1
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Losa M, Barozzi I, Osterwalder M, Hermosilla-Aguayo V, Morabito A, Chacón BH, Zarrineh P, Girdziusaite A, Benazet JD, Zhu J, Mackem S, Capellini TD, Dickel D, Bobola N, Zuniga A, Visel A, Zeller R, Selleri L. A spatio-temporally constrained gene regulatory network directed by PBX1/2 acquires limb patterning specificity via HAND2. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3993. [PMID: 37414772 PMCID: PMC10325989 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39443-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A lingering question in developmental biology has centered on how transcription factors with widespread distribution in vertebrate embryos can perform tissue-specific functions. Here, using the murine hindlimb as a model, we investigate the elusive mechanisms whereby PBX TALE homeoproteins, viewed primarily as HOX cofactors, attain context-specific developmental roles despite ubiquitous presence in the embryo. We first demonstrate that mesenchymal-specific loss of PBX1/2 or the transcriptional regulator HAND2 generates similar limb phenotypes. By combining tissue-specific and temporally controlled mutagenesis with multi-omics approaches, we reconstruct a gene regulatory network (GRN) at organismal-level resolution that is collaboratively directed by PBX1/2 and HAND2 interactions in subsets of posterior hindlimb mesenchymal cells. Genome-wide profiling of PBX1 binding across multiple embryonic tissues further reveals that HAND2 interacts with subsets of PBX-bound regions to regulate limb-specific GRNs. Our research elucidates fundamental principles by which promiscuous transcription factors cooperate with cofactors that display domain-restricted localization to instruct tissue-specific developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Losa
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Orofacial Sciences and Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Iros Barozzi
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Osterwalder
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Viviana Hermosilla-Aguayo
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Orofacial Sciences and Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Angela Morabito
- Developmental Genetics, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brandon H Chacón
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Orofacial Sciences and Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peyman Zarrineh
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ausra Girdziusaite
- Developmental Genetics, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean Denis Benazet
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Orofacial Sciences and Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jianjian Zhu
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Susan Mackem
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Terence D Capellini
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diane Dickel
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nicoletta Bobola
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Aimée Zuniga
- Developmental Genetics, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Axel Visel
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Rolf Zeller
- Developmental Genetics, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Licia Selleri
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Orofacial Sciences and Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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2
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Sanketi BD, Zuela-Sopilniak N, Bundschuh E, Gopal S, Hu S, Long J, Lammerding J, Hopyan S, Kurpios NA. Pitx2 patterns an accelerator-brake mechanical feedback through latent TGFβ to rotate the gut. Science 2022; 377:eabl3921. [PMID: 36137018 PMCID: PMC10089252 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl3921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate intestine forms by asymmetric gut rotation and elongation, and errors cause lethal obstructions in human infants. Rotation begins with tissue deformation of the dorsal mesentery, which is dependent on left-sided expression of the Paired-like transcription factor Pitx2. The conserved morphogen Nodal induces asymmetric Pitx2 to govern embryonic laterality, but organ-level regulation of Pitx2 during gut asymmetry remains unknown. We found Nodal to be dispensable for Pitx2 expression during mesentery deformation. Intestinal rotation instead required a mechanosensitive latent transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), tuning a second wave of Pitx2 that induced reciprocal tissue stiffness in the left mesentery as mechanical feedback with the right side. This signaling regulator, an accelerator (right) and brake (left), combines biochemical and biomechanical inputs to break gut morphological symmetry and direct intestinal rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargav D Sanketi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Noam Zuela-Sopilniak
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bundschuh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sharada Gopal
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shing Hu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Joseph Long
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Natasza A Kurpios
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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3
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Zhu J, Patel R, Trofka A, Harfe BD, Mackem S. Sonic hedgehog is not a limb morphogen but acts as a trigger to specify all digits in mice. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2048-2062.e4. [PMID: 35977544 PMCID: PMC9709693 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Limb patterning by Sonic hedgehog (Shh), via either graded spatial or temporal signal integration, is a paradigm for "morphogen" function, yet how Shh instructs distinct digit identities remains controversial. Here, we bypass the Shh requirement in cell survival during outgrowth and demonstrate that a transient, early Shh pulse is both necessary and sufficient for normal mouse limb development. Shh response is only short range and is limited to the Shh-expressing zone during this time window. Shh patterns digits 1-3, anterior to this zone, by an indirect mechanism rather than direct spatial or temporal signal integration. Using a genetic relay-signaling assay, we discover that Shh also specifies digit 1/thumb (thought to be exclusively Shh independent) indirectly, and this finding implicates Shh in a unique regulatory hierarchy for digit 1 evolutionary adaptations such as opposable thumbs. This study illuminates Shh as a trigger for an indirect downstream network that becomes rapidly self-sustaining, with mechanistic relevance for limb development, regeneration, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Zhu
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rashmi Patel
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Anna Trofka
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Brian D Harfe
- College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Susan Mackem
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA.
