenge, thereby necessitating extensive research to understand their intricate complexities and to develop effective treatments. In this context, zebrafish (Danio rerio) have emerged as a valuable model organism for studying various aspects of liver disease. The zebrafish liver has striking similarities to the human liver in terms of structure, function, and regenerative capacity. Researchers have successfully induced liver damage in zebrafish using chemical toxins, genetic manipulation, and other methods, thereby allowing the study of disease mechanisms and the progression of liver disease. Zebrafish embryos or larvae, with their transparency and rapid development, provide a unique opportunity for high-throughput drug screening and the identification of potential therapeutics. This review highlights how research on zebrafish has provided valuable insights into the pathological mechanisms of human liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Shimizu
- Department of Cell Biology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan;
| | | | - Toshikatsu Hanada
- Department of Cell Biology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan;
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4
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Zeng X, Ou H, Zeng C, Liu Q, Wang W, Yao J. Multi-omics integrated analyzed the origin of intrahepatic mucinous cholangiocarcinoma: a case report. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1175707. [PMID: 37546424 PMCID: PMC10401833 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1175707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic mucinous cholangiocarcinoma (IMCC) is a rare subtype of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC). Limited data describe the genetic characteristics of IMCC and insights on its pathogenesis are lacking. Here, we employed a multi-omics approach to analyze somatic mutations, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome of tumor tissue obtained from a case of IMCC in order to clarify the pathogenesis of IMCC. A total of 54 somatic mutations were detected, including a G12D mutation in KRAS that is likely to be involved in the onset of IMCC. The genes consistently up-regulated at the transcription level and in the proteome were enriched for mucin and mucopolysaccharide biosynthesis, for cell cycle functions and for inflammatory signaling pathways. The consistently down-regulated genes were enriched in bile synthesis and fatty acid metabolism pathways. Further multi-omics analysis found that mucin synthesis by MUC4 and MUC16 was elevated by up-regulated expression of mesothelin (MSLN). Moreover, transcription factor ONECUT3 was identified that possibly activates the transcription of mucin and mucopolysaccharide biosynthesis in IMCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Zeng
- Medical Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Huohui Ou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Chong Zeng
- Medical Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Qingbo Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Jie Yao
- Medical Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
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5
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Leger A, Brettell I, Monahan J, Barton C, Wolf N, Kusminski N, Herder C, Aadepu N, Becker C, Gierten J, Hammouda OT, Hasel E, Lischik C, Lust K, Sokolova N, Suzuki R, Tavhelidse T, Thumberger T, Tsingos E, Watson P, Welz B, Naruse K, Loosli F, Wittbrodt J, Birney E, Fitzgerald T. Genomic variations and epigenomic landscape of the Medaka Inbred Kiyosu-Karlsruhe (MIKK) panel. Genome Biol 2022; 23:58. [PMID: 35189951 PMCID: PMC8862245 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The teleost medaka (Oryzias latipes) is a well-established vertebrate model system, with a long history of genetic research, and multiple high-quality reference genomes available for several inbred strains. Medaka has a high tolerance to inbreeding from the wild, thus allowing one to establish inbred lines from wild founder individuals. RESULTS We exploit this feature to create an inbred panel resource: the Medaka Inbred Kiyosu-Karlsruhe (MIKK) panel. This panel of 80 near-isogenic inbred lines contains a large amount of genetic variation inherited from the original wild population. We use Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) long read data to further investigate the genomic and epigenomic landscapes of a subset of the MIKK panel. Nanopore sequencing allows us to identify a large variety of high-quality structural variants, and we present results and methods using a pan-genome graph representation of 12 individual medaka lines. This graph-based reference MIKK panel genome reveals novel differences between the MIKK panel lines and standard linear reference genomes. We find additional MIKK panel-specific genomic content that would be missing from linear reference alignment approaches. We are also able to identify and quantify the presence of repeat elements in each of the lines. Finally, we investigate line-specific CpG methylation and performed differential DNA methylation analysis across these 12 lines. CONCLUSIONS We present a detailed analysis of the MIKK panel genomes using long and short read sequence technologies, creating a MIKK panel-specific pan genome reference dataset allowing for investigation of novel variation types that would be elusive using standard approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Leger
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian Brettell
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jack Monahan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carl Barton
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nadeshda Wolf
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Natalja Kusminski
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Cathrin Herder
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Narendar Aadepu
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Campus Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clara Becker
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Campus Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jakob Gierten
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Campus Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Omar T Hammouda