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4
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Lenti E, Genovese L, Bianchessi S, Maurizio A, Sain SB, di Lillo A, Mattavelli G, Harel I, Bernassola F, Hehlgans T, Pfeffer K, Crosti M, Abrignani S, Evans SM, Sitia G, Guimarães-Camboa N, Russo V, van de Pavert SA, Garcia-Manteiga JM, Brendolan A. Fate mapping and scRNA sequencing reveal origin and diversity of lymph node stromal precursors. Immunity 2022; 55:606-622.e6. [PMID: 35358427 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node (LN) stromal cells play a crucial role in LN development and in supporting adaptive immune responses. However, their origin, differentiation pathways, and transcriptional programs are still elusive. Here, we used lineage-tracing approaches and single-cell transcriptome analyses to determine origin, transcriptional profile, and composition of LN stromal and endothelial progenitors. Our results showed that all major stromal cell subsets and a large proportion of blood endothelial cells originate from embryonic Hoxb6+ progenitors of the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM), whereas lymphatic endothelial cells arise from Pax3+ progenitors of the paraxial mesoderm (PXM). Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed the existence of different Cd34+ and Cxcl13+ stromal cell subsets and showed that embryonic LNs contain proliferating progenitors possibly representing the amplifying populations for terminally differentiated cells. Taken together, our work identifies the earliest embryonic sources of LN stromal and endothelial cells and demonstrates that stromal diversity begins already during LN development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Lenti
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Genovese
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Bianchessi
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Aurora Maurizio
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Baghai Sain
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia di Lillo
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Greta Mattavelli
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Itamar Harel
- Department of Genetics, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Thomas Hehlgans
- Leibniz Institute of Immunotherapy (LIT), Chair for Immunology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pfeffer
- Institute of Medical, Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mariacristina Crosti
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Science and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sylvia M Evans
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Giovanni Sitia
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nuno Guimarães-Camboa
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe-University, Frankfurt 60590, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin (partner site Frankfurt Rhine-Main), Germany
| | - Vincenzo Russo
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Serge A van de Pavert
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | | | - Andrea Brendolan
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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5
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Cooper F, Tsakiridis A. Shaping axial identity during human pluripotent stem cell differentiation to neural crest cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:499-511. [PMID: 35015077 PMCID: PMC9022984 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a multipotent cell population which can give rise to a vast array of derivatives including neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, cartilage, cardiac smooth muscle, melanocytes and sympathoadrenal cells. An attractive strategy to model human NC development and associated birth defects as well as produce clinically relevant cell populations for regenerative medicine applications involves the in vitro generation of NC from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). However, in vivo, the potential of NC cells to generate distinct cell types is determined by their position along the anteroposterior (A-P) axis and, therefore the axial identity of hPSC-derived NC cells is an important aspect to consider. Recent advances in understanding the developmental origins of NC and the signalling pathways involved in its specification have aided the in vitro generation of human NC cells which are representative of various A-P positions. Here, we explore recent advances in methodologies of in vitro NC specification and axis patterning using hPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fay Cooper
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Anestis Tsakiridis
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
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6
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Trofka A, Huang BL, Zhu J, Heinz WF, Magidson V, Shibata Y, Shi YB, Tarchini B, Stadler HS, Kabangu M, Al Haj Baddar NW, Voss SR, Mackem S. Genetic basis for an evolutionary shift from ancestral preaxial to postaxial limb polarity in non-urodele vertebrates. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4923-4934.e5. [PMID: 34610275 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In most tetrapod vertebrates, limb skeletal progenitors condense with postaxial dominance. Posterior elements (such as ulna and fibula) appear prior to their anterior counterparts (radius and tibia), followed by digit-appearance order with continuing postaxial polarity. The only exceptions are urodele amphibians (salamanders), whose limb elements develop with preaxial polarity and who are also notable for their unique ability to regenerate complete limbs as adults. The mechanistic basis for this preaxial dominance has remained an enigma and has even been proposed to relate to the acquisition of novel genes involved in regeneration. However, recent fossil evidence suggests that preaxial polarity represents an ancestral rather than derived state. Here, we report that 5'Hoxd (Hoxd11-d13) gene deletion in mouse is atavistic and uncovers an underlying preaxial polarity in mammalian limb formation. We demonstrate this shift from postaxial to preaxial dominance in mouse results from excess Gli3 repressor (Gli3R) activity due to the loss of 5'Hoxd-Gli3 antagonism and is associated with cell-cycle changes promoting precocious cell-cycle exit in the anterior limb bud. We further show that Gli3 knockdown in axolotl results in a shift to postaxial dominant limb skeleton formation, as well as expanded paddle-shaped limb-bud morphology and ensuing polydactyly. Evolutionary changes in Gli3R activity level, which also played a key role in the fin-to-limb transition, appear to be fundamental to the shift from preaxial to postaxial polarity in formation of the tetrapod limb skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Trofka
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Bau-Lin Huang
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jianjian Zhu
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - William F Heinz
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Valentin Magidson
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Yuki Shibata
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - H Scott Stadler
- Division of Skeletal Biology, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mirindi Kabangu
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Nour W Al Haj Baddar
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - S Randal Voss
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Susan Mackem
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA.