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Campus Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Hasel
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Campus Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Colin Lischik
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Campus Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Lust
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Campus Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalia Sokolova
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Campus Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Risa Suzuki
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Campus Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tinatini Tavhelidse
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Campus Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Thumberger
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Campus Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Erika Tsingos
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Campus Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philip Watson
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Campus Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bettina Welz
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Campus Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kiyoshi Naruse
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Laboratory of Bioresources, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Felix Loosli
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Joachim Wittbrodt
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Campus Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ewan Birney
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tomas Fitzgerald
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
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6
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Wang S, Miller SR, Ober EA, Sadler KC. Making It New Again: Insight Into Liver Development, Regeneration, and Disease From Zebrafish Research. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 124:161-195. [PMID: 28335859 PMCID: PMC6450094 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The adult liver of most vertebrates is predominantly comprised of hepatocytes. However, these cells must work in concert with biliary, stellate, vascular, and immune cells to accomplish the vast array of hepatic functions required for physiological homeostasis. Our understanding of liver development was accelerated as zebrafish emerged as an ideal vertebrate system to study embryogenesis. Through work in zebrafish and other models, it is now clear that the cells in the liver develop in a coordinated fashion during embryogenesis through a complex yet incompletely understood set of molecular guidelines. Zebrafish research has uncovered many key players that govern the acquisition of hepatic potential, cell fate, and plasticity. Although rare, some hepatobiliary diseases-especially biliary atresia-are caused by developmental defects; we discuss how research using zebrafish to study liver development has informed our understanding of and approaches to liver disease. The liver can be injured in response to an array of stressors including viral, mechanical/surgical, toxin-induced, immune-mediated, or inborn defects in metabolism. The liver has thus evolved the capacity to efficiently repair and regenerate. We discuss the emerging field of using zebrafish to study liver regeneration and highlight recent advances where zebrafish genetics and imaging approaches have provided novel insights into how cell plasticity contributes to liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sophie R Miller
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Elke A Ober
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Kirsten C Sadler
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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7
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Abstract
The endoderm is the innermost embryonic germ layer, and in zebrafish, it gives rise to the lining of the gut, the gills, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and derivatives of the pharyngeal pouch. These organs form the gastrointestinal tract and are involved with the absorption, delivery, and metabolism of nutrients. The liver has a central role in regulating these processes because it controls carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, protein synthesis, and breakdown of endogenous and xenobiotic products. Liver dysfunction frequently leads to significant morbidity and mortality; however, in most settings of organ injury, the liver exhibits remarkable regenerative capacity. In this chapter, we review the principal mechanisms of endoderm and liver formation and provide protocols to assess liver formation and liver regeneration.
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8
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Cox AG, Goessling W. The lure of zebrafish in liver research: regulation of hepatic growth in development and regeneration. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 32:153-61. [PMID: 25863341 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The liver is an essential organ that plays a pivotal role in metabolism, digestion and nutrient storage. Major efforts have been made to develop zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model system to study the pathways regulating hepatic growth during liver development and regeneration. Zebrafish offer unique advantages over other vertebrates including in vivo imaging at cellular resolution and the capacity for large-scale chemical and genetic screens. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate hepatic growth during liver development in zebrafish. We also highlight emerging evidence that developmental pathways are reactivated following liver injury to facilitate regeneration. Finally, we discuss how zebrafish have transformed drug discovery efforts and enabled the identification of drugs that stimulate hepatic growth and provide hepatoprotection in pre-clinical models of liver injury, with the ultimate goal of identifying novel therapeutic approaches to treat liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Cox
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States.
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9
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Zhang D, Golubkov VS, Han W, Correa RG, Zhou Y, Lee S, Strongin AY, Dong PDS. Identification of Annexin A4 as a hepatopancreas factor involved in liver cell survival. Dev Biol 2014; 395:96-110. [PMID: 25176043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To gain insight into liver and pancreas development, we investigated the target of 2F11, a monoclonal antibody of unknown antigen, widely used in zebrafish studies for labeling hepatopancreatic ducts. Utilizing mass spectrometry and in vivo assays, we determined the molecular target of 2F11 to be Annexin A4 (Anxa4), a calcium binding protein. We further found that in both zebrafish and mouse endoderm, Anxa4 is broadly expressed in the developing liver and pancreas, and later becomes more restricted to the hepatopancreatic ducts and pancreatic islets, including the insulin producing ß-cells. Although Anxa4 is a known target of several monogenic diabetes genes and its elevated expression is associated with chemoresistance in malignancy, its in vivo role is largely unexplored. Knockdown of Anxa4 in zebrafish leads to elevated expression of caspase 8 and Δ113p53, and liver bud specific activation of Caspase 3 and apoptosis. Mosaic knockdown reveal that Anxa4 is required cell-autonomously in the liver bud for cell survival. This finding is further corroborated with mosaic anxa4 knockout studies using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Collectively, we identify Anxa4 as a new, evolutionarily conserved hepatopancreatic factor that is required in zebrafish for liver progenitor viability, through inhibition of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. A role for Anxa4 in cell survival may have implications for the mechanism of diabetic ß-cell apoptosis and cancer cell chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danhua Zhang
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Programs in Genetic Disease, Development and Aging, and Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vladislav S Golubkov
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wenlong Han
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Tumor Microenvironment Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ricardo G Correa
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ying Zhou
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Programs in Genetic Disease, Development and Aging, and Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sunyoung Lee
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Tumor Microenvironment Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alex Y Strongin
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - P Duc Si Dong
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Programs in Genetic Disease, Development and Aging, and Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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10
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Abstract
The liver performs a large number of essential synthetic and regulatory functions that are acquired during fetal development and persist throughout life. Their disruption underlies a diverse group of heritable and acquired diseases that affect both pediatric and adult patients. Although experimental analyses used to study liver development and disease are typically performed in cell culture models or rodents, the zebrafish is increasingly used to complement discoveries made in these systems. Forward and reverse genetic analyses over the past two decades have shown that the molecular program for liver development is largely conserved between zebrafish and mammals, and that the zebrafish can be used to model heritable human liver disorders. Recent work has demonstrated that zebrafish can also be used to study the mechanistic basis of acquired liver diseases. Here, we provide a comprehensive summary of how the zebrafish has contributed to our understanding of human liver development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Wilkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Cui S, Leyva-Vega M, Tsai EA, Eauclaire SF, Glessner JT, Hakonarson H, Devoto M, Haber BA, Spinner NB, Matthews RP. Evidence from human and zebrafish that GPC1 is a biliary atresia susceptibility gene. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:1107-1115.e3. [PMID: 23336978 PMCID: PMC3736559 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive fibroinflammatory disorder of infants involving the extrahepatic and intrahepatic biliary tree. Its etiology is unclear but is believed to involve exposure of a genetically susceptible individual to certain environmental factors. BA occurs exclusively in the neonatal liver, so variants of genes expressed during hepatobiliary development could affect susceptibility. Genome-wide association studies previously identified a potential region of interest at 2q37. We continued these studies to narrow the region and identify BA susceptibility genes. METHODS We searched for copy number variants that were increased among patients with BA (n = 61) compared with healthy individuals (controls; n = 5088). After identifying a candidate gene, we investigated expression patterns of orthologues in zebrafish liver and the effects of reducing expression, with morpholino antisense oligonucleotides, on biliary development, gene expression, and signal transduction. RESULTS We observed a statistically significant increase in deletions at 2q37.3 in patients with BA that resulted in deletion of one copy of GPC1, which encodes glypican 1, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan that regulates Hedgehog signaling and inflammation. Knockdown of gpc1 in zebrafish led to developmental biliary defects. Exposure of the gpc1 morphants to cyclopamine, a Hedgehog antagonist, partially rescued the gpc1-knockdown phenotype. Injection of zebrafish with recombinant Sonic Hedgehog led to biliary defects similar to those of the gpc1 morphants. Liver samples from patients with BA had reduced levels of apical GPC1 in cholangiocytes compared with samples from controls. CONCLUSIONS Based on genetic analysis of patients with BA and zebrafish, GPC1 appears to be a BA susceptibility gene. These findings also support a role for Hedgehog signaling in the pathogenesis of BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Cui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Melissa Leyva-Vega