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7
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Comai GE, Tesařová M, Dupé V, Rhinn M, Vallecillo-García P, da Silva F, Feret B, Exelby K, Dollé P, Carlsson L, Pryce B, Spitz F, Stricker S, Zikmund T, Kaiser J, Briscoe J, Schedl A, Ghyselinck NB, Schweitzer R, Tajbakhsh S. Local retinoic acid signaling directs emergence of the extraocular muscle functional unit. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000902. [PMID: 33201874 PMCID: PMC7707851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated development of muscles, tendons, and their attachment sites ensures emergence of functional musculoskeletal units that are adapted to diverse anatomical demands among different species. How these different tissues are patterned and functionally assembled during embryogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the morphogenesis of extraocular muscles (EOMs), an evolutionary conserved cranial muscle group that is crucial for the coordinated movement of the eyeballs and for visual acuity. By means of lineage analysis, we redefined the cellular origins of periocular connective tissues interacting with the EOMs, which do not arise exclusively from neural crest mesenchyme as previously thought. Using 3D imaging approaches, we established an integrative blueprint for the EOM functional unit. By doing so, we identified a developmental time window in which individual EOMs emerge from a unique muscle anlage and establish insertions in the sclera, which sets these muscles apart from classical muscle-to-bone type of insertions. Further, we demonstrate that the eyeballs are a source of diffusible all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) that allow their targeting by the EOMs in a temporal and dose-dependent manner. Using genetically modified mice and inhibitor treatments, we find that endogenous local variations in the concentration of retinoids contribute to the establishment of tendon condensations and attachment sites that precede the initiation of muscle patterning. Collectively, our results highlight how global and site-specific programs are deployed for the assembly of muscle functional units with precise definition of muscle shapes and topographical wiring of their tendon attachments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Evangelina Comai
- Stem Cells & Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (GEC); (ST)
| | - Markéta Tesařová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Valérie Dupé
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, IGDR, Rennes, France
| | - Muriel Rhinn
- IGBMC-Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Fabio da Silva
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, iBV, Nice, France
- Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Betty Feret
- IGBMC-Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Pascal Dollé
- IGBMC-Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Leif Carlsson
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Brian Pryce
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, United States of America
| | - François Spitz
- Genomics of Animal Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sigmar Stricker
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomáš Zikmund
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Norbert B. Ghyselinck
- IGBMC-Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Ronen Schweitzer
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, United States of America
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Stem Cells & Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (GEC); (ST)
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8
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Delgado I, López-Delgado AC, Roselló-Díez A, Giovinazzo G, Cadenas V, Fernández-de-Manuel L, Sánchez-Cabo F, Anderson MJ, Lewandoski M, Torres M. Proximo-distal positional information encoded by an Fgf-regulated gradient of homeodomain transcription factors in the vertebrate limb. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz0742. [PMID: 32537491 PMCID: PMC7269661 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The positional information theory proposes that a coordinate system provides information to embryonic cells about their position and orientation along a patterning axis. Cells interpret this information to produce the appropriate pattern. During development, morphogens and interpreter transcription factors provide this information. We report a gradient of Meis homeodomain transcription factors along the mouse limb bud proximo-distal (PD) axis antiparallel to and shaped by the inhibitory action of distal fibroblast growth factor (FGF). Elimination of Meis results in premature limb distalization and HoxA expression, proximalization of PD segmental borders, and phocomelia. Our results show that Meis transcription factors interpret FGF signaling to convey positional information along the limb bud PD axis. These findings establish a new model for the generation of PD identities in the vertebrate limb and provide a molecular basis for the interpretation of FGF signal gradients during axial patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Delgado
- Cardiovascular Development Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra C. López-Delgado
- Cardiovascular Development Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Roselló-Díez
- Cardiovascular Development Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanna Giovinazzo
- Pluripotent Cell Technology Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa Cadenas
- Cardiovascular Development Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Fátima Sánchez-Cabo
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthew J. Anderson
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mark Lewandoski
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Miguel Torres
- Cardiovascular Development Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
- Corresponding author.
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9
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Garcia PE, Adoumie M, Kim EC, Zhang Y, Scales MK, El-Tawil YS, Shaikh AZ, Wen HJ, Bednar F, Allen BL, Wellik DM, Crawford HC, Pasca di Magliano M. Differential Contribution of Pancreatic Fibroblast Subsets to the Pancreatic Cancer Stroma. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:581-599. [PMID: 32454112 PMCID: PMC7399194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although the healthy pancreas consists mostly of epithelial cells, pancreatic cancer and the precursor lesions known as pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, are characterized by an extensive accumulation of fibroinflammatory stroma that includes a substantial and heterogeneous fibroblast population. The cellular origin of fibroblasts within the stroma has not been determined. Here, we show that the Gli1 and Hoxb6 markers label distinct fibroblast populations in the healthy mouse pancreas. We then set out to determine whether these distinct fibroblast populations expanded during carcinogenesis. METHODS We developed genetically engineered models using a dual-recombinase approach that allowed us to induce pancreatic cancer formation through codon-optimized Flp recombinase-driven epithelial recombination of Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog while labeling Gli1+ or Hoxb6+ fibroblasts in an inducible manner. By using these models, we lineage-traced these 2 fibroblast populations during the process of carcinogenesis. RESULTS Although in the healthy pancreas Gli1+ fibroblasts and Hoxb6+ fibroblasts are present in similar numbers, they contribute differently to the stroma in carcinogenesis. Namely, Gli1+ fibroblasts expand dramatically, whereas Hoxb6+ cells do not. CONCLUSIONS Fibroblasts present in the healthy pancreas expand during carcinogenesis, but with a different prevalence for different subtypes. Here, we compared Gli1+ and Hoxb6+ fibroblasts and found only Gli1+ expanded to contribute to the stroma during pancreatic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma E Garcia
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Maeva Adoumie
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Esther C Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael K Scales