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ellen A. Tsai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven F. Eauclaire
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph T. Glessner
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcella Devoto
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara A. Haber
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nancy B. Spinner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Randolph P. Matthews
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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12
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Abstract
Challenges in imaging lipid-processing events in live, intact vertebrate models have historically led to reliance on cultured cell studies, thus hampering our understanding of lipid metabolism and gastrointestinal physiology. Fluorescently-labeled molecules, such as BODIPY-labeled lipids, can reveal lipid-processing events in live zebrafish (Danio rerio) and has expanded our understanding of digestive physiology. This review will cover recent advances from the past two to three years in the use of fluorescence-based imaging techniques in live zebrafish to characterize gastrointestinal physiology in health and disease and to conduct small molecule screens to discover therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Otis
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Embryology, 3520 San Martin Dr., Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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13
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Wu F, Sapkota D, Li R, Mu X. Onecut 1 and Onecut 2 are potential regulators of mouse retinal development. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:952-69. [PMID: 21830221 PMCID: PMC3898336 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Our current study focuses on the expression of two members of the onecut transcription factor family, Onecut1 (Oc1) and Onecut2 (Oc2), in the developing mouse retina. By immunofluorescence staining, we found that Oc1 and Oc2 had very similar expression patterns throughout retinal development. Both factors started to be expressed in the retina at around embryonic day (E) 11.5. At early stages (E11.5 and E12.5), they were expressed in both the neuroblast layer (NBL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL). As development progressed (from E14.5 to postnatal day [P] 0), expression diminished in the retinal progenitor cells and became more restricted to the GCL. By P5, Oc1 and Oc2 were expressed at very low levels in the GCL. By co-labeling with transcription factors known to be involved in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) development, we found that Oc1 and Oc2 had extensive overlap with Math5 in the NBL, and that they completely overlapped with Pou4f2 and Isl1 in the GCL, but only partially in the NBL. Co-labeling of Oc1 with cell cycle markers confirmed that Oc1 was expressed in both proliferating retinal progenitors and postmitotic retinal cells. In addition, we demonstrated that expression of Oc1 and Oc2 did not require Math5, Isl1, or Pou4f2. Thus, Oc1 and Oc2 may regulate the formation of RGCs in a pathway independent of Math5, Pou4f2, and Isl1. Furthermore, we showed that Oc1 and Oc2 were expressed in both developing and mature horizontal cells (HCs). Therefore the two factors may also function in the genesis and maintenance of HCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuguo Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, Developmental Genomics Group, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
| | - Darshan Sapkota
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, Developmental Genomics Group, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
| | - Renzhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, Developmental Genomics Group, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
| | - Xiuqian Mu
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, Developmental Genomics Group, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
- State University of New York (SUNY) Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
- Cancer Center Support Grant (CCSG) Molecular Epidemiology and Functional Genomics (MEFG) Program, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
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14
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EauClaire SF, Cui S, Ma L, Matous J, Marlow FL, Gupta T, Burgess HA, Abrams EW, Kapp LD, Granato M, Mullins MC, Matthews RP. Mutations in vacuolar H+ -ATPase subunits lead to biliary developmental defects in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2012; 365:434-44. [PMID: 22465374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We identified three zebrafish mutants with defects in biliary development. One of these mutants, pekin (pn), also demonstrated generalized hypopigmentation and other defects, including disruption of retinal cell layers, lack of zymogen granules in the pancreas, and dilated Golgi in intestinal epithelial cells. Bile duct cells in pn demonstrated an accumulation of electron dense bodies. We determined that the causative defect in pn was a splice site mutation in the atp6ap2 gene that leads to an inframe stop codon. atp6ap2 encodes a subunit of the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-H(+)-ATPase), which modulates pH in intracellular compartments. The Atp6ap2 subunit has also been shown to function as an intracellular renin receptor that stimulates fibrogenesis. Here we show that mutants and morphants involving other V-H(+)-ATPase subunits also demonstrated developmental biliary defects, but did not demonstrate the inhibition of fibrogenic genes observed in pn. The defects in pn are reminiscent of those we and others have observed in class C VPS (vacuolar protein sorting) family mutants and morphants, and we report here that knockdown of atp6ap2 and vps33b had an additive negative effect on biliary development. Our findings suggest that pathways which are important in modulating intracompartmental pH lead to defects in digestive organ development, and support previous studies demonstrating the importance of intracellular sorting pathways in biliary development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F EauClaire
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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15
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Cheung ID, Bagnat M, Ma TP, Datta A, Evason K, Moore JC, Lawson ND, Mostov KE, Moens CB, Stainier DYR. Regulation of intrahepatic biliary duct morphogenesis by Claudin 15-like b. Dev Biol 2011; 361:68-78. [PMID: 22020048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intrahepatic biliary ducts transport bile produced by the hepatocytes out of the liver. Defects in biliary cell differentiation and biliary duct remodeling cause a variety of congenital diseases including Alagille Syndrome and polycystic liver disease. While the molecular pathways regulating biliary cell differentiation have received increasing attention (Lemaigre, 2010), less is known about the cellular behavior underlying biliary duct remodeling. Here, we have identified a novel gene, claudin 15-like b (cldn15lb), which exhibits a unique and dynamic expression pattern in the hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells in zebrafish. Claudins are tight junction proteins that have been implicated in maintaining epithelial polarity, regulating paracellular transport, and providing barrier function. In zebrafish cldn15lb mutant livers, tight junctions are observed between hepatocytes, but these cells show polarization defects as well as canalicular malformations. Furthermore, cldn15lb mutants show abnormalities in biliary duct morphogenesis whereby biliary epithelial cells remain clustered together and form a disorganized network. Our data suggest that Cldn15lb plays an important role in the remodeling process during biliary duct morphogenesis. Thus, cldn15lb mutants provide a novel in vivo model to study the role of tight junction proteins in the remodeling of the biliary network and hereditary cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isla D Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, and Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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16
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Matthews RP, EauClaire SF, Mugnier M, Lorent K, Cui S, Ross MM, Zhang Z, Russo P, Pack M. DNA hypomethylation causes bile duct defects in zebrafish and is a distinguishing feature of infantile biliary atresia. Hepatology 2011; 53:905-14. [PMID: 21319190 PMCID: PMC3075951 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Infantile cholestatic disorders arise in the context of progressively developing intrahepatic bile ducts. Biliary atresia (BA), a progressive fibroinflammatory disorder of extra- and intrahepatic bile ducts, is the most common identifiable cause of infantile cholestasis and the leading indication for liver transplantation in children. The etiology of BA is unclear, and although there is some evidence for viral, toxic, and complex genetic causes, the exclusive occurrence of BA during a period of biliary growth and remodeling suggests an importance of developmental factors. Interestingly, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) signaling is activated in patients and in the frequently utilized rhesus rotavirus mouse model of BA, and is thought to play a key mechanistic role. Here we demonstrate intrahepatic biliary defects and up-regulated hepatic expression of IFN-γ pathway genes caused by genetic or pharmacological inhibition of DNA methylation in zebrafish larvae. Biliary defects elicited by inhibition of DNA methylation were reversed by treatment with glucocorticoid, suggesting that the activation of inflammatory pathways was critical. DNA methylation was significantly reduced in bile duct cells from BA patients compared to patients with other infantile cholestatic disorders, thereby establishing a possible etiologic link between decreased DNA methylation, activation of IFN-γ signaling, and biliary defects in patients. CONCLUSION Inhibition of DNA methylation leads to biliary defects and activation of IFN-γ-responsive genes, thus sharing features with BA, which we determine to be associated with DNA hypomethylation. We propose epigenetic activation of IFN-γ signaling as a common etiologic mechanism of intrahepatic bile duct defects in BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph P. Matthews
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104.
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Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104.
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Corresponding author: Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition 902C Abramson Research Building o 267-426-7223 f 267-426-7814
| | - Steven F. EauClaire
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Monica Mugnier
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Kristin Lorent
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Shuang Cui
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Megan M. Ross
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Zhe Zhang
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104.
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Center for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Pierre Russo
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Michael Pack
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104.