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yara S El-Tawil
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Amara Z Shaikh
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hui-Ju Wen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Filip Bednar
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ben L Allen
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Deneen M Wellik
- Department of Cellular and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Howard C Crawford
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marina Pasca di Magliano
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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10
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Takada S, Nakamura E, Sabanai K, Tsukamoto M, Otomo H, Kanoh S, Murai T, Fukuda H, Okada Y, Uchida S, Sakai A. Attenuation of Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Via Inhibition of Hedgehog Signaling. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:609-619. [PMID: 31608494 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate whether post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) progression is appropriately represented by a PTOA mouse model using a unique climbing cage to add mechanical loading after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) transection and to determine how Hedgehog signaling inhibition prevents PTOA progression by observing time-dependent morphological changes. This controlled laboratory study histologically compared mice with surgically-induced ACL transection (ACLT) and those with voluntary increased activity in a climbing cage from 1 week postoperatively (ACLT + climbing). We generated conditional knockout (cKO) mice with a deleted Smoothened (Smo) gene. Time-dependent histopathological, immunohistochemical, and gene expression analyses were performed. The ACLT + climbing group showed more severe cartilage defects and massive osteophyte formation than the ACLT group. Smo deletion significantly suppressed PTOA progression. The time-dependent assessment revealed cartilaginous processes of equivalent size at the posterior tibial margin in the Smo cKO and control mice at 4 weeks postoperatively. However, at 8 weeks postoperatively, mature ossifying lesions were detected in the controls but not in Smo cKO mice. In the articular cartilage, ADAMTS5 and RUNX2 expression were observed in hypertrophic chondrocytes near the defective cartilage in controls but not in Smo cKO mice. Climbing exercise after ACLT accelerated PTOA progression more severely not only through increasing joint instability induced by ACLT but also through mechanical loading force induced by climbing exercise. Hedgehog signaling inhibition attenuated PTOA progression by suppressing chondrocyte hypertrophy induced by mechanical loads, to which ACL-deficient athletes are usually exposed. Thus, Hedgehog signaling inhibition may be a therapeutic option to prevent arthritic changes in athletes. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:609-619, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Takada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka Yahatanishui-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka Yahatanishui-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Ken Sabanai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka Yahatanishui-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Manabu Tsukamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka Yahatanishui-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Hajime Otomo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka Yahatanishui-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Shinkichi Kanoh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka Yahatanishui-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Teppei Murai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka Yahatanishui-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Hokuto Fukuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka Yahatanishui-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Okada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka Yahatanishui-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Soshi Uchida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakamatsu hospital, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-17-1 Hamamachi Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0024, Japan
| | - Akinori Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka Yahatanishui-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
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11
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Sebo ZL, Rodeheffer MS. Assembling the adipose organ: adipocyte lineage segregation and adipogenesis in vivo. Development 2019; 146:dev172098. [PMID: 30948523 PMCID: PMC6467474 DOI: 10.1242/dev.172098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is composed of anatomically distinct depots that mediate several important aspects of energy homeostasis. The past two decades have witnessed increased research effort to elucidate the ontogenetic basis of adipose form and function. In this Review, we discuss advances in our understanding of adipose tissue development with particular emphasis on the embryonic patterning of depot-specific adipocyte lineages and adipocyte differentiation in vivo Micro-environmental cues and other factors that influence cell identity and cell behavior at various junctures in the adipocyte lineage hierarchy are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Sebo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8016, USA
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8073, USA
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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12
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Sebo ZL, Jeffery E, Holtrup B, Rodeheffer MS. A mesodermal fate map for adipose tissue. Development 2018; 145:dev.166801. [PMID: 30045918 DOI: 10.1242/dev.166801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The embryonic origin of distinct fat depots and the role for ontogeny in specifying the functional differences among adipocyte lineages between and within depots is unclear. Using a Cre/Lox-based strategy to track the fate of major mesodermal subcompartments in mice we present evidence that <50% of interscapular brown adipocytes are derived from progenitors of the central dermomyotome. Furthermore, we demonstrate that depot-specific adipocyte lineages spatially diverge as early as gastrulation, and that perigonadal adipocytes arise from separate mesodermal subcompartments in males and females. Last, we show adipocyte precursors (APs) of distinct lineages within the same depot exhibit indistinguishable responses to a high fat diet, indicating that ontogenetic differences between APs do not necessarily correspond to functional differences in this context. Altogether, these findings shed light on adipose tissue patterning and suggest that the behavior of adipocyte lineage cells is not strictly determined by developmental history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Sebo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA
| | - Elise Jeffery
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8002, USA
| | - Brandon Holtrup
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA .,Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8016, USA.,Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8073, USA.,Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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13
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Frith TJ, Granata I, Wind M, Stout E, Thompson O, Neumann K, Stavish D, Heath PR, Ortmann D, Hackland JO, Anastassiadis K, Gouti M, Briscoe J, Wilson V, Johnson SL, Placzek M, Guarracino MR, Andrews PW, Tsakiridis A. Human axial progenitors generate trunk neural crest cells in vitro. eLife 2018; 7:35786. [PMID: 30095409 PMCID: PMC6101942 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a multipotent embryonic cell population that generates distinct cell types in an axial position-dependent manner. The production of NC cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) is a valuable approach to study human NC biology. However, the origin of human trunk NC remains undefined and current in vitro differentiation strategies induce only a modest yield of trunk NC cells. Here we show that hPSC-derived axial progenitors, the posteriorly-located drivers of embryonic axis elongation, give rise to trunk NC cells and their derivatives. Moreover, we define the molecular signatures associated with the emergence of human NC cells of distinct axial identities in vitro. Collectively, our findings indicate that there are two routes toward a human post-cranial NC state: the birth of cardiac and vagal NC is facilitated by retinoic acid-induced posteriorisation of an anterior precursor whereas trunk NC arises within a pool of posterior axial progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jr Frith