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Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
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17
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Disruption of planar cell polarity activity leads to developmental biliary defects. Dev Biol 2011; 351:229-41. [PMID: 21215262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) establishes polarity within an epithelial sheet. Defects in PCP are associated with developmental defects involving directional cell growth, including defects in kidney tubule elongation that lead to formation of kidney cysts. Given the strong association between kidney cyst formation and developmental biliary defects in patients and in animal models, we investigated the importance of PCP in biliary development. Here we report that in zebrafish, morpholino antisense oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown of PCP genes including prickle-1a (pk1a) led to developmental biliary abnormalities, as well as localization defects of the liver and other digestive organs. The defects in biliary development appear to be mediated via downstream PCP targets such as Rho kinase, Jun kinase (JNK), and both actin and microtubule components of the cytoskeleton. Knockdown of pk1a led to decreased expression of vhnf1, a homeodomain gene previously shown to be involved in biliary development and in kidney cyst formation; forced expression of vhnf1 mRNA led to rescue of the pk1a morphant phenotype. Our results demonstrate that PCP plays an important role in vertebrate biliary development, interacting with other factors known to be involved in biliary morphogenesis.
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18
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Abstract
The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that gives rise to the lining of the gut, the gills, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and derivatives of the pharyngeal pouch. These organs form the gastrointestinal tract and are involved with the absorption, delivery, and metabolism of nutrients. The liver has a central role in regulating these processes because it controls lipid metabolism, protein synthesis, and breakdown of endogenous and xenobiotic products. Liver dysfunction frequently leads to significant morbidity and mortality; however, in most settings of organ injury, the liver exhibits remarkable regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trista E North
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Lorent K, Moore JC, Siekmann AF, Lawson N, Pack M. Reiterative use of the notch signal during zebrafish intrahepatic biliary development. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:855-64. [PMID: 20108354 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway regulates specification of zebrafish liver progenitor cells towards a biliary cell fate. Here, using staged administration of a pharmacological inhibitor of Notch receptor processing, we show that activation of the Notch pathway is also important for growth and expansion of the intrahepatic biliary network in zebrafish larvae. Biliary expansion is accompanied by extensive cell proliferation and active remodeling of the nascent ductal network, as revealed by time lapse imaging of living zebrafish larvae that express a Notch responsive fluorescent reporter transgene. Together, these data support a model in which the Notch signal functions reiteratively during biliary development; first to specific biliary cells and then to direct remodeling of the nascent biliary network. As the Notch pathway plays a comparable role during mammalian biliary development, including humans, these studies also indicate broad conservation of the molecular mechanisms directing biliary development in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Lorent
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19130, USA
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20
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Huang WT, Weng CF. Roles of hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNF) in the regulation of reproduction in teleosts. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2010; 76:225-239. [PMID: 20738706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF) families are composed of liver-enriched transcription factors and upstream regulators of many liver-specific genes. HNF are involved in liver-specific gene expression, metabolism, development, cell growth and many cellular functions in the body. HNF genes can be activated or influenced by several hormones and insulin-like growth factors (IGF), and different combinations of the four HNF factors form a network in controlling the expression of liver-specific or liver-enriched genes. The functions of these factors and their interactions within the gonads of bony fishes, however, are not well understood, and the related literature is scant. Recently, several members of the HNF families have been detected in teleost gonads together with their downstream genes (IGF-I and IGF-II), suggesting that these HNF could be upregulated in vitro by steroid hormones. Thus, the hormone-HNF-IGF-gonad interaction may be an alternative axis in the reproductive mechanism that acts in concert with the conventional hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad pathway. This may help the early development and maturation of the gonad or gamete, sexual maturity or reversion and spawning-regulating mechanisms among fishes to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-T Huang
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Chang-Hua 515, Taiwan
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21
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Lemaigre FP. Molecular mechanisms of biliary development. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 97:103-26. [PMID: 21074731 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385233-5.00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The biliary tree drains the bile produced by hepatocytes to the duodenum via a network of intrahepatic and extrahepatic ducts. In the embryo, the intrahepatic ducts are formed near the branches of the portal vein and derive from the liver precursor cells of the hepatic bud, whereas the extrahepatic ducts directly emerge from the primitive gut. Despite this dual origin, intrahepatic and extrahepatic ducts are lined by a common cell type, the cholangiocyte. In this chapter, we describe how bile ducts are formed and cholangiocytes differentiate, and focus on the regulation of these processes by intercellular signaling pathways and by transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms.
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22
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Stuckenholz C, Lu L, Thakur P, Kaminski N, Bahary N. FACS-assisted microarray profiling implicates novel genes and pathways in zebrafish gastrointestinal tract development. Gastroenterology 2009; 137:1321-32. [PMID: 19563808 PMCID: PMC2785077 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The zebrafish Danio rerio is an excellent model system for mammalian gastrointestinal development. To identify differentially regulated genes important in gastrointestinal organogenesis, we profiled the transcriptome of the zebrafish developing gastrointestinal tract. METHODS Embryos from a transgenic zebrafish line expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the developing intestine, liver, and pancreas were dissociated at 4 developmental time points, their cells sorted based on GFP expression with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and analyzed with microarrays. To improve our analysis, we annotated the Affymetrix Zebrafish GeneChip with human orthologs. RESULTS Transcriptional profiling showed significant differences between GFP(+) and GFP(-) cells. Up-regulated genes and pathways were consistent with mammalian gastrointestinal development, such as hepatic nuclear factor gene networks and cancer. We implicate the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) pathway and show that inhibition with LY294002 causes gastrointestinal defects in zebrafish. We identified novel genes, such as the microRNAs miR-217 and miR-122, the tight junction protein claudin c, the gene fam136a, and a zebrafish tetraspanin. Novel pathways include genes containing a putative transcription factor binding sequence, GGAANCGGAANY, and a nucleolar gene network. The zebrafish microarrays also identify a set of 32 genes that may mediate the effects of gain of chromosome arm 8q in human colon, liver, and pancreatic cancers. CONCLUSIONS We successfully combine FACS and microarray profiling to follow organogenesis throughout development. These experiments identify novel genes and pathways that probably play a role in mammalian gastrointestinal development and are potential targets for therapeutic intervention in the management of gastrointestinal disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Stuckenholz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lili Lu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Prakash Thakur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Dorothy P. & Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nathan Bahary
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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23
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Hand NJ, Master ZR, EauClaire SF, Weinblatt DE, Matthews RP, Friedman JR. The microRNA-30 family is required for vertebrate hepatobiliary development. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:1081-90. [PMID: 19185580 PMCID: PMC2672911 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The function of microRNA (miRNA) in liver development is unknown. To address this issue, we characterized miRNA expression in the embryonic mouse liver, performed functional miRNA analysis in zebrafish larvae, and identified novel hepatic miRNA targets. METHODS Hepatic RNA isolated from mice at embryonic days 15.5, 18.5, and postnatal day 2 was hybridized to a mouse miRNA microarray. The microarray results were confirmed by Northern blot hybridization and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The spatial distribution of selected miRNAs was determined by in situ hybridization. Functional analysis of miR-30a was performed in zebrafish using antisense-mediated miRNA knockdown. Targets of miR-30a were identified by microarray analysis of gene expression following knockdown in cultured cells. RESULTS A set of 38 differentially expressed fetal hepatic miRNAs was identified. Several of these miRNAs were found to exhibit distinct temporal and spatial patterns of expression in hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and nonepithelial cells within the liver. Two (miR-30a and miR-30c) are the first examples of ductal plate and bile duct-specific hepatic miRNAs. Knockdown of miR-30a in the zebrafish larva results in defective biliary morphogenesis. Several newly identified targets of miR-30a are known regulators of liver development and function. CONCLUSIONS We have identified miRNAs whose spatial and temporal patterns of expression are suggestive of functional roles in hepatic development and/or function. One of these, the biliary miRNA miR-30a, is required for biliary development in zebrafish. This is the first demonstration of a functional role for miRNA in hepatic organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Joshua R. Friedman
- To whom correspondence should be addressed , Phone 267-426-7223, Fax 206-984-2191
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24
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Recent Papers on Zebrafish and Other Aquarium Fish Models. Zebrafish 2008. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2008.9995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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