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Granata
- Computational and Data Science Laboratory, High Performance Computing and Networking Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Napoli, Italy
| | - Matthew Wind
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Erin Stout
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Thompson
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Katrin Neumann
- Stem Cell Engineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dylan Stavish
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Heath
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Ortmann
- Anne McLaren Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James Os Hackland
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mina Gouti
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Valerie Wilson
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart L Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Marysia Placzek
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mario R Guarracino
- Computational and Data Science Laboratory, High Performance Computing and Networking Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Napoli, Italy
| | - Peter W Andrews
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Anestis Tsakiridis
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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14
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Zhang J, Weinrich JAP, Russ JB, Comer JD, Bommareddy PK, DiCasoli RJ, Wright CVE, Li Y, van Roessel PJ, Kaltschmidt JA. A Role for Dystonia-Associated Genes in Spinal GABAergic Interneuron Circuitry. Cell Rep 2017; 21:666-678. [PMID: 29045835 PMCID: PMC5658202 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal interneurons are critical modulators of motor circuit function. In the dorsal spinal cord, a set of interneurons called GABApre presynaptically inhibits proprioceptive sensory afferent terminals, thus negatively regulating sensory-motor signaling. Although deficits in presynaptic inhibition have been inferred in human motor diseases, including dystonia, it remains unclear whether GABApre circuit components are altered in these conditions. Here, we use developmental timing to show that GABApre neurons are a late Ptf1a-expressing subclass and localize to the intermediate spinal cord. Using a microarray screen to identify genes expressed in this intermediate population, we find the kelch-like family member Klhl14, implicated in dystonia through its direct binding with torsion-dystonia-related protein Tor1a. Furthermore, in Tor1a mutant mice in which Klhl14 and Tor1a binding is disrupted, formation of GABApre sensory afferent synapses is impaired. Our findings suggest a potential contribution of GABApre neurons to the deficits in presynaptic inhibition observed in dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Zhang
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jarret A P Weinrich
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Russ
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John D Comer
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Praveen K Bommareddy
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Richard J DiCasoli
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher V E Wright
- Vanderbilt University Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yuqing Li
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Peter J van Roessel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julia A Kaltschmidt
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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15
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Huang BL, Trofka A, Furusawa A, Norrie JL, Rabinowitz AH, Vokes SA, Mark Taketo M, Zakany J, Mackem S. An interdigit signalling centre instructs coordinate phalanx-joint formation governed by 5'Hoxd-Gli3 antagonism. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12903. [PMID: 27713395 PMCID: PMC5059757 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of phalanges and joints are key features of digit 'identity' and are central to limb functionality and evolutionary adaptation. Prior chick work indicated that digit phalanges and their associated joints arise in a different manner than the more sparsely jointed long bones, and their identity is regulated by differential signalling from adjacent interdigits. Currently, there is no genetic evidence for this model, and the molecular mechanisms governing digit joint specification remain poorly understood. Using genetic approaches in mouse, here we show that functional 5'Hoxd-Gli3 antagonism acts indirectly, through Bmp signalling from the interdigital mesenchyme, to regulate specification of joint progenitors, which arise in conjunction with phalangeal precursors at the digit tip. Phalanx number, although co-regulated, can be uncoupled from joint specification. We propose that 5'Hoxd genes and Gli3 are part of an interdigital signalling centre that sets net Bmp signalling levels from different interdigits to coordinately regulate phalanx and joint formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bau-Lin Huang
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Anna Trofka
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Jacqueline L. Norrie
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Adam H. Rabinowitz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Steven A. Vokes
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - M. Mark Taketo
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8501, Japan
| | - Jozsef Zakany
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
| | - Susan Mackem
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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16
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Lenti E, Farinello D, Yokoyama KK, Penkov D, Castagnaro L, Lavorgna G, Wuputra K, Sandell LL, Tjaden NEB, Bernassola F, Caridi N, De Antoni A, Wagner M, Kozinc K, Niederreither K, Blasi F, Pasini D, Majdic G, Tonon G, Trainor PA, Brendolan A. Transcription factor TLX1 controls retinoic acid signaling to ensure spleen development. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2452-64. [PMID: 27214556 DOI: 10.1172/jci82956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that underlie spleen development and congenital asplenia, a condition linked to increased risk of overwhelming infections, remain largely unknown. The transcription factor TLX1 controls cell fate specification and organ expansion during spleen development, and Tlx1 deletion causes asplenia in mice. Deregulation of TLX1 expression has recently been proposed in the pathogenesis of congenital asplenia in patients carrying mutations of the gene-encoding transcription factor SF-1. Herein, we have shown that TLX1-dependent regulation of retinoic acid (RA) metabolism is critical for spleen organogenesis. In a murine model, loss of Tlx1 during formation of the splenic anlage increased RA signaling by regulating several genes involved in RA metabolism. Uncontrolled RA activity resulted in premature differentiation of mesenchymal cells and reduced vasculogenesis of the splenic primordium. Pharmacological inhibition of RA signaling in Tlx1-deficient animals partially rescued the spleen defect. Finally, spleen growth was impaired in mice lacking either cytochrome P450 26B1 (Cyp26b1), which results in excess RA, or retinol dehydrogenase 10 (Rdh10), which results in RA deficiency. Together, these findings establish TLX1 as a critical regulator of RA metabolism and provide mechanistic insights into the molecular determinants of human congenital asplenia.
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17
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Larsen BM, Hrycaj SM, Newman M, Li Y, Wellik DM. Mesenchymal Hox6 function is required for mouse pancreatic endocrine cell differentiation. Development 2015; 142:3859-68. [PMID: 26450967 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in our understanding of pancreatic endocrine cell development, the function of the pancreatic mesodermal niche in this process is poorly understood. Here we report a novel role for mouse Hox6 genes in pancreatic organogenesis. Hox6 genes are expressed exclusively in the mesoderm of the developing pancreas. Genetic loss of all three Hox6 paralogs (Hoxa6, Hoxb6 and Hoxc6) leads to a dramatic loss of endoderm-derived endocrine cells, including insulin-secreting β-cells, and to mild delays and disruptions in pancreatic branching and exocrine differentiation. Ngn3-expressing pan-endocrine progenitor cells are specified normally in Hox6 mutant pancreata, but fail to mature into hormone-producing cells. Reduced expression of Wnt5a is observed in mutant pancreatic mesenchyme, leading to subsequent loss of expression of the crucial Wnt inhibitors Sfrp3 and Dkk1 in endocrine progenitor cells. These results reveal a key role for Hox6 genes in establishing Wnt mesenchymal-epithelial crosstalk in pancreatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Larsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Steven M Hrycaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Micaleah Newman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Deneen M Wellik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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18
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Huang BL, Mackem S. Tamoxifen-dependent, inducible Bmp2CreER drives selective recombinase activity in early interdigital mesenchyme and digit collateral ligaments. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123325. [PMID: 25850076 PMCID: PMC4388723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During limb development, the interdigital mesenchyme has been proposed to play a signaling role instructing morphogenesis of different digit types, as well as undergoing programmed cell death necessary to free digits in animals not adapted for swimming or flying. We have generated a conditional, tamoxifen-dependent Cre line, Bmp2CreER, which drives highly selective recombination restricted to the distal limb mesoderm, largely restricted to the interdigits, and selectively active in digit ligament but not tendon progenitors at later stages. The Bmp2CreER provides a valuable new tool to dissect roles of interdigital mesenchyme and potentially investigate divergence of ligament and tendon lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bau-Lin Huang
- Cancer & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Susan Mackem
- Cancer & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Isern J, García-García A, Martín AM, Arranz L, Martín-Pérez D, Torroja C, Sánchez-Cabo F, Méndez-Ferrer S. The neural crest is a source of mesenchymal stem cells with specialized hematopoietic stem cell niche function. eLife 2014; 3:e03696. [PMID: 25255216 PMCID: PMC4381911 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and osteolineage cells contribute to the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche in the bone marrow of long bones. However, their developmental relationships remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that different MSC populations in the developing marrow of long bones have distinct functions. Proliferative mesoderm-derived nestin− MSCs participate in fetal skeletogenesis and lose MSC activity soon after birth. In contrast, quiescent neural crest-derived nestin+ cells preserve MSC activity, but do not generate fetal chondrocytes. Instead, they differentiate into HSC niche-forming MSCs, helping to establish the HSC niche by secreting Cxcl12. Perineural migration of these cells to the bone marrow requires the ErbB3 receptor. The neonatal Nestin-GFP+ Pdgfrα− cell population also contains Schwann cell precursors, but does not comprise mature Schwann cells. Thus, in the developing bone marrow HSC niche-forming MSCs share a common origin with sympathetic peripheral neurons and glial cells, and ontogenically distinct MSCs have non-overlapping functions in endochondrogenesis and HSC niche formation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03696.001 During the earliest phases of development, the embryo is formed by groups of stem cells that can develop into all the different types of tissue in the body—from bones to brain tissue. Later in life, small stockpiles of adult stem cells are found in various tissues and provide a reservoir of new cells available for replacing old or damaged cells. The most important source of blood stem cells is the bone marrow, which produces and stores cells that are capable of developing into blood and immune system cells. These processes are assisted by different bone marrow cells called stromal cells, which create a specialized local environment or ‘niche’. But are the stromal stem cells that form the skeleton the same ones that form this niche during development? Or do the various types of stromal stem cells develop from distinct groups of cells in the embryo? Furthermore, it is unclear which cells guide blood stem cells towards the forming bones. Other types of cells, including some of the cells of the nervous system, can communicate with the stem cells in the adult marrow and influence their behavior. This led scientists to wonder whether the stem cells in the bone marrow niche and the cells that communicate with them developed from the same type of embryonic stem cell. Isern et al. tracked down the developmental origins of different types of bone marrow stromal stem cells by examining the bone marrow from the long bones (for example, the bones in the leg) of unborn and infant mice. It turns out that not all stromal stem cells in the developing bone marrow are alike. In fact, one pool of stromal stem cells forms the skeleton and loses stem cell activity in the process. In contrast, a different population of stromal stem cells develops from the same group of embryonic cells that gives rise to the cells of the nervous system. The stromal stem cells in this second group function as a niche to recruit and store the incoming blood stem cells and retain their stem cell activity throughout life. The findings of Isern et al. help to explain why the nervous system is able to communicate with stem cells in the adult marrow, and provide a model for understanding how stem cell niches in organs that contain nerve tissue are established. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03696.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Isern
- Stem Cell Niche Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés García-García
- Stem Cell Niche Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Martín
- Stem Cell Niche Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Arranz
- Stem Cell Niche Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Martín-Pérez
- Stem Cell Niche Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Torroja
- Stem Cell Niche Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima Sánchez-Cabo
- Stem Cell Niche Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Simón Méndez-Ferrer
- Stem Cell Niche Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Yun K, Ajima R, Sharma N, Costantini F, Mackem S, Lewandoski M, Yamaguchi TP, Perantoni AO. Non-canonical Wnt5a/Ror2 signaling regulates kidney morphogenesis by controlling intermediate mesoderm extension. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6807-14. [PMID: 25082826 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) affect about 1 in 500 births and are a major cause of morbidity in infants. Duplex collecting systems rank among the most common abnormalities of CAKUT, but the molecular basis for this defect is poorly understood. In mice, conditional deletion of Wnt5a in mesoderm results in bilateral duplex kidney and ureter formation. The ureteric buds (UBs) in mutants emerge as doublets from the intermediate mesoderm (IM)-derived nephric duct (ND) without anterior expansion of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (Gdnf) expression domain in the surrounding mesenchyme. Wnt5a is normally expressed in a graded manner at the posterior end of the IM, but its expression is down-regulated prior to UB outgrowth at E10.5. Furthermore, ablation of Wnt5a in the mesoderm with an inducible Cre at E7.5 results in duplex UBs, whereas ablation at E8.5 yields normal UB outgrowth, demonstrating that Wnt5a functions in IM development well before the formation of the metanephros. In mutants, the posterior ND is duplicated and surrounding Pax2-positive mesenchymal cells persist in the nephric cord, suggesting that disruption of normal ND patterning prompts the formation of duplex ureters and kidneys. Ror2 homozygous mutants, which infrequently yield duplex collecting systems, show a dramatic increase in incidence with the additional deletion of one copy of Wnt5a, implicating this receptor in non-canonical Wnt5a signaling during IM development. This work provides the first evidence of a role of Wnt5a/Ror2 signaling in IM extension and offers new insights into the etiology of CAKUT and possible involvement of Wnt5a/Ror2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangsun Yun
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA and
| | - Rieko Ajima
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA and
| | - Nirmala Sharma
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA and
| | - Frank Costantini
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Susan Mackem
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA and
| | - Mark Lewandoski
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA and
| | - Terry P Yamaguchi
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA and
| | - Alan O Perantoni
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA and
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21
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Norrie JL, Lewandowski JP, Bouldin CM, Amarnath S, Li Q, Vokes MS, Ehrlich LIR, Harfe BD, Vokes SA. Dynamics of BMP signaling in limb bud mesenchyme and polydactyly. Dev Biol 2014; 393:270-281. [PMID: 25034710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) pathway are associated with a range of defects in skeletal formation. Genetic analysis of BMP signaling requirements is complicated by the presence of three partially redundant BMPs that are required for multiple stages of limb development. We generated an inducible allele of a BMP inhibitor, Gremlin, which reduces BMP signaling. We show that BMPs act in a dose and time dependent manner in which early reduction of BMPs result in digit loss, while inhibiting overall BMP signaling between E10.5 and E11.5 allows polydactylous digit formation. During this period, inhibiting BMPs extends the duration of FGF signaling. Sox9 is initially expressed in normal digit ray domains but at reduced levels that correlate with the reduction in BMP signaling. The persistence of elevated FGF signaling likely promotes cell proliferation and survival, inhibiting the activation of Sox9 and secondarily, inhibiting the differentiation of Sox9-expressing chondrocytes. Our results provide new insights into the timing and clarify the mechanisms underlying BMP signaling during digit morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline L Norrie
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jordan P Lewandowski
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Cortney M Bouldin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Smita Amarnath
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Martha S Vokes
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Lauren I R Ehrlich
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Brian D Harfe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Steven A Vokes
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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22
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Roselló-Díez A, Arques CG, Delgado I, Giovinazzo G, Torres M. Diffusible signals and epigenetic timing cooperate in late proximo-distal limb patterning. Development 2014; 141:1534-43. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.106831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Developing vertebrate limbs initiate proximo-distal patterning by interpreting opposing gradients of diffusible signaling molecules. We report two thresholds of proximo-distal signals in the limb bud: a higher threshold that establishes the upper-arm to forearm transition; and a lower one that positions a later transition from forearm to hand. For this last transition to happen, however, the signal environment seems to be insufficient, and we show that a timing mechanism dependent on histone acetylation status is also necessary. Therefore, as a consequence of the time dependence, the lower signaling threshold remains cryptic until the timing mechanism reveals it. We propose that this timing mechanism prevents the distal transition from happening too early, so that the prospective forearm has enough time to expand and form a properly sized segment. Importantly, the gene expression changes provoked by the first transition further regulate proximo-distal signal distribution, thereby coordinating the positioning of the two thresholds, which ensures robustness. This model is compatible with the most recent genetic analyses and underscores the importance of growth during the time-dependent patterning phase, providing a new mechanistic framework for understanding congenital limb defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Roselló-Díez
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, c/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos G. Arques
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, c/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Delgado
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, c/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanna Giovinazzo
- Unidad de Tecnología de Células Pluripotentes, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, c/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Torres
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, c/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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23
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Kataoka H, Hayashi M, Kobayashi K, Ding G, Tanaka Y, Nishikawa SI. Region-specific Etv2 ablation revealed the critical origin of hemogenic capacity from Hox6-positive caudal-lateral primitive mesoderm. Exp Hematol 2013; 41:567-581.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Limb anterior-posterior polarity integrates activator and repressor functions of GLI2 as well as GLI3. Dev Biol 2012; 370:110-24. [PMID: 22841643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anterior-posterior (AP) limb patterning is directed by sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling from the posteriorly located zone of polarizing activity (ZPA). GLI3 and GLI2 are the transcriptional mediators generally utilized in SHH signaling, and each can function as an activator (A) and repressor (R). Although GLI3R has been suggested to be the primary effector of SHH signaling during limb AP patterning, a role for GLI3A or GLI2 has not been fully ruled out, nor has it been determined whether Gli3 plays distinct roles in limb development at different stages. By conditionally removing Gli3 in the limb at multiple different time points, we uncovered four Gli3-mediated functions in limb development that occur at distinct but partially over-lapping time windows: AP patterning of the proximal limb, AP patterning of the distal limb, regulation of digit number and bone differentiation. Furthermore, by removing Gli2 in Gli3 temporal conditional knock-outs, we uncovered an essential role for Gli2 in providing the remaining posterior limb patterning seen in Gli3 single mutants. To test whether GLIAs or GLIRs regulate different aspects of AP limb patterning and/or digit number, we utilized a knock-in allele in which GLI1, which functions solely as an activator, is expressed in place of the bifunctional GLI2 protein. Interestingly, we found that GLIAs contribute to AP patterning specifically in the posterior limb, whereas GLIRs predominantly regulate anterior patterning and digit number. Since GLI3 is a more effective repressor, our results explain why GLI3 is required only for anterior limb patterning and why GLI2 can compensate for GLI3A in posterior limb patterning. Taken together, our data suggest that establishment of a complete range of AP positional identities in the limb requires integration of the spatial distribution, timing, and dosage of GLI2 and GLI3 activators and repressors.
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26
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Chen D, Jarrell A, Guo C, Lang R, Atit R. Dermal β-catenin activity in response to epidermal Wnt ligands is required for fibroblast proliferation and hair follicle initiation. Development 2012; 139:1522-33. [PMID: 22434869 DOI: 10.1242/dev.076463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dermal fibroblasts are required for structural integrity of the skin and for hair follicle development. Uniform Wnt signaling activity is present in dermal fibroblast precursors preceding hair follicle initiation, but the functional requirement of dermal Wnt signaling at early stages of skin differentiation and patterning remains largely uncharacterized. We show in mice that epidermal Wnt ligands are required for uniform dermal Wnt signaling/β-catenin activity and regulate fibroblast cell proliferation and initiation of hair follicle placodes. In the absence of dermal Wnt signaling/β-catenin activity, patterned upregulation of epidermal β-catenin activity and Edar expression are absent. Conversely, forced activation of β-catenin signaling leads to the formation of thickened dermis, enlarged epidermal placodes and dermal condensates that result in prematurely differentiated enlarged hair follicles. These data reveal functional roles for dermal Wnt signaling/β-catenin in fibroblast proliferation and in the epidermal hair follicle initiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demeng Chen
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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27
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Zhu J, Nguyen MT, Nakamura E, Yang J, Mackem S. Cre-mediated recombination can induce apoptosis in vivo by activating the p53 DNA damage-induced pathway. Genesis 2012; 50:102-11. [PMID: 21913308 PMCID: PMC3273649 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cre-mediated apoptosis has been observed in many contexts in mice expressing Cre-recombinase and can confound the analysis of genetically engineered conditional mutant or transgenic alleles. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. We find that the degree of apoptosis induced correlates roughly with the copy number of loxP sites present in the genome and that some level of increased apoptosis accompanies the presence of even only a few loxP sites, as occurs in conditional floxed alleles. Cre-induced apoptosis in this context is completely p53-dependent, suggesting that the apoptosis is stimulated by p53 activation in response to DNA damage incurred during the process of Cre-mediated recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Junming Yang
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Susan Mackem
- author for correspondence: Susan Mackem, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Cancer & Developmental Biology Laboratory, 1050 Boyles St., Bldg 539, Rm 121A, Frederick, MD 21702
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28
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Abstract
Two recently generated targeted mouse alleles of the neurogenic gene Ascl1 were used to characterize cerebellum circuit formation. First, genetic inducible fate mapping (GIFM) with an Ascl1(CreER) allele was found to specifically mark all glial and neuron cell types that arise from the ventricular zone (vz). Moreover, each cell type has a unique temporal profile of marking with Ascl1(CreER) GIFM. Of great utility, Purkinje cells (Pcs), an early cohort of Bergmann glia, and four classes of GABAergic interneurons can be genetically birth dated during embryogenesis using Ascl1(CreER) GIFM. Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, in contrast, express Ascl1(CreER) throughout their proliferative phase in the white matter. Interestingly, the final position each neuron type acquires differs depending on when it expresses Ascl1. Interneurons (including candelabrum) attain a more outside position the later they express Ascl1, whereas Pcs have distinct settling patterns each day they express Ascl1. Second, using a conditional Ascl1 allele, we discovered that Ascl1 is differentially required for generation of most vz-derived cells. Mice lacking Ascl1 in the cerebellum have a major decrease in three types of interneurons with a tendency toward a loss of later-born interneurons, as well as an imbalance of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Double-mutant analysis indicates that a related helix-loop-helix protein, Ptf1a, functions with Ascl1 in generating interneurons and Pcs. By fate mapping vz-derived cells in Ascl1 mutants, we further discovered that Ascl1 plays a specific role during the time period when Pcs are generated in restricting vz progenitors from becoming rhombic lip progenitors.
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Zhu J, Mackem S. Analysis of mutants with altered shh activity and posterior digit loss supports a biphasic model for shh function as a morphogen and mitogen. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:1303-10. [PMID: 21509901 PMCID: PMC3108043 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) controls the number and type of digits formed. Using a conditional genetic approach for timed removal of Shh, we previously proposed a biphasic model of Shh function: a transient patterning phase, during which digit progenitors are specified, and an extended proliferative phase, during which expansion of progenitor pools enables digit formation. Other models favor a close integration of digit patterning and expansion, with sequential promotion to more posterior identity over time, apparently supported by some mutants with selective posterior digit loss. To further test these models, we analyzed the dynamics of Shh activity in several oligodactylous mutants with different types of digit loss. The profile of Shh activity and phenotypic outcome in these mutants supports a biphasic over an integrated temporal model. Eomesodermin expression, as an independent marker of posterior digit identity, confirmed that proper digit 4 specification requires only the transient phase of Shh activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Zhu
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Susan Mackem
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
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Abstract
Understanding how cells are assembled in three dimensions to generate an organ, or a whole organism, is a pivotal question in developmental biology. Similarly, it is critical to understand how adult stem cells integrate into an existing organ during regeneration or in response to injury. Key to discovering the answers to these questions is being able to study the various behaviors of distinct cell types during development or regeneration. Fate mapping techniques are fundamental to studying cell behaviors such as proliferation, movement, and lineage segregation, as the techniques allow precursor cells to be marked and their descendants followed and characterized over time. The generation of transgenic mice, combined with the use of site-specific recombinases (SSR) in the mouse genome, has provided a means to develop powerful genetic fate mapping approaches. A key advantage of genetic fate mapping is that it allows cells to be genetically marked, and therefore the mark is transmitted to all the descendants of the initially marked cells. By making modifications to the SSRs that render their enzymatic activity inducible, and the development of an assortment of reporter alleles for marking cells, increasingly sophisticated genetic fate mapping studies can be performed. In this chapter, we review the four main genetic fate mapping methods that utilize intrachromosomal recombination to mark cells (cumulative, inducible, clonal, and intersectional) and one interchromosomal method, the tools required to carry out each approach, and the practical considerations that have to be taken into account before embarking on each type of genetic fate mapping study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Legué
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
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